Index Phase shift distortion (PSD), 206, 207 Phase-variable form, converting I / O to, 321 Phase variables, 371

Phenolic adhesives, 77 Physical variables, 303, 304 PI control, see Proportional-integral control PID control, see Proportional-integralderivative control PID controllers, 656, 658666 frequency compensation equivalence, 656, 658659 generalized, 658 systems with inherent integration, 660 666 systems with no inherent integration, 659, 660 Pistons, 575 Piston servomotors, 575578 Plant (term), 388 Plant control hierarchy, 679 Plant equations, 318 Platinum resistance thermometer, 157 PLCs, see Programmable logic controllers PM, see Phase margin PM motors, see Permanent-magnet motors Pneumatic actuators, 396399 Pneumatic controllers, 407 Point-by-point approximation, 19, 20 Point objects, 66 Point-to-point numerical controllers, 701 Poisson probability, 30 Polar plots, 343 for common transfer functions, 345, 347, 349 denition of, 339 as design tool in frequency domain, 506509 and stability, 481 Poles: complex, 325326 effects of additional, 474475, 477 of F(s), 324 and impulse responses, 470471 repeated, 325 in z-plane, 461 Pole locations: and impulse responses, 532, 533

897

in z-domain, 532, 535539 Pole placement design method, 758763 advantages of, 760 constant reference / disturbance inputs modication, 761763 regulation problem, 758761 Polezero cancellation, 337, 528, 529 Policy capture, 283 Policy iteration, 815 Policy (planning) modeling, 275 Polyimide adhesives, 77 Poorly damped systems, 637644 Popovs method, 441 Position control systems, 386387 Position error coefcient (c0), 389 Position feedback, 543 Positioning controllers, 701 Position sensors, 853855 Postprocessors, 706 Potentials, 38 Potentiometers, 386, 389, 390, 494, 853 Pound, 116 Power, 303, 304 for electrohydraulic servosystems, 614 616 as term, 828 Power ampliers, 670, 672 Power drain, 120 Power exchange: as inputoutput interaction example, 34 operating points in a, 4648 Power spectrum, 363, 378 Power systems, 444 Precision, 5, 10, 117, 213214 Precision indexes (Wx), 1012 Predictive (forecasting) modeling, 275 Predictorcorrector methods, 357 Prelters, 651654 lag, 651652 lead, 652654 Preliminary conceptual design phase (system design), 289290 Preparatory functions (G-codes), 702 Pressure drop, 61 Pressure feedback servovalves, 611, 613, 614 Prewarping, 202 Primary physical variables, 303, 304 Primary transfer function, 388