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Week 1 Assignment
by
William Molnar
In Scenario 1, Ben offered his new technique in full to Dr. Freeman because his faculty
advisor encouraged his students not to keep secrets from other researchers. Six months later, Ben
found an article by Dr. Freeman describing Ben’s technique, but without any citation mentioning
1. Does Ben have any way of receiving credit for his work?
In response to this question, I believe that Ben should receive credit for his work. The
One of the ways suggested by the National Academy of Science (1995) is through
seminars and conferences. This article claimed that many scientists keep their work secret
because they fear that others will claim their work as their own. One scientist who would not
share his work was Isaac Newton. Henry Oldenburg offered one solution to this problem of
making new discoveries public while ensuring that the originators of these discoveries were
brought into question. Oldenburg also pioneered the practice of sending submitted
manuscripts to experts who could judge their quality. Out of these innovations rose both
the modern scientific journal and the practice of peer review. (p 16)
The National Academy of Science also stated that” in a scientific paper, credit is acknowledged
in three places and one of them is the “acknowledgment of contributions from others and in the
Smith also asserted, “While it’s unlikely reviewers can purge all of the information in an
interesting manuscript from their thinking; it’s still unethical to take those ideas without giving
credit to the originator” (p 57). This is exactly what happened to Ben in that even though his
ideas were mentioned by another researcher, he did not receive any credit for them. In
conclusion, the National Academy of Science (1995) noted that “failure to cite the work of others
can give rise to more than just hard feelings. Citations are part of the reward system of science”
(p. 19).
I feel that Dr. Freeman should be made aware of the situation and should be encouraged
to give Ben credit for his work. I feel that the code of ethics among researchers has been broken
by Dr. Freeman and that he is obligated to give Ben credit for his work. It is possible that not
mentioning Ben’s contribution was an oversight by Dr. Freeman, but how could someone write
about a piece of work without knowing full well that it was not original work? I do not believe
Alberts and Shine (1994) stated, “The scientific research enterprise is built on a
foundation of trust; trust that the results or ideas reported by others are valid and trust that the
source of novel ideas will be appropriately acknowledged in the scientific literature” (p. 1660).
According to Dahlquist (2006), what Dr. Freeman did was “fraud and dishonesty in research”
(p. 449). Kalichman (2006) argued that “science has an ethics problem” (p. 34). Caelleigh (2003)
asserted, “Many scientific societies do not have formal statements on publication ethics, or they
their work?
No, I do not believe that Ben’s faculty advisor was mistaken in encouraging him to be
open about his work. The National Academy of Science (1995) clearly stated, “Much of the
knowledge and skill needed to make good decisions in science is learned through personal
experience and interaction with other scientists” (p. 13). It also contended:
In Scenario 2, May cited whole sentences and paragraphs from several published papers
verbatim, but she did not use quotation marks to identify the text as someone else’s words. The
faculty felt that there were inconsistencies in her writing style and declared it a case of
plagiarism. By order of the dean of the graduate school, May was expelled from the program,
albeit with the stipulation that she could reapply for the next academic year. The following
Beyond honest errors and errors caused through negligence are a third category of errors:
those that involve deception….using the ideas or words of another person without giving
appropriate credit (plagiarism)-all strike at the heart of the values on which science is
based… Anyone who engages in any of these practices is putting his or her scientific
career at risk. Even infractions that may seem minor at the time can end up being
severely punished. (p. 23)
plagiarism is a common practice. Hayes and Introna (2005) conducted a study on cultural values
and plagiarism. They stated, “Much of the literature on academic integrity, coupled with the
considerable anecdotal evidence among colleagues in our own and other universities, suggests
O’Connor (2003) discussed the finding from an Australian study that 14% of essays
unattributed materials” (as cited in Hayes & Introna, 2005, p. 214). Hayes and Introna also
suggested, “Others have suggested that poor time management by students and the practice of
staff setting the same submission dates for number of different pieces of course work are major
contributing factors” (p. 214). They argued that when students are not satisfied with a course,
their work decreases, which may contribute to plagiarism. Hochstein, Brewer, Steinke, and
Taylor (2008) examined the issue of plagiarism among students at Wright State University Lake
Plagiarism is certainly not new to academia, and it is not new to the Lake Campus.
Student plagiarism has been a concern of higher education teachers for some time, but
has received increased attention in recent years. This is, at least in part, because of the
increased presences of new reports of high-profile plagiarism. In addition, the
opportunity to plagiarize has never been greater. (p. 60)
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In addition, blame has been placed on the growth of the Internet, which has given users
unlimited access to material and is making the detection of plagiarism more difficult. Grossberg
I want to discuss the problem of stolen words and ideas and our collective responsibility
to prevent such thefts. I do so primarily from my perspective as the editor of a history
journal because over the last few years, plagiarism has been my most direct encounter
with the ethical problems that now seem to be plaguing our discipline. Plagiarism is on
the rise and it is clear that our concern about it and other forms of ethical misconduct is
growing. (p. 1333)
McLafferty and Foust (2004) stated, “Plagiarism, widespread on college campuses, has
become a way of life for some students. Even universities with honor systems are not exempt”
(p. 186). They discovered that Lou Bloomfield, a physics professor at the University of Virginia,
had developed software that crosschecked hundreds of papers and found numerous examples of
copied text. They contended that “incidents such as these indicate the presence of a new student
ethos in which plagiarism and other forms of cheating are common and even acceptable” (p.
186).
The most common problems relate to academic dishonesty and, in particular, plagiarism.
Every year students find themselves facing penalties and occasionally disciplinary
hearing, because they have not followed the regulations relating to plagiarism. Research
(Franklyn-Stokes & Newstead, 1995; Stefani & Carroll, 2001) has shown that up to 80%
of students are plagiarizing someone else’s work. Sometimes this is done knowingly but a
much larger and growing proportion of students are unwittingly involved in plagiarism.
(p. 439)
2. Are there circumstances that should have led to May’s being forgiven for
plagiarizing?
My first impression was that May should have been given a second chance if she had
been unaware of the policies and procedures regarding the citation of someone else’s work.
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However, after conducting research on the topic, I do not feel that there are any circumstances
that would excuse May’s plagiarism. If she had only copied a sentence or two, one might argue
that she unknowingly plagiarized, but in this example, she presented whole paragraphs as her
own words. There is no way that she could have written entire paragraphs verbatim without
Hayes and Introna (2005) discovered that students from the United Kingdom considered
“copying a limited amount of text without referencing the sources to be tolerable” (p. 218).
When they asked students what they considered substantial plagiarism in the context of a 3,000-
word essay, the students replies ranged from “its being more than two sentences to its being a
We must make a commitment to the basic standards of ethical conduct in our discipline,
which include preventing the misappropriation of other people’s words and ideas. We
must do so to ensure that we all work within a common set of ethical standards as we
write, teach, and edit. We must do so because ethical misconduct such as plagiarism is a
big offense against our entire community that undermines our scholarship and our
teaching. And we must do so despite the difficulties and complications, because
ultimately the only effective solution to a problem such as this is a renewed commitment
to collective vigilance and collective action. (p. 1340)
Yes, I believe that everyone should be given a second chance. As a very religious
person, I believe that no one is perfect. That is why as a devout Catholic, I need to go to
Confession. I believe that May, after being given some time to reflect upon what she did, will be
much more careful next time when citing information from other researchers and will not repeat
the mistake.
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REFERENCES
Alberts, B., & Shine, K. (1994). Scientists and the integrity of research. Science, 266, 1660.
Burkill, S., & Abbey, C. (2004). Avoiding plagiarism. Journal of Geography in Higher
Education, 28(3), 439-446.
Caelleigh, A. S. (2003). Roles for scientific societies in promoting integrity in publication ethics.
Science and Engineering Ethics, 9, 221-241.
Dahlquist, G. (2006). Ethics in research: Why and how? Scandinavian Journal of Public
Health, 34, 449-452.
Grossberg, M. (2004). Plagiarism and professional ethics-a journal editor’s view. Journal of
American History, 90(4), 1333-1340.
Hayes, N., & Introna, L. (2005). Cultural values, plagiarism and fairness: When plagiarism gets
in the way of learning. Ethics and Behavior, 15(3), 213-231.
Hochstein, D. D., Brewer, J., Steinke, M. D., & Taylor, J. D. (2008). Examining the issue of
academic plagiarism: What do students at Wright State University Lake Campus know
about plagiarism? Association for University Regional Campuses of Ohio, 14, 59-81.
Kalichman, M. (2006). Ethics and science: A 0.1% solution. Issues in Science & Technology,
23(1), 34-36.
Smith, D. (2003). Five principles for research ethics. Monitor on Psychology, 34(1), 56-62.