Assignment No.

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No. No. 11 22 33 44 55 6 7 8 6 7 8 Deciding Objective Factors Type Reduce and Settlement degree of improvement required. Type Increase of soil, Bearing geological Capacity structure, seepage condition Cost, Accelerate compare Consolidation to total cost. Availability Reduce Liquefaction of equipment, Potential material and quality of work required. Construction Soil Constituent time available Modification: (1) increase strength, (2) reduce swelling potential, (3) increase durability, (4) improve workability Environmental Restriction: (1) damage to adjacent structures, (2) pollution of ground Modified water Permeability: resource, (3) (1) high decrease noise level, in case (4)intolerable of water vibration retaining structure, of (2) material increase in case(in to accelerate consolidation Durability used relation to service life of the structure considering Improve Stability: environmental (1) external and stress stability, condition). (2) internal stability (embankment, excavation) Toxicity or Corrosivity of chemical additives (environmental regulation may restrict Prevent the Erosion: choice (1) of additives) surface erosion, (2) seepage erosion Reversibility Achieve Dry or irreversibility Work Area: of (1) the atprocess. construction site, (2) during excavation, embankment Reusability of (3) theduring components. Reliability of methods of analysis and design. Feasibility of construction control and performance measurement.

99 10 11 12

Advance Construction Material 1. Table I list several factors known to affect selection of ground modification method. You are required to complete Table III, IV, V and VI, if you think that there are important aspects left out from the table. 2. Please complete Table VII, Range of Selection of Ground Modifications, based on the objectives of soil modification (Table II).

Table I: Factors Affecting Selection of Ground Modification Method

Table II: Objectives of Soil Modification

Table III. Mechanical Modification

Category (1) Shallow

Method (2) Compaction

Suitable Soil (3) Silty, sandy, gravely soils

Objectives (4) -Reduce pore void, volume of void, increase the dry density densification -Increase shear strength and stiffness -Decrease compressibility of soil -Modify liquefaction potential -Control swelling and shrinking -Maintain material durability -Improve the density for cohesionless soil

Constraint/Restriction (5) - not applicable to clays

QC/QA (6) -Laboratory compaction test to obtain the compaction curve and define the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a specific compactive effort -Compaction control: a systematic exercise where it is possible to check at regular intervals whether the compaction was done to specifications (minimum dry density, range of water content)

Comment (7) -Increased mechanical properties (shear strength, stiffness, bearing capacity)

Deep

Vibrocompaction

Loose sand soils with original SPT value of 5 to 10 near the surface Cohesive soils with undrained shear strength in the range of 20 to 60 kPa Granular, alluvial soils, or any highly permeable soil

-not applicable to clays

-Granular soil with suitable gradiations and limited fines content

Involves a process of rearrangement of soil particles into denser configuration by means of vibrations.

Vibroreplacement

-Improve soil condition of cohesive soils -Reduce liquefaction potential

-Force of influence is restricted reporting on the size of weight -Depends on the width of hammer

-Decide the depth of improvement -Closer spacing, better compaction with the increase in the no. of blows the compaction goes up asymptotically

Applicable to granular soil it is a device to provide vibration

Compaction Grouting

-Improve/increase bearing capcity

-Relies on consolidation and mechanical densification of soils. Clays/low permeability soils are not easily displaced or compacted

-Damage to underground utilities during operations -Verification of effectiveness/inspection: grout logs; penetration testing before and after the process -Spacing between the impact points depends on depth of treatment, grain size distribution, permeability and location of ground water level

All types of soils can be improved, however the degree of effectiveness will vary depends on the in-situ conditions

Dynamic Compaction

Sand, granular soils, disposal area, unsaturate d or highly permeable

-Increase bearing capacity and cyclic resistance against liquefaction of the ground

-Does not work with soil with high ground water level because soils will bounce back due to resistance of water.

-Use high energy waves from the impact of steel ponder to density the ground -Done usually in predetermined grid pattern

Table IV. Hydraulic Modification

Category (1) Gravity Force: Vertical Drain + Preloading Vertical Drain + Suction Dewatering

Method (2) Surface Drainage Sub Drainage Sand Drain Wick Drain Sand Drain Wick Drain Ditch and Trench Sumps Weeps and Horizontal Drain Well Points Deep Well

Suitable Soil (3)

Objectives (4)

Constraint/Restriction (5)

QC/QA (6)

Comment (7)

i.e. clay

soft

Accelerate consolidation

Table V. Physical and Chemical Modification

Category (1) Physical

Method (2) Blending Freezing

Suitable Soil (3)

Objectives (4)

Constraint/Restriction (5)

QC/QA (6)

Comment (7)

Chemical

Lime/Cement Stabilization

Clay

Increase strength and stiffness, reduce PI

Organic content

DDM (L/C) WDM (L/C)

Table VI. Modification by Inclusion and Confinement

Category (1)

Method (2) Deep Mixing (lime-cements)

Suitable Soil (3) Soft soils

Objectives (4) - Improve bearing capacity and shear strength of soils -Decrease settlement -Prevent soil liquefaction during earthquakes

Constraint/Restriction (5) Wet mixing method:primarily used to improve soft cohesive soils and loose to medium dense cohesionless soils; high cost of mobilization of mixing equipment and batching plant - Dry mixing method:-the full strength of the columns may not be mobilized when the pH of the groundwater is acidic or the content of carbon dioxide (CO2) is high; low strength development should also be anticipated when mixing non-reactive cohesive soils; the air-driven injection process may accumulate large quantities of air in the ground potentially causing heave of the adjacent ground surface Aggregate piers:- economic and performance limitations

QC/QA (6) Properties of column depends on:- binder quantity, curing time, loading conditions, construction process QC-the mixing units are equipped with automated computerized recording devices to monitor the real time operating parametersdepth of mixing tool, volume/weight of binder used, flow rate of grout, rotation speed, rate of penetration and withdrawal QA-single/group column plate load test, unconfined compressive strength test on correct samples.

Comment (7) Applications:- improvement of embankment stability, slope stability, braced excavation, sea walls.

Stone column

Cohesive, organic soil

Increase bearing capacity Decrease settlement

QC- automated computerized monitoring devices QA-single/group column plate load test, unconfined compressive strength test on correct samples. Manufactured quality control

Generally this method has some features in common with stone column technique - important differences are the material and installation technique Application:-retaining walls, sport fields, dams, canals, reservoirs, and capillary breaks Paved roads, unpaved roads, and railroad bases are common applications. Applications:-mechanically stabilized and retained earth walls and steep soil slopes, basal reinforcement over soft soils and over deep foundations for embankments and heavy surface loadings

Geosynthetic

Drainage

Transport of fluids, provides for safe disposal of water between dissimilar materials Soil that is good in compressi on, but poor in tension or other disjointed and separated material Prevent the mixing of two different layers of soils or materials Provide tensile strength, redistribution of stresses and / or confinement, thereby increasing the stability of a soil mass, reducing earth pressures, or decreasing deformation or susceptibility to cracking Allow the passage of preventing the migration of soil

Separation

Reinforcement

-Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to make the geosynthetic must be assured by using proper additives including antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners, and fillers.

Manufactured quality control

Manufactured quality control

- Clogging is a challenging design for certain soil types or unusual situations some required specialization testing evaluations.

Filtration

Manufactured quality control

Application:highway underdrain systems, retaining wall drainage,

Table VII: Range of Selection of Ground Modifications

Ground Improvement Objectives (1) Reduce settlement Increase capacity Accelerate consolidation Reduce liquefaction potential Soil Constituent modification: Increase strength Reduce potential swelling bearing

Required Geotechnical Test and Investigation (2)

Method 1 (3)

Method 2 (4)

Method 3 (5)

Comment (6)

Increase durability Improve workability Modified permeability Improve stability: External stability Internal stability Prevent erosion: Surface erosion Seepage erosion Achieve dray work area: 1. At site construction

2. During excavation 3. During embankment