Académique Documents
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By
Sa’idu Sulaiman1
Introduction
The fact that a researcher cannot study the entire population of people, animals, insects,
objects, etc, makes the drawing of samples a necessity. Sampling techniques are divided
into probability and non- probability sampling techniques. The former are used when a
population from which a sample is drawn is finite, the probability of selecting of a sample is
known and an estimate of the sampling error can be made. In the latter, the population from
which a sample is drawn is infinite, so the probability of selecting of a sample is unknown
and an estimate of the sampling error cannot be made.
Trochim (2006), submits that a probability sampling technique refers any method of
sampling that utilizes some form of random selection that requires some process or
procedure that assures that the different units in a population have equal probabilities of
being chosen in included in a research. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or
random sampling methods, which they considered them to be more accurate and rigorous,
over the nonprobabilistic ones, but in applied social research there are situations where it is
practically impossible to do random sampling. Probability sampling techniques include
random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling and stratified random sampling
(Sulaiman, 1998).
Occasional sampling technique refers to the use of participants that attend an occasion
such as farmers at an agricultural exhibition, or academics at a national conference, as
sample of a population they represent. It is an occasion- based sampling technique so it is
pertinent for researchers to know the different categories of occasions that can provide
opportunities for research.
Occasions can be categorized by their nature of occurrence, for instance, there are rare
occasions like the visit of the Pope to a village in Eastern Nigeria; there are also annual
occasions like the pilgrimage to Mecca. Occasions could also be monthly like the meeting of
proprietors of private schools, or weekly, like village market days.
Another way of categorizing occasions is in terms of their theme, focus or subject matter.
Some occasions centre on sports while others are concerned with education, agriculture,
politics, economy and the rest. It is therefore essential for a researcher to consider the type
of occasion he/she plans to use for the purpose of drawing a research sample
Like every sampling technique, occasional sampling has pros and cons. The advantages
include the following:
The disadvantages of occasional sampling, on the other hand, include the following:
c) Occasions are not suitable for the use of interviews or questionnaires loaded
with many questions as people in attendance have many things to attend to.
Conclusion
Occasional sampling is appropriate for experienced researchers who can quickly spot
opportunities for undertaking a study provided by a special event. It could be used for the
conduct opinion surveys as well as for academic and marketing researches. Journalists can
also use this sampling technique in writing research- based articles or reports.
References
Bailey, Kenneth D. (1994) 4th ed. Methods of Social Research (New York: The Free Press).
Trochim, William M.K. (2006) Research Methods Knowledge Base retrieved from
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampnon.php visited on April 22, 2009.