The University of Sydney MATH1902 Linear Algebra (Advanced) Semester 1 Exercises for Week 5 (beginning 08 April) 2013

Preparatory exercises should be attempted before coming to the tutorial. Questions labelled with an asterisk are suitable for students aiming for a credit or higher. Important Ideas and Useful Facts: (i) Algebraic denition of cross product: If v = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k and w = w1 i + w2 j + w3 k then v w = (v2 w3 v3 w2 ) i + (v3 w1 v1 w3 ) j + (v1 w2 v2 w1 ) k . which can be evaluated by (a) using the up-and-down-diagonal method; (b) using the expanding brackets method and the facts that ij = k = ji , jk = i = kj , ki = j = ik , i j k v1 v2 v3 w1 w2 w3

ii = jj = kk = 0 ; (c) evaluating a 3 3 determinant (explained later): v w = .

(ii) The cross product v w is always perpendicular to both v and w so that vw v = vw w = 0 .

(iii) Anti-commutativity of cross product: v w = w v . (iv) Distributivity of cross over plus: (u + v ) w = u w + v w . and vv =0. (v) If v and w are vectors and is a scalar then (v ) w = (v w ) = v (w )

(vi) The area of the parallelogram inscribed by v and w is |v w| . (vii) The area of the triangle inscribed by v and w is |v w | . 2

(viii) Geometric formula for cross product: if is the angle between vectors v and w chosen so that 0 then v w = |v||w| sin u , where u is the unit vector perpendicular to both v and w such that the triple u, v, w is right-handed. In particular |v w| = |v||w| sin . 1

(ix) Triple product: If u, v and w are vectors then u (v w ) = (u v ) w and its magnitude is the volume of the parallelopiped spanned by the three vectors, when placed tail-to-tail in space. If nonzero, then u (v w) is positive if and only if the triple u, v, w is right-handed. Preparatory Exercises: 1. Write down (i) (vi) (xi) 2. ij (ii) 2i 3j (vii) k k (xii) (iii) i 4j (iv) j i (v) j 4i (x)

jk

k i+k

(viii) k k 3j k 2j

(ix)

(xiii)

jk k+j

k i

k j

Evaluate (i) (iii) 2i + 4j 3k 2i 3j + 4k i i+j+k (ii) (iv) i j + 3k 3i + j k i + j + k 2i + k

3.

Given that nd (i) (v) |a| (ii) a = 2i j + 2k , |b| (iii) ab b = i+jk, (iv) |a b|

the sine of the angle between a and b.

4.

Evaluate (i) (iii) (i j) k (ii) (iv) i (j k) (i + j) (j + k) (k + i) (i + j) (j + k) (k + i)

5.

Given that P = (8, 4, 1) , Q = (6, 3, 4) and R = (7, 5, 5) , nd QP QR and the area of the triangle P QR .

6.

Consider the vectors u = i + j , v = j + 2k and w = i + j + k . (i) Verify by direct calculation that u (v w) = (v u) w . (This identity holds in general, the verication of which is an exercise below.) (ii) Find the volume of the parallelopiped inscribed by u, v and w. 2

Tutorial Exercises: 7. Given that a = 2i j , b = i + j + k and c = 2i + k nd (i) (vi) ab a ac (ii) a c (vii) a a + c (iii) b c (viii) (iv) a b c (v) aa c (ix) a b 2c ab c

(x) the sine of the angle between a and b (xii) the area of the triangle inscribed by b and c

(xi) the area of the parallelogram inscribed by a and c (xiii) the volume of the parallelopiped inscribed by a, b and c 8. Given that v and w are vectors such that v w = 2i j + 3k nd (i) 9. 10. wv (ii) v + 3w 2w v

Calculate |a b| given that |a| = 7 , |b| = 4 and a b = 21 . Use the algebraic denition of the cross product to verify the following properties for any vectors v and w: (i) (iii) (v w ) v = 0 (ii) (iv) (v w ) w = 0 vv=0

v w = (w v)

11.

Use the parallelogram property of the cross product to deduce quickly that vectors u and v are parallel if and only if u v = 0 . (suitable for group discussion) Let a and b be the following vectors in the page:

12.

True or false: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 13. a b points upwards, away from the page, towards the ceiling a ba b ab is perpendicular to a but not to b is the zero vector

points downwards, away from the page, towards the oor

b ba

(suitable for group discussion) Does the expression u v w make sense? Does the equation u v = u w imply v = w whenever u = 0 ? 3

14. A tetrahedron has four faces. Let v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 be vectors perpendicular to the faces, pointing outwards, of length equal to the respective areas of the faces. Verify that v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 = 0 .

15. Verify that, for any geometric vectors a, b, c, Give both algebraic and geometric verications. Use anticommutativity of the crossproduct to deduce that a (b c) = (b a) c . Further Exercises: 16. Find two unit vectors perpendicular to both v and w where v = i + 2j 7k 17. (i) (0, 0, 0) , (2, 2, 1) , (3, 4, 2) 18. and w = 5i + j + k . a bc = ab c .

Find the areas of the triangles having vertices (ii) (3, 1, 2) , (1, 1, 3) , (4, 3, 1)

Consider the points P (1, 1, 1) , Q(1, 1, 0) R(0, 1, 2) , S (2, 3, 3) in space. (i) Use cross products to nd the areas of the triangle P QR and QRS . Are you surprised? (What type of geometric gure is formed by P QRS ?) (ii) Find the distance d1 from P to R, the distance d2 from Q to S , and evaluate and d1 d2 interpret . Are you surprised? (What is the relationship between diagonals 4 of P QRS ?)

19.

Suppose v and w are the following vectors lying in this page: v

w Decide which of (i) (iv) v (v w ) (v w ) w (ii) (v) (v w ) w v (v w ) (iii) (v w ) (w v )

(a) is perpendicular to v but not to w. (b) is perpendicular to w but not to v. (c) points upwards, away from the page, towards the ceiling. (d) points downwards, away from the page, towards the oor. (e) is the zero vector. 4

20.

Use the cross product to nd (i) a unit vector perpendicular to both i + 2j and j + 3k,

(ii) a unit vector which points in a direction which is perpendicular to the triangle with vertices A(0, 0, 1) , B (1, 2, 1) , C (1, 3, 4) such that looking backwards along the vector (from tip to tail) towards the triangle, the vertices A, B , C rotate anticlockwise (in that order). 21. Verify that if a and b are geometric vectors then the following correction to the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality holds: |a b|2 + |a b|2 = |a| |b| . 22. Carefully verify one of the distributivity laws from the algebraic denition, say the law (u + v ) w = u w + v w , and deduce the other distributivity law using anti-commutativity. 23. Verify that, for any geometric vectors a, b, c, ab c = Use anti-commutativity to deduce that a bc 24. Verify the Jacobi identity: (u v) w + (v w) u + (w u) v = 0 . 25. Let u, v, w be vectors in space. Prove that the equation uv w = u vw holds if and only if u and w are parallel or v is perpendicular to both u and w. Thus associativity of the cross product fails almost all of the time. Short Answers to Selected Exercises: 1. (i) k (ix) 2. (i) (ii) 6k j kj (x) (ii) (iii) 4k i (xi) j (iv) k (xii) 2i (iii) (v) 4k (xiii) 2i (iv) 2i + 10j + 4k (vi) i (vii) 0 (viii) 0 = ac b ab c . ac b bc a.

i + j 2k

7i 14j 14k

3.

(i) 3

(ii)

(iii) i + 4j + 3k (iii) 0

(iv)

26

(v)

78 9

4.

(i) 0

(ii) i + k 83 2

(iv) i + j 1

5.

7i + 5j + 3k , (i) i 2j + 3k (v) 2i 5j 4k (x) 14/ 15

6.

7.

(ii) i 2j 2k (vi) 2i +4j 5k (xi) 3 (xii)

(iii) i 3j + 2k (vii) i 2j 2k

(iv) 2i 4j 5k (ix) i +2j +7k

(viii) 0

14/2

(xiii) 5 9. 7 7 2 i 4j k 6

8.

(i) 2i + j 3k (i) False (i) 7 5/2 (i) 17/2 , (ii) False

(ii) 10i 5j + 15k (iii) True (iv) False

12.

16.

17. 18. 19.

(ii) 17/2

165/2 17/2 (iv) (b) (v) (a)

(ii)

(i) (c)

(ii) (d)

(iii) (c), (d), (e)

20.

1 (i) (6i + 3j k) 46

(ii)

1 (6i + 3j k) 46