1

2D Truss
60
o
60
o
2.5m
25kN
1
2
3
A=6cm
2
200GPa




'
'
1
,
U
u
'
'
1
1
,
V
v
1
'
2
2
,
U
u
'
'
2
2
,
V
v
X
Y
'
X
'
Y

Where
' 1
1 2
, U U are forces along the member (along local co-ordinate direction,
'
X )
' 1
1 2
, V V are the forces perpendicular to the member (along local co-ordinate direction,
'
Y )
' ' ' '
1 2 1 2
, , , u u v v are the corresponding displacements
Let
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , , U V u v U V u v be the corresponding global values

2

' ' '
1 1 2
' ' '
2 2 1
( )
( )
AE
U u u
l
AE
U u u
l
=
=


' '
1 2
0 v v = =
' '
1 1
' '
1 1
' '
2 2
' '
2 2
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
u U
v V AE
l u U
v V
(
(

(
=
` `
(

(

) )


{ } { }
' '
1 1
' '
' ' ' 1 1
' '
2 2
' '
2 2
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
, ,
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
e e
u U
v V AE
k d F
l u U
v V
(
(

(
= = =
` `
(

(

) )

but

' ' '
e e
k d F =

| |
'
e e
d T d =

| |
'
F T F =


| | | |
'
e e
k T d T F =

Multiplying both sides with
| |
1
T


| | | | | | | |
1 1
'
e e
T k T d T T F

=


| | | |
1
'

e e
e e
k d F
where k T k T

=
=


Solution
cos( ) sin( ) 0 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0 0
0 0 cos( ) sin( )
0 0 sin( ) cos( )
T
u u
u u
u u
u u
(
(

(
=
(
(

3

1
cos( ) sin( ) 0 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0 0
0 0 cos( ) sin( )
0 0 sin( ) cos( )
T
T T
u u
u u
u u
u u

(
(
(
= =
(
(



Hence

cos( ) sin( ) 0 0 1 0 1 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 cos( ) sin( ) 1 0 1 0
0 0 sin( ) cos( ) 0 0 0 0
cos( ) sin( ) 0 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0 0

0 0 cos( ) sin( )
0 0 sin( ) cos( )
e
AE
k
l
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

(
(

(
(
(

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
e
C C S C C S
C S S C S S AE
k
l C C S C C S
C S S C S S
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
(
(

(
=
(

(
(


2 2
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
1
2 2
e
C C S C C S
C S S C S S AE
k
l C C S C C S
C S S C S S
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
(
(

(
=
(

(
(


1 1
1
1
0.25 0.433 0.25 0.433
0.433 0.75 0.433 0.75
0.25 0.433 0.25 0.433
0.433 0.75 0.433 0.75
e
AE
k
l
(
(

(
=
(
(





2 2
2
2
0.25 0.433 0.25 0.433
0.433 0.75 0.433 0.75
0.25 0.433 0.25 0.433
0.433 0.75 0.433 0.75
e
A E
k
l
(
(

(
=
(
(




Assembly
Number of rows=columns=no. of nodes X degrees of freedom=3X2=6

4









{

Applying Boundary conditions

)

4.8

[
.
.
] {

}

{

}={
.

}


5

Numerical example: Direct stiffness matrix method

Calculate the nodal displacements and element forces for the composite bar shown
in figure:
30cm 20cm 10cm
1
0
c
m
d
i
a
5
c
m
d
i
a
Steel
Aluminium
4P
P
P
P=5kN
E
steel
=210GPa
E
Al
=70GPa




(1) (2) (3)
1
2 3 4
Nodes
Elements


Element 1


Element 2


Element 3






6

Global stiffness matrix

9
5.495 5.495 0 0
5.495 5.495 2.06 2.06 0
10
0 2.06 2.06 1.37375 1.37375
0 0 1.37375 1.37375
K
(
(
+
(
=
( +
(

Applying the point loads and reaction at nodes


1
3
2 9
3
3
4
5.495 5.495 0 0
5.495 5.495 2.06 2.06 0 2 5 10
10
0 2.06 2.06 1.37375 1.37375 0
0 0 1.37375 1.37375 4 5 10
a
u R
u
u
u
(
(
+

(
=
` `
( +

(


) )


1
1
2 9 4
3
4
0
1 0 0 0 0
0 7.555 2.06 0 1
10 10
0 2.06 3.43375 1.37375 0
0 0 1.37375 1.37375 2
u
u
u
u
u
=
(
(


(
=
` `
(

(

) )

1
6
2
5
3
5
4
0
1.819 10
1.153 10
2.609 10
u
u
u
u

=
` `

) )