Ribosomes- site where the cells make proteins, have no membrane, build proteins in cytoplasmic locales.

Free Ribosomes- are suspended in the cytosol. Bound Ribosomesare attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. Chloroplast- found only in plants and eukaryotic algae, site of photosynthesis, contains membranes called thykaloids, take in CO2 and release O2. Smooth ER- makes lipid membranes; synthesis the membrane, the cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes. Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration, has its own DNA, generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen. Lysosome- stores hydrolytic enzymes in a membrane-bound sac, used to digest macromolecules, works best in an acidic enviro of pH 5, Plasmodesmata- cytoplasmic channels in plants. Cytoskeleton- a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm, maintains the cells shape Phospholipids- causes membranes to be insoluble in water, amphipathic- both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region. Peroxisomes- bounded by a single membrane, detoxifies alcohol in the liver, converts fat into sugar to be used by the mitochodrian. Golgi- secretes many polysaccharides. Facilitated diffusion- moves material across a membrane, moves glucose into glucose cytoplasm, carrier protein molecules are used. Active transportcarrier protein molecules are used. Animal Cell- G2 of Interphase- nuclear membrane is intact, Genome is not visible through a light microscope, nucleoli are visible. Prophasenuclear division commences during prophase, the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell along the nuclear membrane, forming between the centrosomes are overlapping microtubules called mitotic spindles, these mitotic spindles are responsible for propelling the centrosomes away from each other to opposite poles of the cell, chromatin begins to condense into chromosomes, becoming visible through the light microscope, chromosomes are visibly connected at their centromeres, nucleoli disappear Prometaphase- nuclear membrane disappears, mitotic spindles invade what had been the nuclear region, chromosomes fully condense from chromatin, centrosomes fully reach the poles of the cell, some of the mitotic spindle microtubules attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatid pairs, sister chromatid pairs are visibly jerked about by the attached mitotic spindles. Metaphase- during prometaphase the spindle fibers tug back and forth on sister chromatids, ultimately the tugs even out such that sister chromatids are now located within a plane representing a perpendicular cross section of the cell, this plane is not a physical object but instead represents where the sister chromatids are lined up, equidistant from the poles of the cell, at this point the cell is said to be in metaphase Metaphase plate-The metaphorical plane at the center of the cell upon which the chromosomes are lined up during metaphase is called the metaphase plate Spindle- The complex structure consisting of the microtubules and centrosomes together are called the spindle. Anaphase- metaphase ends when chromosomes begin to be pulled toward the centrosomes, separating sister chromatids from one another, at this point the dividing cell has entered anaphase,The cell is also lengthening during. Telophase- chromosomes decondense back into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear. Mitosisthe division of a cells nucleus (not the overall division of a cell, only part of that overall division), the goal of mitosis is the equal partitioning of two more-or-less identical genomes into each of two daughter-cell nuclei Mitosis occurs in five reasonably welldefined phases: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.