Theorem 5-1 Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent

Reason: since the sides are parallel and they meet in equidistant Theorem 5-2 Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

Reason: since it has 2 pairs of parallel congruent sides which

divides 360 degrees in also 2 pairs of congruent angles.

Theorem 5-3 Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Reason: since they have equal sides and equal angles

Theorem 5-4 If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Reason: since a parallelogram is a quadrilateral having both pairs of opposite sides

Theorem 6-6 (SSS Inequality Theorem) If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the second.

By the SSS inequality theorem, segment BC is longer than segment EF. Reason: the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the second triangle because it has longer hypotenuse. Theorem 7-1 If the measures of two sides of a triangle are proportional to the measures of two corresponding sides of a second triangle and the included angles are congruent then the triangles are similar If AB = f EF and BC = f FG and B=F then ABC = EFG Reason: the two triangles have congruent 2 sides and included angle, so they have congruent hypotenuse. Therefore, they are similar.

Theorem 8-1 If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then the two triangles formed are similar to the original triangle and to each other

Triangle ABC, triangle ADB, and triangle BDC are all similar Corollary I When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of the altitude is the geometric mean between the segments of the hypotenuse.

AD/BD=BD/CD Corollary II When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, each leg is the geometric mean between the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse that is adjacent to that leg.

AC/AB=AB/AD

AC/CB=CB/BC
Theorem 9-11 If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of each angel formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

Example: The Darby Bridge was built from 1777-1779 near Coalbrookdale, London. If the arch of the bridge is a semicircle and M, the midpoint of the semicircle, is the point of tangency, find angle AMP.

A secant and a tangent that intersect at the point of tangency:

When this occurs, we find out through theorem 9-11that the measure of the angle will be half the measure of the intercepted arc.
Theorem 9-12 If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle Example: Find the value of x and the measurement of angle AET

(100 + 4x) A (40x -2) M (183 5x)

Two secants that intersect inside the circle: According to Theorem 9-12, we can find the measure of the angle by dividing the sum of the 2 arcs by 2.

T (30x + 10) H

Theorem 9-13 If two secants, a secant and a tangent, or two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs. Example: Use k to find the value of x.

Two secants that intersect outside of the circle:

This is one of 3 cases that we get from Theorem 9-13. It tells us that the measure of the angle formed by these secants is half of the distance between the measures of the 2 intercepted arcs. This difference will ALWAYS be positive.

Theorem 11-7
If the scale factor of two similar figures is a:b, then (1) the ratio of the perimeters is a:b. (2) the ratio of the areas is a2:b2 Example: Find the ratio of the perimeters and the ratio of the areas of the ratio of the areas of the two similar figures. Solution: The scale factor is 8:12, or 2:3. Therefore, the ratio of the perimeters is 2:3. The ratio of the perimeters is 2:3. The ratio of the areas is 22 : 32 or 4 : 9.

Theorem 12-7 The Lateral area of a cone equals half the circumference of the base times the slant height. (L.A.= 1/2(2 r)l) or (L.A.= rl)

The height: 8 The slant height:10 The radius: 5 Lateral Area= Theorem 12-8 The Volume of a cone equals one-third the area of the base times the height of the cone. (V= 1/3 r2h) rl= (5)(10)=500

The height: 8 The slant height:10 The radius: 5 Lateral Area= Volume= 1/3 Theorem 13-1 The Distance Formula The distance d between points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by:
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2

rl=

(5)(10)=500 (52)(8)= 200/3

r2h =1/3

Find the distance between the points. 1. (3, 8), (2, 4) = 41 2. (1, 8), (5, 3) = 157 Theorem 13-2 An equation of the circle with center (a, b) and radius r is: (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2 Example: Find the center and the radius of the circle with equation (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 =9. Sketch the graph. Solution: (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 =32 The center point is (1, 2) and the radius is 3.

The graph is shown below.

Theorem 14-8 A composite of reflections in two intersecting lines is a rotation about the point of intersection of the two lines. The measure of the angle of rotation is twice the measure of the angle from the first line of reflection to the second. Given: j intersects k, forming an angle of measure y at O. Proof: The diagram shows an arbitrary point P and its image P by reflection in j. According to the definition of a rotation we must prove that OP = OP and mPOP= 2y. Rj and Rk are isometries, so they preserve both distance and angle measure. Therefore OP= OP, OP = OP, m1= m2, and m3 = m4. Thus OP = OP and the measure of the angle of rotation equals: m1 + m2 + m3 + m4=2m2 + 2m3= 2y.

Corollary A composite of reflections in perpendicular lines is a half-turn about the point where the lines intersects.

References: library.thinkquest.com and google.com and yahoo.com