Unit I

Method of estimating:Estimate:- Before understanding the construction of project it is necessary to know its probable cost which is worked out by estimating. An estimate is computation or calculation of quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The primary object of the estimate is to enable one to know before hand, the cost of the work. The estimate is the probable cost of work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculation based on the plans and drawings and current rates. Quantity survey:Is a list or schedule of quantities of all possible items of work required for construction of any building or structure. These quantities are worked from the plan and drawings of the structure. Thus the quantity survey indicates the quantity of work to be done under each item, when price/unit gives the amount of cost. Method of preparing estimate:Detailed estimate:- Preparation of detailed estimate consist of working out the quantities of different items of work and then working out the cost i.e. the Actual cost : cost coming after all expenditure are maintained in a record. Actual cost should not differ from estimated cost. Actual cost comes of the completion of work from accounts. Estimate is prepared in 2 stages:(a) Detail of measurements and calculation of quantities (b) Abstract of estimated cost Data required for making an estimate:To make out an estimate for a work the following data are necessary:1) Drawings:- plan, sectional elevation and detailed drawings to scale fully dimensioned are required. 2) Specifications:(a) General specification:- they give the nature quantity and class of work and material to be used in various part of the work. It helps to form a general idea of whole building or structure. (b) Detailed specification:- these give the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the quantities and qualities of material, their proportions, their method of preparation, workmanship and execution of work. 3) Rates:- the rate of per unit of various items of work, materials to be used and the usage of different categories of labour, skilled or unskilled should be available for preparing estimate.

Types of estimate:1. Preliminary or approx abstract or rough cost estimate 2. Plinth area estimate 3. Cube rate estimate 4. Approx quantity method estimate 5. Detailed estimate 6. Revised estimate 7. Supplementary estimate 8. Supplementary and revised estimate 9. Annual repair estimate

Unit III
Rate analysis, cost of material and labour for various work. Analysis of rates:The determination of rate/unit of a particular item of work, from the cost of quantities of material, the cost of labour and other miscellaneous petty expenses require for its completion is known as analysis of rates. A reasonable profit, usually 10% for the contractor is also included in the analysis of rates. For the purpose of analysis, the detail about all the operations involved in carrying out the work should be available, the quantities of material required and their cost should be known, and the no. of different categories of labourers required and the capacity of doing work/labourer and their wages/day should be known. The analysis of rate is usually worked out for the unit of payment of the particular item of work under two treads:1) Material 2) Labour And their cost added together give the cost of items of work. The cost of material are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport, local taxes and other charges. For miscellaneous petty items which cannot be accounted in detail lump-sum provision is made. A provision of water charges @ 1% of the total cost is made in the rate. Adding 10% of the cost as contractors profit, the rate/unit of the item of work is obtained. 10% profit may be added over the whole cost of labour and materials including cement and steel. Mode of payment:The payment to the contractors for work or for supply of materials road metal, tools and plants etc. are made on the basis of measurement recorded in measurement book(M.B). The payment to the contractors may be made finally by one payment when the work or the supply is completed. Usually payments are made on running account bills and the final payment is made on the completion of the work. Measurement of work:Measurement of works occupies a very important place in the planning and execution of any work or project from the time of the first estimate are made until the final completion and settlement of payment. General rules:1) Measurement shall be item wise for the finished item of work and the description of each item shall be held to include materials, transport, labour, fabrication and other incidental charges for finishing the work to the required shape, size, design and specifications. 2) In booking dimensions the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height.

3) All works shall be measured not subject to following tolerances unless otherwise stated:(a) Item shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m. (b) Areas shall be worked up to the nearest 0.01sqm. (c) Cubic contents shall be worked up to the nearest 0.01cum. 4) Same type of work under different condition and nature shall be measured separately under separate items. 5) The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions and workmanships and accurately represents the work to the executed.

Unit VI
General terms 1) Administrative approval:- For any work or project required by a department, an approval or sanction of the competent authority of the department w.r.t the cost and work is necessary at the 1st instance. The approval authorities the engineering department to take up the work. Administrative approval denotes the formal acceptance by the department concerned of the proposal, and after the administrative approval is given the engg. Department take up the work and prepares detailed designs, plans and estimates and then execute the work. 2) Technical sanction:- It means the sanction of the obtained estimate design calculations, quantities of works, rates and cost of the work by the competent authority of the engg. Department. After the technical sanction of the estimate is given then only the work is taken up for const. In case of original work the counter signature of the local head of the department should be obtained in the plan and estimate before technical sanction is accorded by the engg. Department. The power of technical sanction differs from state to state. 3) Deposit work:- This term is used for the works of const. or repair, the cost of which is met out funds from non-government sources, which may be deposited in cash or otherwise placed at the disposal of the divisional officers, works executed for municipalities or other public bodies for under this category, when the cost is chargeable either in cash deposit made for the purpose or to their balances at treasuries. Deposit work are only those contribution works, the cost of which is totally met out of non-government funds. 4) Issue rates:- This term denotes the cost/unit fixed on the articles of stock for the purpose of calculating the amount creditable to the sub head concerned of stock account when issued from stock. An issue rate is fixed for each article stock on the basis of actual cost + other expenses including storage charges. The issue rate is fixed on the principle that those may not be ultimate profit or loss in the stock account, and the rate should include the actual cost of the material in procuring, handling them and storage charges. Issue rate is the rate of supply at stock godown + the storage charges. 5) Payment on account ( running or interior payment ):- This means payment made on a running account to a contractor for works done or supplies made by him duly measured of the whole work or supply has been done and the work or supply is in progress. During the progress of work the contractor is said time to time and when the contractor has done some progress he is paid up to the extent of work done by him. 6) Imp rest:- An imp rest also known as permanent imp rest is a standing advance of a fixed sum of money in an individual to enable him to make certain classes of disbursement, which may be entrusted to his charge by the divisional or sub divisional officers. The amount of the imp rest is fixed as law as possible to meet current expenses within the month.

Month date 1

The account of the imp rest amount is kept in duplicate in imp rest cash amount form 2 as given below:& Voucher no. Transaction Amount of Total Head of cash payment account 2 3 4 5 6

Temporary advance or temporary imp rest:- It is the amount which advanced by a distributing officer to a sub ordinate officer to enable him to make a no. of specific payments on a muster roll or any other voucher which has already been passed for payments. 7) Indent of stores:- Materials from stock are issue on demand in proper form prepared by S.D or A.E in charge of different works as are when required. Indent form is in triplicate consisting of counter fail, indent and is kept in book form serially number. The counter fail and indent parts are filled by the indenting officers and then the indent and the blank invoice parts are sent to the issuing officer in charge of store who will issue the stores as available in stocks and shall correct the indent as per actual issue and entries shall be in the invoice and sent them to the receiving officer who will sign the invoice and return it to issuing officer. 8) Muster roll ( M.R ) :- The muster roll consist of (I) Nominal roll where daily attendance are recorded. In this part there are columns and spaces for the names of the laboureres, designation, fathers name, date of attendances, rates, total amount due for each, total amount due for whole, signature of the prison taking attendance, signature of the officer making payment etc. and the columns are dully filled up. Fines if inflicted on the labourer is recorded in part I. Muster roll should never be made in duplicate and entries should be made in such a manner that it may not be possible to interpolate or to alter them. (II) Details of quantities of work done by the labourer and the progress of work are recorded in their post, Details of Measurement, are taken and entered in the M.B and an Abstract of Quantities is recorded in part II of the Muster Roll giving reference to M.B. 9) Measurement Book (M.B) :- The measurement of all works and supplies are recorded in the M.B form no. 23 and payments of all works and supplies are made on the basis of measurements recorded. The measurement books are very important account records. FORM NO. 23 Particulars No. Length Breadth Height Contents or area All the M.B are numbered serially and a registered is maintained in the divisional office showing the serial no. of each book, the name of the Sub Division or the Officer to

whom issued, the date of issue, the date of return and remarks. A similar register is maintain in the Sub Divisional office showing the name of the officers, to whom issued, date of issue. All measurements should be recorded in ink directly in the M.B and no where else. Entries with indelible pencil is admissible but the pencil entries should not be inked over. The entries in the content or area column should be made ink after necessary calculations. No entry should be erased if a mistake is made should be corrected by crossing out and inserting the corrections, and the corrections thus made being initial bed and dated. When any measurements are cancelled, the calculations must be supported by the in charge of the officer ordering cancellation. The pages of M.B are machine numbered. Entries should be recorded continuously and no blank pages left or page torn out. Any pages left blank through mistake should be cancelled by diagonal lines and cancellation being installed and attested and dated. Each M.B should be provided with an index of contents of different entries at the space provided at the beginning, which should be kept up-to-date. If a M.B is used by a no. of Officer the names of the different Officers should be recorded at the beginning of the M.B. Loss of M.B is a serious matter. When a M.B cannot be traced for a month the fact should be reported to S.E who has to take suitable action in the matter. 10) Material at the site account ( M.A.S.account ) :- When the materials are issued direct to work as purchased directly, their cost are either charged direct to the work or debited to the suspense head material an account known as Material at site account is maintained. M.A.S account is maintained only for the major work when large quantity of material are directly to be used. M.A.S account is maintained. Month wise in form 35 Detailed Statement of Material compared with Estimated Requirements having all issues of materials against the total estimated requirement. Both quantities and values of different items of materials are shown in the account. Principal item of materials as cement, brick, timber, steel etc. are accounted separately, and all the minor items are lumped together under the heading Petty items for which only the values are shown. At the completion of work or at the end of the year if the work is continued for more than a year, statement is prepared in form 37- Report of the value and Verification of Unused Materials. 11) Centage charges or Departmental Charges (establishment charges) :- When the Engineering Department takes up the work of other department a %age amount of 10% to 15% of the estimate cost is charged to meet the expenses of establishment, designing, planning, supervised etc. and this %age charges is known as Centage charge. This charge is also made on contributory and deposit work of local bodies, private persons and others. These charges are also known as Supervision Charges of work.

Unit V
Reports Each estimate is accompanied with a report describing the various features of the work. The report should be written in such a manner that on the study of report one can form an idea about the whole work. The report of each work will differ from other and shall have to be written according to the nature of the work. The report is usually given at the beginning of the estimate followed by calculations, designs, general and detailed specifications, analysis of rates, materials statement and then the detailed estimate. The plans and drawings are enclosed at the end. In the last page of the abstract of estimate there are spaces for signature for the A.E, the E.E and the S.E and for the sanctioning authority. In the top or title page, the estimate no., name of work, name of division, head of accounts, total cost of estimate etc. are written. In index page the contents and page no. are also given. The report should consist of the following main points:1) Brief history, with reference to the proposal. 2) Object, necessity, utility and feasibility of the project with reasons. 3) Selection of site or selection alignment. 4) Surveying 5) Accommodation provided or brief description of the works provided in the estimate. 6) Nature of soil and topography of the land orientation etc. 7) General specification and basic of design calculations 8) Arrangements for water supply, sanitary works and electrical installations. 9) Roads and drains. 10) Miscellaneous items as labour amenities, temporary accommodation for staff etc. 11) Manner of execution. 12) Total cost and how to be financed. 13) Return of revenue income. 14) Rent statement. 15) Time of execution.

Seventh Semester Bachelor of Architecture N.I.T. Raipur (C.G)