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Chapter 4: Cell Structure/Function

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Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11e (Madigan/Martinko)

Chapter 4: Cell Structure/Function

1) The ultimate limit of what we are able to see with a microscope is defined by A) magnification. B) resolution. C) light intensity. D) visual acuity. Answer: B 2) The most common type of microscopy for laboratory courses in biology and microbiology is done with the A) bright-field microscope. B) phase contrast microscope. C) dark-field microscope. D) electron microscope. Answer: A 3) When the oil-immersion lens is used, A) light rays are scattered so unnecessary background material is not seen. B) light rays are collected to increase clarity. C) objects are held in place on the microscope slide. D) magnification of objects is increased by about ten-fold. Answer: B 4) A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that weak repulsive forces are generated is used in A) dark-field microscopy. B) confocal scanning laser microscopy. C) atomic force microscopy. D) none of the above. Answer: C 5) The cytoplasmic membrane is the A) highly selective permeability barrier of the cell. B) primary support structure of the cell. C) source of nutrient production. D) structure which identifies a cell as eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Answer: A 6) If the magnification of an ocular lens of a particular microscope is 10 and the magnification of the objective on the same microscope is 47, the total magnification achieved is A) 4.7. B) 57. C) 470. D) 4700. Answer: C 7) Fluorescent microscopy is commonly used in A) radiation biology. B) clinical diagnostic microbiology. C) cancer therapy.

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D) the detection of chemical contaminants in a solution. Answer: B 8) An organism of the genus Staphylococcus will be __________, while an organism of the genus Spirochaeta will be __________. A) spherical / rod-shaped B) rod-shaped / coiled C) spherical / coiled D) coiled / spherical Answer: C 9) Appendaged bacteria A) possess tubular or stalk-like extensions of their cells. B) have the basic characteristics of eukaryotic cells. C) have filaments that are commonly called appendages. D) do not exist. Answer: A 10) The terms run and tumble are generally associated with A) cell wall fluidity. B) cell membrane structures. C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. Answer: C 11) Morphology is a term that refers to the __________ of an organism. A) size B) shape C) appendages D) attachment sites Answer: B 12) Nutrients and waste products pass in and out of a cell in __________ proportion to the cell's size. A) direct B) inverse C) exponential D) logarithmic Answer: B 13) The cytoplasmic membrane could best be described as A) an impermeable barrier. B) a passive conduit for intracellular transport. C) selectively permeable. D) slightly permeable to water but impermeable to metabolic solutes. Answer: C 14) Sterols are A) virtually always present in eukaryotic membranes but absent in prokaryotic membranes. B) virtually always absent in eukaryotic membranes but present in prokaryotic membranes. C) virtually always present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes. D) virtually always absent in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes. Answer: A

15) Regarding membrane linkages, which statement is true? A) Bacteria have ester linkages; Archaea have ether linkages. B) Archaea have ester linkages; Eukarya have ether linkages. C) Eukarya have ester linkages; Bacteria have ether linkages. D) Bacteria and Eukarya have ester linkages; Archaea linkages are not yet known. Answer: A 16) Carrier mediated transport is necessary when A) diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell.

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B) movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient. C) the level of nutrients in nature is very low. D) all of the above. Answer: D 17) Which statement is true? A) The phosphotransferase system B) Group translocation is a part C) The phosphotransferase system D) The phosphotransferase system translocation. Answer: A

is a type of group translocation. of the phosphotransferase system. is synonymous with group translocation. has nothing to do with group

18) The periplasm is a(n) A) part of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative organisms. B) part of the inner cell membrane of gram-negative organisms. C) region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of gramnegative Bacteria. D) alternate name for the inner cell membrane of any prokaryotic cell. Answer: C 19) Prokaryotes stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell A) wall. B) cytoplasm. C) nucleus. D) chromosome. Answer: A 20) Which of these statements is true? A) The gram-positive wall contains a thick complex than the gram-negative wall. B) The gram-negative wall contains a thick complex than the gram-positive wall. C) The gram-positive wall contains a thick as complex as the gram-negative wall. D) The gram-positive wall contains a thick complex than the gram-negative wall. Answer: D

peptidoglycan layer and is more peptidoglycan layer and is more peptidoglycan layer but is about peptidoglycan layer but is less

21) In gram-positive Bacteria, the cell wall might be up to __________ peptidoglycan. A) 25% B) 48% C) 72% D) 90% Answer: D

22) Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of A) Bacteria. B) Eukarya. C) some Archaea. D) Bacteria and Archaea. Answer: C 23) The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) is a characteristic of the wall of A) gram-positive Bacteria. B) gram-negative Bacteria. C) archaeal cells. D) eukaryotic cells. Answer: B 24) An endotoxin is A) the toxic portion of the LPS. B) a toxin produced within archaeal cells. C) a toxin known for its primary attack on the epidermis of mammals. D) the toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria.

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Answer: A 25) Hydrolytic enzymes function in the A) degradation of food molecules. B) transport of substrates within the cell. C) chemotactic response, particularly in gram-negative Bacteria. D) regeneration of the periplasm. Answer: A 26) Which statement is true? A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the "ends" of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are individual flagella on the "ends" of bacterial cells. B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the "ends" of bacterial cells. C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the "ends" of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are tufts on the "ends" of bacterial cells. D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual flagella on the "ends" of bacterial cells. Answer: B 27) Which of the following statements is false? A) The flagellar protein subunit is flagellin. B) In flagellar motion, the basal body acts as a motor. C) Flagella rotate at a constant speed. D) The hook is the wider region at the base of the flagellum. Answer: C 28) Which of the following statements is/are true? A) Fimbriae are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella. B) Fimbriae probably function in surface adhesion. C) Pili serve as receptors and are involved in the process of conjugation. D) All of the above. Answer: D

29) Glycogen granules A) are derived directly from either PHB or PHA. B) cannot be detected by light microscopy, even if iodine is added. C) function as storage depots for carbon and energy. D) none of the above. Answer: C 30) A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is A) to confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density. B) to serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide. C) to keep the cell's organelles separated during flagellar motion. D) none of the above. Answer: A 31) The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of A) various phospholipids. B) protein. C) carbohydrate. D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids. Answer: B 32) What is the biological function of endospores? A) They are bacterial reproductive structures. B) They enable organisms to endure extremes of temperature, drying, and nutrient depletion. C) They are formed as evaginations of the bacterial cell walls. D) All of the above. Answer: B 33) The tetraether molecule within the membrane structure of the __________ yields a lipid __________. A) Archaea / bilayer

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B) Archaea / monolayer C) Bacteria / bilayer D) Bacteria / monolayer Answer: B 34) Aquaporins are A) water transport proteins. B) molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane. C) enzymes involved in the generation of water with the cells. D) cations bound to water molecules. Answer: A 35) Translocases are specific for the transport of A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. Answer: B

36) What type of microscopy has found widespread use in microbial ecology because of its ability to resolve the different layered components of a biofilm? A) Dark-field microscopy B) Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy C) Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) D) Scanning electron microscopy Answer: C 37) The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a membrane transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is A) the ABC system. B) group translocation. C) symport. D) simple transport. Answer: A 38) Negatively charged molecules that are partially responsible for the negative charge of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface are A) diaminopimelic acids. B) teichoic acids. C) phospholipids. D) peptide interbridges. Answer: B 39) Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane contains phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains A) pseudopeptidoglycan. B) lipoteichoic acids. C) poly--hydroxybutyric acid (PHB). D) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Answer: D 40) One of the many types of proteins found in the periplasm is involved in the chemotactic response and is called a A) hydrolytic enzyme. B) chemoreceptor. C) binding protein. D) porin. Answer: B 41) When does endospore formation commence? A) When bacterial growth ceases due to exhaustion of an essential nutrient. B) When the bacterium is undergoing binary fission. C) When bacteria are dividing exponentially. D) Following bacterial death. Answer: A

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42) Why is the presence of a cell wall significant from a clinical standpoint? A) Because all types of cells have a cell wall and it makes identification of the causative agent of disease difficult. B) Because the cell wall protects microorganisms from destruction by the immune system. C) Because animal cells do not have cell walls, so antibiotics that target cell walls can destroy invading microorganisms. D) Because only gram-negative Bacteria have cell walls. Answer: C 43) Cells are themselves composed of basic building blocks and these basic building blocks are used to construct macromolecules that combine to yield structures with defined functions. Answer: TRUE 44) A differential stain is called "differential" because it does not stain all kinds of cells the same color. Answer: TRUE 45) In bright-field microscopy, contrast differences arise because different cells and cellular components absorb and scatter light in varying degrees. Answer: TRUE 46) In phase contrast microscopy, the differences in refractive indices between organisms and their environments are utilized for better viewing of living specimens. Answer: TRUE 47) Light microscopy is an effective way of viewing objects in three dimensions. Answer: FALSE 48) As a general statement, inclusions are made up of storage material. Answer: TRUE 49) The existence of nanobacteria was confirmed in 1999. Answer: FALSE 50) Cations help stabilize the cytoplasmic membrane by combining ionically with the negative charges of the phospholipids. Answer: TRUE 51) Hopanoids are sometimes mistakenly thought to be similar to sterols. Answer: FALSE 52) In general, lipids in the archaeal membrane lack fatty acids. Answer: TRUE 53) Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic functions, while others are involved in membrane transport. Answer: TRUE 54) Both hydrophilic and charged molecules pass readily through the cell membrane. Answer: FALSE 55) Binding protein-dependent transport systems are present in both grampositive and gram-negative Bacteria. Answer: TRUE 56) Teichoic acids are associated with gram-negative cell walls. Answer: FALSE 57) There are actually more than 100 different types of peptidoglycan. Answer: TRUE 58) Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks 1,4-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan. Answer: TRUE

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59) Porins are channels in the outer membranes of gram-positive Bacteria. Answer: FALSE 60) Surface/volume ratio is higher in larger cells than in smaller cells. Answer: FALSE 61) Cell movement is closely tied to energy expenditure. Answer: TRUE 62) Organisms may respond to temporal rather than spatial gradients. Answer: FALSE 63) Chemotaxis is a chemotactic sensory response affecting flagellar function. Answer: TRUE 64) In phototaxis, photosynthetic organisms move away from a light source. Answer: FALSE 65) Photoreceptors are generally analogous to chemoreceptors. Answer: TRUE 66) The S-layer may confer protection against host defense mechanisms in pathogenic bacteria that contain this layer. Answer: TRUE 67) Poly--hydroxybutyric acid is a carbon and energy storing polymer. Answer: TRUE 68) The measure of the light-gathering ability of the objective lens is known as the __________. Answer: numerical aperture 69) The term given to the phospholipid bilayer and the proteins embedded within it is __________. Answer: unit membrane 70) The energized state of a membrane is referred to as a __________. Answer: proton-motive force (PMF) 71) As parts of the considerable freedom is often called a(n) Answer: fluid mosaic membrane, phospholipid and protein molecules have to move about. Because of this movement, the membrane __________. (model)

72) If the peptidoglycan is digested but lysis does not occur, the cell is called a(n) __________. Answer: protoplast 73) A general term for polyphosphate, elemental sulfur, and magnetosomes is __________. Answer: inclusions 74) A phototrophic bacterium swims outside the illuminated field of view of the microscope, reverses direction, and scurries back into the lighted area. This is an example of __________. Answer: scotophobotaxis 75) The overall structure of the cytoplasmic membrane is stabilized by __________ bonds and __________ interactions. Answer: hydrogen / hydrophobic 76) The proton motive force is responsible for driving many energyrequiring functions in the cell, including some forms of __________, __________, and biosynthesis of __________. Answer: transport / motility / ATP (first two any order) 77) The peptide interbridge is only found in the cell walls of __________

Bacteria.
Answer: gram-positive

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78) Twitching motility is an unusual form of motility in some bacteria that is a result of a class of surface structures known as __________. Answer: type IV fimbriae or pili (either answer) 79) Explain how the saturation effect can influence carrier-mediated transport. Answer: Answers will vary but should include the fact that uptake becomes maximal and the addition of more substrate cannot increase the rate of transport. 80) Compare and contrast the mechanisms of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Answer: Answers will vary. 81) Compare and contrast both the purposes and the functions of the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope. Answer: Answers will vary. 82) Describe the make-up of the phospholipid bilayer. orientation and embedded proteins. Answer: Answers will vary. Include molecular

83) What is the evolutionary advantage of the monolayer often found in archaeal membranes? Answer: Answers will vary. 84) Explain the differences between uniporters, symporters, and antiporters. Answer: Answers will vary. 85) Describe the growth of a flagellum. Answer: Answers will vary. 86) Describe the mechanisms by which certain prokaryotes glide. What are the ecological advantages of gliding motility? Answer: Answers will vary. 87) Describe the processes of endospore formation and germination. Answer: Answers will vary. 88) Compare and contrast aerotaxis and osmotaxis. Answer: Answers will vary. 89) Compare and contrast fimbriae and pili. Answer: Answers will vary. 90) Construct a chart to show at least five major differences between the cell wall and the cell membrane of bacterial cells and archaeal cells. Answer: Answers will vary. 91) Explain why prokaryotes tend to adapt more rapidly to changing environmental conditions and more easily exploit new habitats when compared to eukaryotes. Answer: Answers will vary, but should mention how the S/V ratio influences the growth rate and total accumulation of mutations which are immediately expressed in prokaryotes. 92) Compare and contrast the location and activities of periplasmicbinding proteins of ABC transport systems in gram-negative and grampositive Bacteria. Answer: Answers will vary. 93) Compare and contrast a capsule and a slime layer in terms of composition, organization, and function. Answer: Answers will vary. 94) Elaborate on why the discovery of endospores was important to microbiology. Answer: Answers will vary.

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95) Explain what would happen to a motile bacterium undergoing chemotaxis if the Fli proteins suddenly ceased to function. Answer: Answers will vary.

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