List of Odonata in Upland Paddy From Northern Sumatera

Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2, and Zulkifli Nasution3 Postgraduate Student in School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia 2 School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia 3 Dept. Agrotechnology Universitas Sumatera Utara zuliyanti@yahoo.com, azs_yanti@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Odonata community are considered effective predators to control pests organisms in rice fields. In the upland ricefields Manik Rambung Village in Northern Sumatera (Simalungun District) during 2008-2009, 19 species, 3 families, and 2 sub-orders of Odonata were collected and evaluated. The higher composition recovered 2 seasons (dry and wet) showed in Zone A (518 individuals), then followed by zone B (376 individuals), and the lower score recorded from zone C (298 individuals). Sub-order Zygoptera separate in family Coenagrionidae (4 species), such as Pseudagrion microcephalum, Ischnura senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea ; then family Gomphidae (2 species), consist of Ictinogomphus acutus and Gomphidia abbotti; while Anisoptera devided family Libellulidae (8 species) such as Potamarcha congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothemis servilia, N. terminata, N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, and Pantala flavescens. However, distribution of Odonata were fluctuated in 3 plots (lowland, terrace, and control). Keywords: List, Odonata, Upland, Rice Field, North Sumatera.

ABSTRAK
Komunitas Capung termasuk pemangsa efektif untuk mengontrol organisme hama tanaman padi. Pada padi dataran tinggi di Desa Manik Rambung, Sumatera Utara (Kabupaten Simalungun) selama tahun 2008-2009, 19 spesies, 3 famili, dan 2 subordo Capung dikoleksi dan dievaluasi. Komposisi tertinggi dalam 2 musim (panas dan hujan) menunjukkan ditunjukkan di zona A (518 individu), diikuti oleh zona B (376 individu), dan terendah tercatat pada zona C (298 individu). Sub-ordo Zygoptera terbagi atas famili Coenagrionidae (4 spesies), yaitu Pseudagrion microcephalum, Ischnura senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea; kemudian famili Gomphidae (2 spesies), terdiri atas Ictinogomphus acutus dan Gomphidia abbotti; sedangkan Anisoptera terbagi atas famili Libellulidae (8 spesies) seperti Potamarcha congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothemis servilia, N. terminata, N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, dan Pantala flavescens. Bagaimanapun, distribusi capung berfluktuasi pada 3 plot (dataran rendah, berteras, dan kontrol). Kata Kunci: Daftar, capung, dataran tinggi, sawah padi, Sumatera Utara.

INTRODUCTION
Rice is one of the three major cereal crops, the others are wheat and corn. Unlike these latter, rice is grown largely in seasonally flooded fields. Rice is grown predominantly in the tropics and subtropics. De dutta (1987) describes the increase has been achieved largely by greater mechanization of farming, higher yielding varietes of rice, high levels of fertilizer use and widespread use of pesticides and herbicides. Tropical rice field usually have a particulary diverse insect fauna which serve as an important food source for fishes (Fernando, 1993). Based on the latest finding by Orr et al (2004), the Indonesian odonates fauna comprises about 750 species. They include zygopterans and anisopterans. Libellulidae is the most dominant family found in various ecosystems in Indonesia and Malaysia (Che Salmah et al., 1998). In Cambodia, 24 species of Odonata were recorded day trips to the Siem Reap area in lowland areas of Cambodia (Orr, 2005). There were at least 14 species of rice field Libellulidae (Odonate) in Northern Peninsular Malaysia (Che Salmah, 1996), Gunnathilagaraj et al (1999) recorded 16 species of Odonata in rice fields of Tamil Nadu, India. Barrion & Litsinger (1994) listed 14 species of Odonata in rice fields of Asia and Africa, and 19 species of dragonflies (Odonata) in Thailand (Asahina, 1976), one of important group of freshwater invertebrates in the rice fields. The carnivorous and voracious odonate larvae occupy at te apex of food chain of invertebrate life. Arai (1996) has discussed the cycling of organic and inorganic materials in modern rice farming in Japan, which treats it as an industry, as a threat to ecological stability and contrary to the long-term goals of human welfare. Succesion of the insect community structures in rice fields follows the patterns of water availabilty and phrases of rice growth (Heckman, 1974). While Benke (1978) noted that predation by invertebrates was one of the primary determinants of community structure and production of aquatic insects. Odonates are striking aquatic and aerial component of wetland environment, in term of both biomass and their influence as predators. Two major factors threaten the existence of dragonflies in their natural environments in Indonesia especially in North of Sumatra. Firstly, the intensive use of pesticides in

rice fields had tremendously reduced the diversity of dragonfly fauna as well as other rice pest predators (Heckman, 1979; Barrion & Litsinger, 1994). Secondly, the destruction of fresh water habitats due to industrializations and urban development destroyed numerous dragonfly breeding habitats. Despite these many species occurring in this country, very little information has been published on biological and ecological aspects of Indonesia fauna.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Odonata were sampled from a ten ha rice field plot in Manik Rambung village in the Simalungun district, North of Sumatera. The area is located at 253 52.8N and 99 0024.4E, about 90 km from Medan City at 594 - 602 meter above sea level (asl) (Figure 1). The temperature in this place ranged between 23 and 37C. This area is loated in a dry zone with a rainfall of 10.7 to 16. 4 mm in a year. The rice fields received water for rice planting mainly from the Siborna dam, about 75 km North of Simalungun. The area which borded by main road in the west and mini forest in the southeast. Scattered human settlements are found in the area. Usually two rice crops were grown in a year. The District Office of Agriculture Simalungun advises the farmers in this district on rice cultivation schedules. Rice cultivation in this field was partly mechanized and pesticides were minimally used.

Rice Field Phases

Rice Field Phases The six phases was defined according to shaded water areas and physical conditions of the field adopted from Mogi & Miyagi (1990). A fallow field phase (FI), uncultivated and filled with short but dense hygrophilous weeds, such as Eleocharis tetraquera. The plough field phase (PII) which is slightly undulated due to the ploughing process, and tyre tracts left by the tractors. Transplantation phase (TIII) with transplanted approximately 30 cm high. The water level could reach up to 5-40 cm. A middle field = tiller phase (TIV), the rice plants have completed tillering but yet to eared. A mature field phase (MV) has rice plants which completly shade the water surface. It starts when the plants ear, produce flower panicles, develop grains

until the yellowing of the grains. A Preharvest phase (PVI) is usually drained to hasten ripening of grains to facilitate harvesting of rice.

Collection of Odonata Larvae Sampling commenced in August 2008 until to August 2009. The areas studied were devided into 3 rice fields (plots), consisting of lowland (A), terrace (B), and control (C) in the rice fields. Thirty Odonata samples were collected every two weekly from each field along it leeves. Combine technique sampler (Core and Sweeping net) were used sampling of Odonata. A mesh size of 30-45 cm, depth 80 cm were suitable to sample odonate and was used throughout the study. The Odonata were identified using keys of Kumar (1973a, 1973b), Asahina (1976), Chowdury & Akhteruzzaman (1981), Shanti (1998), and Orr (2004). In this study, we are compare composition in 2 seasons rice culture practice (dry and wet). The insecticide using Matador and Mipsin, then herbicide were Rhodiamin and Ally. The farmers given fertilizer NPK twice in every season planting paddy, exception plot C is one time.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS RESULTS

Compositions of adults Odonata are shown in the Table 1 and Table 2 calculated biological diversity indices of odonate in upland rice fields, Manik Rambung. Table 1 Compositions of Odonata in rice fields (average number from 2 season), Manik Rambung, North Sumatera.A=lowland rice plots; B=terrace rice plots, C=control rice plots. Species Dry Zygopteran Coenagrionidae Argiocnemis rubescens Agriocnemis femina A.pygmaea Ischmura senegalensis Pseudagrion microcephalum P.pruinosum P. rubriceps 3 61 26 16 0 2 2 A Wet 4 78 38 20 5 2 0 Dry 2 54 19 21 3 2 0 B Wet 4 80 33 15 6 3 0 Dry 1 25 22 11 1 2 0 C Wet 3 31 17 3 1 1 0

Anisopteran Gomphidae Ictinogomphus acutus Libellulidae Acisoma panarpoides Crocothemis servilia Libellulidae Diplacodes trivialis Neurothemis fluctuans N.terminata Orthetrum sabina O.testaceum Pantala flavescens Potomarcha congener Tholymisaurora T. tillarga Total Zygoptera Total Anisoptera Total number of odonata Total number of potential preys Description of Odonata

2 4 5 3 7 1 76 7 30 1 3 5
110 144 254 629

0 0 5 4 2 1 71 0 33 0 0 1
147 117 264 429

1 3 2 2 4 1 33 1 23 4 3 6
101 83 184 183

2 0 5 1 1 1 67 2 23 1 0 0
141 51 192 1064

0 0 2 1 8 3 54 5 22 2 0 3
62 100 162 813

0 0 0 1 3 0 57 1 18 0 0 0
56 80 136 186

They were divided two orders, such as Zygoptera and Anisoptera. Zygoptera separte in family Coenagrionidae (4), such as Pseudagrion microcephalum, Ischnura senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea; then family Gomphidae (2), consist of Ictinogomphus acutus,Gomphidia abbotti; while Anisoptera devided family Libellulidae (8) such as Pantala flavescens. Fluctuations suborder Odonata consist of Zygoptera and Anisoptera in rice field shown in figure 1 (lowland), figure 2 (terrace), and figure 3 (control). Potamarcha congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothemis servilia, N. terminata, N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, and

Zygoptera
Number individual/m

Anisoptera

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Ag Sp Oc No

2008

De

Ja

Fe

Ma

Ap

Ma

Jn

Jl

Ag

Month

2009

Figure 1. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in lowland

Zygoptera
900 800 700
2 Individuals/m

Anisoptera

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov 2008 Dec Jan Feb Month Mar Apr May 2009 Jun Jul Aug

Figure 2. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in terrace

Zygoptera
Number individuals/m 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Month Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 2008 2009

Anisoptera

Figure 3. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in control

DISCUSSIONS
The Odonate in rice field of Manik Rambung, North of Sumatra were quite diverse, consist of 3 families, 14 genera, and 19 species. Ghahari et al (2009) recorded 30 species from 19 genera and 8 families of Odonata were collected and evaluated. Meanwhile Kandibane et al (2007) revealed the inventory of 12 Odonata with 9 species dragonflies and 3 species damselflies. Then Ansori (2006) recorded 4 species (Ortetrum sabina, Crocothemis servilea, Neurothemis terimata, and Anaciaeshna jaspidea) in some fields in Bandung, Indonesia. However, the densities of family Gomphidae Ichtinogomphus acutus was much lower which recorded in this study. Minimum pesticide application as used in this rice field plots had proven no harmful effect on the odonates. Fiften families insects were also recorded by Heckman (1974, 1979) in rice fields of Laos and Thailand that were completly free of pesticides. Similar number of taxa were collected in the Phillipines (Mogi & Miyagi, 1990). The existence of odonata in the rice field was totally dependent on the availability of water. Temporary drying especially in rain fed rice fields was a major factor that reduced the abundance of most insect communities (Mogi, 1993). However, odonata is the largest insect order, which is entirely predaceous in rice ecosystem. Both naiads and adults are the voracious predators on other insect (Krishnasamy et al., 1983). Fluctuation Odonata (zygoptera and anisoptera) quite similar in lowland (A) and terrace zones (B). Only in control zone (C), the farmers given fertilizer NPK one times in rice fiels and without using pesticide.We are assumption the lower population of Odonata related and depend to microhabitat, food source, and environment unsuitable for them. However, odonata is the largest insect order, which is entirely predaceous in rice ecosystem. Both naiads and adults are the voracious predators on other insect (Krishnasamy et al.,1983). Families Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae are predators. Many species of they are aggressive, eating on most of other insects. Cannibalistic libellulids consume all types of aquatic species of suitable sizes and textures (Pritchard, 1964; Thompson 1978; Folsom & Collins, 1984, Blois, 1985) such as corixids (Folsom, 1980) and Anopheles mosquitoes.

Minimum insecticide application using Matador and Mipsin, then herbicide used by Rhodiamin and Ally in manik Rambung for two zones, lowland and terrace. Arai (1996) has discussed the cycling of organic and inorganic materials in modern rice farming in Japan, which treats it as an industry, as a threat to ecological stability and contrary to the long-term goals of human welfare. Succesion of the insect community structures in rice fields follows the patterns of water availabilty and phrases of rice growth (Heckman, 1979). Odonata are striking aquatic and aerial component of wetland environment, in term of both biomass and their influence as predators. Then large amount of fertilizers and herbicides were applied to the actively growing rice plants. Nutrients availability coupled with high penetration of sunlight resulted in high production of phytoplankton (Ali, 1988). The abundance of food resulted in proliferation of prey species which eventually led to an increase in predator abundance, it has been reported that the mean total density of macroinvertebrates was positively correlated with the densities of predators such as odonates and predatory midges (Thorp & Cothran, 1984). The abundance of relatively diverse animal community in this rice field implied a continuous availability of preys in this habitat. Although factors such as prey availability and refugia determined the actual preys available to the predaotors, mortality due to starvation was presumably uncommon for most predator species. Families Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae are predators. Many soecies of them are aggressive, eating on most of other insects. Cannibalistic libellulids consume all types of aquatic species of suitable sizes and textures (Chutter 1961, Pritchard 1964; Thompson, 1978; Folsom & Collins, 1984; Blois 1985) such as corixids (Folsom, 1980) and Anopheles mosquitoes. In this study libellulids appeared to be the most important predators due to their high population densities as compared to other predators. Neverheless dysticids, hydrophilids notonectids and damselfly larvae had caused 89% mortality of mosquito larvae in artificial ponds (McDonalds & Buchanan, 1981). Therefore the prey-predator interactions play an important role in regulating the community of aquatic insects in this rice field.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was funded in National Strategic Donation by Ministry of Education Higher Republic of Indonesia. We thank some farmers, Mr. Silalhi, Mr. Napitupulu, Mr. Sinaga, and Mr. Boy Risman Silalahi for field assistance.

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