SUBMANIFOLDS:-

(Differentiable Manifold)

Let Mn and Mm, m>n be two C-manifolds A map i : Mn Mm is called an immersion if its differential map i* is injective for every point xMn and i (Mn) is called an immersed sub manifold of Mm. When an immersion is also injective, it is called an imbedding of Mn into Mm and the image i (Mn) is called a sub manifold of Mm and it is identified with Mn. A manifold Mn is said to be a submanifold of Mm if is a subset of Mm and if the map i : MnMm is immersion and injection both. If the manifold Mm is covered by a system of Co-ordinate neighborhoods with local Co-ordinates xi ,i=1,2-------- m and Mn is covered by a system of Co- ordinate neighborhoods with local Co- ordinates u =1, 2 n then the imbedding i: Mn- Mm can be represented locally by. x i = x i ( u ) Suppose that Mn is a submanifold of a manifold Mm and that i: MnMm is an imbedding. Then if for x Mn, i* Tx Ti(x) is an injection the subvector space i* (Tx) of Ti(x) is called the tangent vector space to Mn at x and a vector of the tangent vector space is said to be tangent to the submanifold Mn at x and its dimension is n. The map i * is usually denoted by B.If let
u

and
i

xi

the canonical basis of Tx and Ti(x) respectively. Then

B u

=B

Bx i
i

Bx, a tangent vector field to the manifold is as Bx =B X Bi A vector field

xi

are the vector fields in the tangent rector space and they span it.
X

on Mm is said to be an extension of vector field X on Mn if its

restriction satisfies. X l i(Mn)=BX

Let X,Y be two rector fields on Mn and let BX and BY be the corresponding vector fields on i (Mn). Then [BX,BY]=B[X,Y ]
~ Normals:- Let g be a Riemannian melric on Mm and let g be the induced metric

~ ( BX , BY ) on Mn such that g ( X , Y ) = g

For arbitrary vector fields X and Y on on Mn. Then g is also Riemannian metric on Mn because
~ g

is Riemannian.
~ g

If Mn and Mm are both orientable, rector field N of Mm defined along Mn can be chosen such that (BX,N)=0 The vector field N is called a normal rector field to Mn. A submanifold Mn of a manifold Mm is said to be a hyper surface of Mm if m=n+1 in the case of a hyper surface these is only one normal vector field to Mn. Induced Connection:- Since covariant
~ D BX BY

is a vector field in Mm where

~ ~
BX

~ D

is the can be

,D derivative relative to the linear connection

BY

decomposed into the components tangent to Mn and normal to Mn .let

~ D BX BY = BD X Y +V ( X , Y ) such

that

tan DBX BY Nor DBX BY

~

= BD X Y

and is the tangential component of

~ D BX BY

=V ( X , Y )

Theorem:- If

BDXY

,D

is covariant derivation. Theorem:- V(X,Y) is a normal rector field to Mn and it is bilinear in X and Y. Theorem:- When a connection Theorem:- If
~ is ~

of Mm is symmetric, the induced connection

of Mn is also symmetric in X and Y.

the Riemannian connection of the Riemannion manifold

~ g

relative to the metric g.

,then the connection

induced on a submanifold

is also a Riemannian connection of the submanifold relative to the induced metric

m V X , Y = ( hv )( X , Y ) N v Gauss formula:-let v =n +1

Where

hv

are m-n symmetric tensor fields of type (0,2) on the submanifold

Mn called the second fundamental quantities of Mn relative to N V .The equation

called Gauss formulae. The rector field V(X,X) is called the normal wrrature rector field of the submanifold Mn along X and its length kx is called the normal curvature of Mn along X. The directions X and Y at a direction X at Mn is said to be Conjugate if V(X,Y)=0 and mn is called an asy irptutic direction in Mn if V(X,X)=0. Thus

an asymptotic direction is self- Conjugate and the naormal wrrature if the submanifold along it ravishes. If a in mn is a geodesic in Mm it is also a geodesic in Mn and an asymptotic line in Mn. Totally geodesic or flat submanifold:- A submanifold Mn of a manifold Mm is called a totally geodesic or flat submanifold of Mm if all the geodesics of Mn are also the geodesics of Mm. Theorem:- A necessary and sufficient andition that a submanifold be a totally geodesic submanifold is hv=0 Weingarten Formulae:The Weingarten formulae Mn are Where Hv are the second fundamental tensor fields of type(1,1) defined by. Hv(X,Y)=g(hv(X),Y) And Such that Lire of aurvature:-Any nen-Zero rectore X is said to be a characteristic rector or eigen rector of a squre matrix A if there Ax=Kx K is chrematistic valnror Elgin value of a the third fundamental 1- Forms defined by

(A-KI) X=0 Since X is non-Zero the matrix A-KI is singular The Principal directions relative to the normal Nr in the neighborhood of a point X of Mn ax the directions of the characteristic rectors Mn the directions of the characteristic rectors of the matrix Hv and the Principal arrrature of Mn relative to Nv at x ax the characteristic values of Hv at x. The condition that a direction T is a Principal direction relative to Nv is HvT= KvT A curve whose direction at its every point is a principal direction of Mn at that point is called a lire of wrrature of Mn relative to Nv. These are thus n lines of wrvature through a point of a submanifold. Which are mutually orthogonal. Umbilic:-A point of a submanifold Mn in the neighborhood of which all the lines of wrrature relative to Nv are indeterminate is said to an umbilical point or an umbilici. A submanifold whose all point are umbilics is said t be totally umbilici submanifold. Theorem:- The necessary and sufficient Condition that a submanifold is totally umbilical is Hv=Kvg Theorem:-A necessary and sufficient condition that an asyptofic direction at a point of a hyper surface is a principal direction is that it is conjugate to all directions at point. Mean Currature:- The sum of the normal currature rectors along n mutually orthoyonal direction in Mn relative to the normal rector field Nv is called. The mean currature rectore field of Mn and by definition it is normal to Mn.

The Equations of Gauss and Codazzi:-The equations of Gauss and codazzi for a surface in Eucledion three dimensional space are the integrability condition of Gauss and Weingarten formulae.

Eqations respectively.

are the generalization of Gauss and codazzi equations

Theorem:-The mean currature rector field is Which is inrariant of Nv The magnitude of the mean currature rector field is called the mean currature of the submanifold Mn.The mean currature of Mn is given by Is called the mean currature of Mn relative to the normal Nv which is the sum of the normal currature of Mn for n mutually sthogonal directions relative to Nv. Theorem:-Mv = -div Nv Minimal Submanifold:-A Submanifold Mn of a manifold Mm is said to be minimal submanifold.It its mean curvature varishes identically. i.e vanishing of Mn. A totally geoclesic submanifold is a minimal submanifold. An umbilical submanifold is a totally geodesic submanifold if and only if it is minimal. The mean curvature M of a hyper surface is C:H which is equal to the negative of the prurience of the unit normal rector.

Ricci Equation:-

Which is identically satisfied. When There is no Ricci equation for a hyper surface.

this is the Ricci equation.

Theorem:-A totally umbilical submanifold Mn of a manifold. Mm of constant curvature is also of content curvature.