INTRODUCTION

As well as we know the calculus is very important in our daily life.There were so many contribution in our life.The idea about the calculus have so many development day by day by the mathematicians like Isaac Newton,Gottfried Leibniz. In this mathematics II task for semester 3 , we were asked to make an assignment about the understanding of calculus .This task made by group and our group got three person to collaborate together to settle down this task.This task is divided into two parts that is part A and part B.In part A we were asked to find out more about the main inventors that is Isaac Newton.It asked to make an report based on Newtons life and Newtons contribution in calculus.The report include the biographical information about Newtons life,information about the major scientific accomplishments,role in development of calculus,comparision Newtons view of calculus to our modern view and Newton-Leibniz controversy over the invention of calculus. Calculus is the mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series.All of the ideas were developed throughout the 17th century . Isaac Newton (and Gottfried Leibniz were give a lot of contribution in its development. The development of Calculus can be described along a timeline which goes through three periods that is anticipation, development, and rigorization. In the anticipation stage techniques,where the mathematicians involved infinite processes to find areas under curves or maximaize certain quantities. In the Development stage Newton and Leibniz created the foundations of Calculus and then lead to the derivative and integral. However, their methods were not always logically and cannot be fully used, and it took a long time during the rigorization stage to justify them and take the Calculus as the mathematical foundation. Calculus divides into two parts that is differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus is concerned with finding the instantaneous rate at which one quantity changes with respect to another, called the derivative of the first quantity with respect to the second.The intergal calculus is about the inverse of the derivative where finding a function when its rate of change is known. However both differential and integral calculus are based on the theory of limits.

In part B this task is about the application of daily life that involved a calculus study.The knowledge is needed to prove and apply the concept of minimization of waste materials in manufacturing of cans. It has even found so many extensive application in business among other things to optimize production such as minimize use of metal can. Beside that,it also useful in the design of navigation systems, particle accelerators, and synchrotron light sources.Beside that , Calculus also can be applied with other mathematical disciplines. For example, linear algebra used calculus to find the "best fit" linear approximation for a set of points in a domain or it also can be used in probability theory to determine the probability of a continuous random variable from an assumed density function. In analytic geometry, the study of graphs of functions, calculus is used to find high points and low points slope, concavity and inflection points.

COMPARISON MODERN AND NEWTONS VIEW ON CALCULUS

There were so many strand about the calculus before it developed to become a coherant method to be applied directly in solving anything problem related. Isaac Newton is one of them that got idea about calculus based on limits and concrete reality.Calculus then was developed by modern view and there were some differences with newtons view. From the newtons reading,he makes some expanded on new analysis.Its all about the doctrine of series.But now in modern view its called power series by mathematicians and us.Power series is the central in widening the boundaries of analysis.From that,we squared the curve.The idea newtons discovery of power series was came out when he first read Wallis work because at that time he wanted to determine the area of circle.While considering area,he always look for a specific numerical value or the ratio of two such values like 0 and 1.From his observation,he aware that further patterns can be evident if we calculated area from 0 to an arbitrary value x,if considered area under a curve as a function of the varying endpoint of the interval.Then in modern notation ,Newton look at the pattern in calculating intergal value of n to see what happened if n was a fraction form. In a modern view,tables of intergals used as a reference to find the area under them after squared the curves by finite equations.In a Newtons view,he also got the same idea and it was the first entry in the table he produced for Treatise Methods. This is the simple one than other entries that more complex.If we compare it with the modern view,Newtons table listed have no ttranscendental functions,no sine or cosines,not even any logarithms.He do not treated them equal with the algebraic function eventhough he knew that power series of the function.He did not operate sine,cosine or logarithm algebraically by combining them with polynomial and other algebraic expressions.In Newtons view ,he just extend his tables to function whose intergals would be expressed today in terms of transcendental functions by expressing the intergals in the terms areas bounded by certain conic,areas that can be calculated by using the power series techniques.Newton showed the Treatise on Methods to solve numerous other problem such as determining the minima and maxima,drawing tangent lines,finding curvatureof a curve and determining arc length.

Beside that ,the idea of derivative had been discussed by European mathematicians Isaac Barrow, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, and John Wallis.After that,fermat was developed the ideas with determining the maxima, minima and tangents to various curves that was equivalent to differentiation .However,newton was make his own view about the calculus from Fermat's way of drawing tangents.Fermat also got a idea about the technique for finding the centers of gravity of various plane and solid figures, and its directly come out the idea about quadrature.Then James Gregory develop the Fermat's contributions about both to tangency and to quadrature, and then he able to prove a restricted version of the second fundamental theorem of calculus in the mid-17th century. Augustin Louis Cauchy was introduced about the presentation of the fundamental concepts of calculus that appear in modern calculus courses. Its all about the concept of limit that a concept which had not appeared explicitly in the work of Newton or Leibniz in a form to what we refer today. His definition of derivative is exactly the one used today as a study syllabus in mathematics. Cauchy also explained that the definite integral is defined as the limit of a characteristic sum and is independent of the definition of the derivative.After that, Dedekind and Cantor thought about the final analysis that calculus required a firm foundation for the system of real numbers, which required in turn a theory of infinite sets. Newton and Leibniz,had together in independently invented infinitesimal calculus in the late 17th century. Their most important contributions were the development of the fundamental theorem of calculus.Leibniz then developing it consistent with useful notation and concepts. Newton was contributed in organize the field into one consistent subject, and also provided some of the first and most important applications, especially his view about the integral calculus.