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PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR

Neurons: are made up of: soma or cell body contains the nucleus that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes. This is regarded as the tropic center and center of nourishment. Function of a neurons: A neuron also known as a neuron or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. A chemical signal occurs via a synapse, a specialized connection with other cells. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL NEURON

Dendrites- it conducts impulses to the cell body; receive chemical messages from other neurons .

DENDRITES

Axon- transmit an electro chemical signal to other neurons, the axons can be as long as three feet.

Myelin sheath- A series of fatty cells which have wrapped around an axon. MYELIN SHEATH

Axon terminal- it is where the electro chemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon is covered into a chemical message that travels to the next neutron. Axon Terminal

TYPES OF NEURONS Sensory neurons- sensitive to various non-neutral stimuli. There are sensory neurons in the skin, muscles, joint, and organs that indicate pressure, temperature, and pain. SENSORY NEURON

Motor neurons- are able to stimulate muscles cells throughout the body, including the muscles of heart , diaphragm, intestines, bladder and glands. MOTOR NEURON

Interneurons- the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between themselves. The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are all inter neuron. NEUROTRANSMITTER These are any specific chemical agent release by presynaptic cell that, upon excitation, crosses the synapse to stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell.

KINDS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS Acetylcohline-the brains memory and muscle chemical. Deficiency: Alzheimers disease. Norepinephrine- the brains caffeine and mood chemical. Deficiency: depressive, anorexia. Serotonin- the brains sleep and mood chemical. Deficiency: Insomnia, ADHD, panic attacks. Endorphines- the brains heroin and pain killer chemical. 100 times more addictive than heroin. Deficiency : Insomnia, anxiety. GABA - gamma amino butryic acid. Deficiency: Anxiety disorder, depression, phobias.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It processes, interprets, stores information; issues orders to muscles, glands, organs. Sympathetic nervous system- starts in the spinal cord and travels to the areas of the body. It prepares the body for the kinds of vigorous activities fight or flight that is with running from the danger or preparing for violence. Parasympathetic nervous system- it brings the body back from the emergency status that the sympathetic nervous system puts it into. Arousal: activation of the salivary glands, stimulating the secretions of the stomach; stimulating the activity of the intestines, stimulating the secretion of the lungs, constricting the bronchial tubes, increasing the hear rate.

NERVOUS SYSTEM Control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Your nervous system controls all your thoughts and movements.

PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain


The brain has a pinkish white color, relatively small and melon shaped structure. It has the consistency of firm gelatin and uses sugar (glucose) as its fuel. It is also the master control center of all human activities remembering, learning, feeling, enjoying sensations, and solving different problems.

THREE PARTS OF THE BRAIN FOREBRAIN MIDRAIN Hindbrain

Forebrain The largest part of the brain, it starts with the thalamus:, which is practically in the center of the head. It is like a switching station, it conducts signals from the body up to the relevant of the higher brain, and down from the brain to the lower brain and spinal cord. It is also consists of right and left hemispheres which connected by a wide band of fibers called the corpus callosum. The left and right hemispheres are responsible for learning and memory, speech, and language, emotional responses, experiencing sensations, initiating voluntary movements, planning and making decisions.

Hypothalamus The highest integrating center for autonomic nervous system concerned with endocrine, metabolic activity, temperature, regulation of sleep, emotional behavior, thirst, and sexual behavior.

Midbrain

The smallest part of the brain. It connects the hindbrain to the forebrain, and it contains several pathways important to hearing and vision.
Pons- it is primarily the pathwaysconnecting the two halves of the next part, which is called the cerebellum.it connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain.

Medulla-the extention of the spinal cord into the skull. Basides containing tracts up and dow to and from the higher portions of the brain, the medulla also govern respiration and heart rate(heart rate).

THE SPINAL CORD It runs from the base of the skull all the way down the spine to the tail bone. Neurons can be found in an h-shaped space within the spinal vertebrate.there are motor pathways coming down from the brain and sensory pathways going up to the brain. Cerebellum- governs body balance, posture and mascular coordination. Corpus callosum- Also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers
beneath the cortex in the eutherian brainat the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200250 million contralateralaxonal projections.

Cerebral cortex- The outermost sheet of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in some
vertebrates. It covers the cerebrum and cerebellum, and is divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.

HINDBRAIN OR STAIN STEM It consists of three parts. An area at the base of the brain that is involve in sleeping, waking, coordinating, body movements and regulating vitl reflexes.(heart rate, blood pressure and resperation).

4 LOBES

PARIETAL LOBE- Located at the central fissure from the frontal lobe. Information to the skin senses (touch, temperature, pressure). FRONTAL LOBE- Nearest to the face. Controls the body movement.
OCCIPITAL LOBE- Near the back of the head. The sensory area for awareness(visual) TEMPORAL LOBE- Along the slide of each hemisphere. it concern the hearing

THE SPINAL CORD IT RUNS FROM THE BASE OF THE SKULL ALL THE WAY DOWN THE SPINE TO THE TAIL BONE. NEURONS CAN BE FOUND IN AN H-SHAPED SPACE WITHIN THE SPINAL VERTEBRATE.THERE ARE MOTOR PATHWAYS COMING DOWN FROM THE BRAIN AND SENSORY PATHWAYS GOING UP TO THE BRAIN. SENSORY NERVES ENTER INTO THE BACK PARTS (DORSAL ROOTS) OF THE H, WHILE MOTOR NEURONS EXIT THE FORWARD PARTS (VENTRAL ROOTS) OF THE H AND THEY OFTEN CONNECT EACH OTHER.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM This is made up of ductless glands that secret hormone directly into the blood stream. Both nervous system and endocrine system use chemical substances to transmit messages or information. Endocrine system has a hormones that affect the specialized cells in the various organs of the body.

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