Ysabel B.

Ubana 1-A

Human Rights Atty. Rene V. Sarmiento

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 1- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 3- Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

Article 1- All peoples have the right of selfdetermination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

INTERNATIONAL COVENTION ON ECONOMICS, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Article 1- All people have the right of selfdetermination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

CONVENTION CONVENTION ON ON THE THE RIGHTS OF POLITICAL THE CHILD RIGHTS OF WOMEN
Article 1Women shall be entitled to vote in all elections on equal terms with men, without any discrimination. Article 1- For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

Article 2-Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status

Article 4- No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 3- The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant.

Article 2- Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures. Article 3- The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights set forth in the present Covenant.

Article 2Women shall be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, established by national law, on equal terms with men, without any discrimination.

Article 2- 1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. Article 3- 1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the

Article 3Women shall be entitled to hold public office and to exercise all public functions, established by national law, on equal terms with men, without any discrimination.

Article 5- No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6- Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 4- In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin. Article 5- 1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms recognized herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.

Article 4- The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in the enjoyment of those rights provided by the State in conformity with the present Covenant, the State may subject such rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society.

Article 4- 1. This Convention shall be open for signature on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and also on behalf of any other State to which an invitation has been addressed by the General Assembly.

Article 5- 1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized herein, or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.

Article 5- 1. This Convention shall be open for accession to all States referred to in paragraph I of article IV.

child shall be a primary consideration. Article 4- States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation. Article 5- States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.

1987 CONSTITUTION BILL OF RIGHTS

Article 1- No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUELTY, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT Article 1- 1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. Article 4- 1. Each State Party shall ensure that all acts of torture are offences under its criminal law. The same shall apply to an attempt to commit torture and to an act by any person which constitutes complicity or participation in torture. 2. Each State Party shall make these offences punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account their grave nature.

CONVETION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN Article I- For the purposes of the present Convention, the term "discrimination against women" shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.

CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS Article 1- 1. The present Convention is applicable, except as otherwise provided hereafter, to all migrant workers and members of their families without distinction of any kind such as sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth or other status.

Article 3- States Parties shall take in all fields, in particular in the political, social, economic and cultural fields, all appropriate measures, including legislation, to en sure the full development and advancement of women , for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men.

Article 4- For the purposes of the present Convention the term ''members of the family" refers to persons married to migrant workers or having with them a relationship that, according to applicable law, produces effects equivalent to marriage, as well as their dependent children and other dependent persons who are recognized as members of the family by applicable legislation or applicable bilateral or multilateral agreements between the States concerned.

Section 3 (1) - The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.

Article 8- 1. The offences referred to in article 4 shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

Article 4- 1. Adoption by States Parties of temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women shall not be considered discrimination as defined in the present Convention, but shall in no way entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate standards; these measures shall be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. Article 6- States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women.

Section 4- No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.

Article 9- 1. States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of any of the offences referred to in article 4, including the supply of all evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings.

Section 5- No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Article 10- 1. Each State Party shall ensure that education and information regarding the prohibition against torture are fully included in the training of law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical personnel, public officials and other persons who may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment.

Article 8- States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations.

Article 7- States Parties undertake, in accordance with the international instruments concerning human rights, to respect and to ensure to all migrant workers and members of their families within their territory or subject to their jurisdiction the rights provided for in the present Convention without distinction of any kind such as to sex, race, colour, language, religion or conviction, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, nationality, age, economic position, property, marital status, birth or other status. Article 8- 1. Migrant workers and members of their families shall be free to leave any State, including their State of origin. This right shall not be subject to any restrictions except those that are provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present part of the Convention. Article 9- The right to life of migrant workers and members of their families shall be protected by law.

RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
Article 2- Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 1. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. (Galatians 3:28) Here there is no Gentile or Jew, circumcised or uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave or free, but Christ is all, and is in all. (Colossians 3:11)

ISLAM
Article 1- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 1. [3:95] Their Lord responded to them: "I never fail to reward any worker among you for any work you do, be you male or female - you are equal to one another. [4:25] GOD knows best about your belief, and you are equal to one another, as far as belief is concerned [17:70] We have honored the children of Adam, and provided them with rides on land and in the sea. We provided for them good provisions, and we gave them greater advantages than many of our creatures. 1.

JUDAISM
You shall not covet your neighbors house; you shall not covet your neighbors wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor. (Exodus 20:17) Do not take advantage of a hired man who is poor and needy, whether he is a brother Israelite or an alien otherwise he may cry to the Lord against you, and you will be guilty of sin. (Deut. 24:14-15) Seek justice (mishpat), rescue the oppressed, defend the orphan, plead for the widow. (Isaiah 1:17) Woe to those who make iniquitous decrees, who write oppressive statutes, to turn aside the needy from justice and to rob the poor of my people of their rights (misphat), that widows may be your spoil, and that you may make the orphans your prey! (Isa. 10:1-2) If a man has two wives he must not give the rights of the firstborn to the son of the wife he loves in preference to his actual firstborn. (Deut. 21:15-16) A man retains the right of redemption after he has sold himself [as a labourer]. One of his relatives may redeem him. (Lev. 25:48) If a man sells a house in a walled city, he retains

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Article 3- Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. 3. 4. I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full. (John 10:10) So we say with confidence, The Lord is my helper; I will not be afraid. What can mere mortals do to me? (Hebrews 13:6)

Article 2- Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 4. [49:13] O people, we created you from the same male and female, and rendered you distinct peoples and tribes that you may recognize one another. The best among you in the sight of GOD is the most righteous. GOD is Omniscient, Cognizant.

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Article 4- No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. 5. The Spirit of the Sovereign Lord is on me, because the Lord has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim freedom for the captives and release from darkness for the prisoners (Isaiah 61:1) It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery. (Galatians 5:1)

Article 3- Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. 5. [17:33] You shall not kill any person - for GOD has made life sacred - except in the course of justice. If one is killed unjustly, then we give his heir authority to enforce justice. Thus, he shall not exceed the limits in avenging the murder, he will be helped. [7:157] He exhorts them to be righteous, enjoins them from evil, allows for them all good food, and prohibits that which is bad, and unloads the burdens and the shackles imposed upon them. Those who believe in him, respect him, support him, and follow the light that came with him are the successful ones." [4:75] Why should you not fight in the cause of GOD when weak men, women, and children are imploring: "Our Lord, 5.

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Article 5-No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 7. Redeem me from human oppression, that I may obey your 7.

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precepts. (Psalms 119:134) Article 6- Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. 8. Follow justice and justice alone, so that you may live and possess the land the Lord your God is giving you. (Deuteronomy 16:20)

deliver us from this community whose people are oppressive, and be You our Lord and Master." Article 4- No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. 8. [90:10-14] Did we not show him the two paths? He should choose the difficult path. Which one is the difficult path? The freeing of slaves. Feeding, during the time of hardship. 9. [2:177] Righteousness is not turning your faces towards the east or the west. Righteous are those who believe in GOD, the Last Day, the angels, the scripture, and the prophets; and they give the money, cheerfully, to the relatives, the orphans, the needy, the traveling alien, the beggars, and to free the slaves; 10. [9:60] Charities shall go to the poor, the needy, the workers who collect them, the new converts, to free the slaves, to those burdened by sudden expenses, in the cause of GOD, and to the traveling alien. Such is GOD's commandment. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise. 8.

the right of redemption a full year after its sale. (Lev. 25:29) The king's edict granted the Jews in every city the right to assemble and protect themselves (Esther 8:11a) No one has the right to [redeem land that belonged to our brother] except you, and I [Ruth] am next in line. (Ruth 4:5)

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Article 7- All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 9. Acquitting the guilty and condemning the innocent the Lord detests them both. (Proverbs 17:15) 10. Stop judging by mere appearances, but instead judge correctly. (John 7:24)

PHILOSOPHY
Jose P. Rizal
1. Deprive a man of his dignity, and you not only deprive him of his moral strength but you also make him useless even for those who wish to make use of him. Every creation has its stimulus, its mainspring: mans is his selfrespect. Any attempt to stifle or repress mans potentialities or his natural inclination to progress morally disfigures him. Man by creation possessed certain intellectual and moral potentialities These potentialities had a natural tendency towards progress, progress meaning the full development or perfection of mans intellectual and moral 3. 1.

Apolinario Mabini
The Right to life, the equality of men, and the right to happiness, were all inalienable, having God as the ultimate source. All men have been given life by God to preserve and employ in terms of a preordained mission, which is to proclaim Gods glory in doing what is good and just. Since God gave man his life, it was both a right and a duty to preserve it in accordance with ones ability and natural strength. Concept of Freedom: the right to acquire all the means to preserve life, provided that the actions involved were in accordance with what was reasonable. Such freedom was indispensable to man and prior to all human law. Since all men possessed this right by the 1.

Emilio Jacinto
Man is great and truly noble if his manners are under proper restraint, if his character, dignity and honor are unsullied; and he is equally great and noble who neither tyrannizes over nor helps those who oppress others; whose feelings flower into love of country, whose vigils are kept that her welfare be safeguarded. The prosperity of a people lies with the people itself. A people that knows and esteems right and has as a rule of conduct kindness and dignity in all its acts, will not place itself at the mercy of any tyrant, nor submit to force and fraud, nor become the accomplice of the exalted and abominable prevaricator who rules on the height of

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faculties. It is mans duty to further this. Man is by nature good so his natural inclinations are also good 5. You must take into account the truth that society can be sever with individuals only when it has provided them with the means necessary for their moral perfection. In our country where there is no society, since there is no unity between the people and the government, the latter should be indulgent, not only because indulgence is necessary but because the individual, abandoned and uncared for by it has less responsibility for the reason that he has received less guidance.

mere fact of possessing life, they were all said to be equal. 4. Many believe that to have liberty is to act without full restraint, for good or for evil True liberty is only for what is good and never for what is evil; it is always in consonance with Reason and the upright and honest conscience of the individual. The thief is not free when he steals for he allows himself to be led by evil and becomes a slave to his passions; when he is punished, it is precisely because he did not use his true liberty. In order to build the proper edifice of our social regeneration, it is imperative that we change radically not only our institutions, but also our ways of thinking and behaving. It is necessary to have both an internal and external revolution, establishing our moral education on a more solid foundation and purging ourselves of those vices, the majority of which had been inherited from Spain.

power. 3. Concept of Freedom: a situation where no tyrant restrained mans actions and where these actions were guided by what was reasonable. Two ways by which freedom may be lost and equality not recognized: Some individuals deliberately instigate discord among their fellowmen, in order to perpetuate their self interests. The attempts of government officials to perpetuate their power. Katipunan: anyone who joined the organization had to pledge to abandon immediately any morally irregular life that he might be leading, to the extent that the member had to allow an investigation of his private life in order that the organization might find out whether or not it was contrary to dignity and morality. The Katipunan under Mabini and Bonifacio desired first of all to develop among the Filipinos a greater sense of self-respect and dignity, and secondly, to create a community where mutual aid and love would be a major bond among the members.

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John Locke
1. Social Contract Theory: persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. Persons are assumed to be equal to one another in such a state, and therefore equally capable of discovering and being bound by the Law of Nature. The Law of Nature, which is on Lockes view the basis of all morality, and given to us by God, commands that we not harm others with regards to their life, health, liberty, or possessions. Because we all belong equally to God, and because we cannot take away that which is rightfully His, we are prohibited from harming one another. So, the State of Nature is a state of liberty where persons are free to pursue their 1. 2. 3.

Jean-Jacques Rosseau
People were what the government made them. Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. The State of Nature was a peaceful and quixotic time. People lived solitary, uncomplicated lives. Their few needs were easily satisfied by nature. Because of the abundance of nature and the small size of the population, competition was nonexistent, and persons rarely even saw one another, much less had reason for conflict or fear. Moreover, these simple, morally pure persons were naturally endowed with the capacity for pity, and therefore were not inclined to bring harm to one another. Through the collective renunciation of the individual rights and freedom that one has in the

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own interests and plans, free from interference, and, because of the Law of Nature and the restrictions that it imposes upon persons, it is relatively peaceful. 4. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct ones life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others. This does not mean, however, that it is a state of license: one is not free to do anything at all one pleases, or even anything that one judges to be in ones interest. The State of Nature, although a state wherein there is no civil authority or government to punish people for transgressions against laws, is not a state without morality. The State of Nature is not a condition of individuals, as it is for Hobbes. Rather, it is populated by mothers and fathers with their children, or families what he calls conjugal society (par. 78). These societies are based on the voluntary agreements to care for children together, and they are moral but not political.

State of Nature, and the transfer of these rights to the collective body, a new person, as it were, is formed. The sovereign is thus formed when free and equal persons come together and agree to create themselves anew as a single body, directed to the good of all considered together. So, just as individual wills are directed towards individual interests, the general will, once formed, is directed towards the common good, understood and agreed to collectively. 5. All men are made by nature to be equals, therefore no one has a natural right to govern others, and therefore the only justified authority is the authority that is generated out of agreements or covenants.

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