RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge.

Research as a scientific search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Research is an art of scientific investigation. Some people consider research as a movement from the known to the unknown. The advanced learners dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. In the words of Redman and Mory defined research as a Systemized effort to gain new knowledge RESEARCH METHODLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which his hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has it own specific purpose, we may think of research objective as falling into a number of following broad groupings. The gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insight it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulation research studies) The portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation on a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies)

To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostiv research studies)

To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis testing research studies)

Significance of Research All progress is born of inquiry doubt is often better than over confidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry to invention HUDSON MAXIM Role of Research : The role research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times. The increasingly complex nature of business and government has focused attention on the used of research in solving operational problems. Research, as an aid to economic policy, has gained added importance, both for government and has focused attention on the use of research in solving operational problems. A base for economic system: Research provided the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. For instance, government is budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues and this is a field where research is most needed. Decision making A part of Research Decision making may not be part of research, but research certainly facilitates the decision of the policy maker. Government has also to chalk out programmes for dealing with all facts of the countrys existence and most of these will be related directly and indirectly to economic conditions.

Plight of cultivators, the problems of big and small business industry, working conditions, working conditions, trade union activities, the problems of distribution, even the size and nature of defense services are matters requiring research. Research collection information Another area in government, where research is necessary, is collecting information on the economic and social structure of the nation. Such information indicates what is happening in the economy and what changes are taking place. Collecting such statistical information is by no means a routine task, but it involves a variety of research problems. (i) (ii) Investigating of economic structure through continual complication of facts Diagnosis of events that are taking place and the analysis of the forces underlying them. (iii) The prognosis, i.e., the prediction of future development.

Research solves operational and planning problems: Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Operational research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the solution of business problem of cost minimization or of profit maximization or what can be termed as optimization problems. Motivational research of determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with market characteristics. Research with regard to demand and market factors has great utility in business. Research in social science:

Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social research and in seeking answers to various social problems. It provides the intellectual satisfaction of knowing a few things just for the sake of knowledge and also has practical utility for the social scientist to know for the sake of being able to do something better or in a more efficient manner. Quality of Research: (a) To those students who are to write a masters or Ph.D thesis, research may mean careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure. (b) To professional in rese3arch methodology research may mean a source of livelihood. (c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insight (d) To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and creative work. (e) To analysts and intellectuals, research means the generalizations of new theories.

Characteristics of research Research is directed towards the solution of a problem Research emphasizes the development of generation of principles or theories that will help in predicting future occurrences Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence Research demands accurate observation and description It activities are more often characterized by carefully designed procedures, always applying rigorous analysis

 It involves gathering new data from primary or firsthand sources or using existing data for a new product It requires expertise, i.e., skill necessary to carry out investigation, search the related literature and to understand & analyze the data gathered. It strives to be objectives and logical , applying every possible test to validate the procedures employed, the data collected & the conclusion reached. It involves the question for answers to unsolved problems It requires courage It is characterized by patient & unhurried activity It is carefully recorded & reported.

RESEARCH DESIGN The research design constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. And research design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain to research questions. The plan is the overall scheme or program of the research. Here, the research was based on Descriptive research Design. If the research is concerned with finding out who, what, where, when, or how much, then the study is called as descriptive research study. A study which wants to portray the characteristics of a group or individual of situation is known as Descriptive Research Design. It includes surveys and fact findings enquires of different kinds. Descriptive Research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. NATURE OF DATA COLLECTION

The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design plan chalked out. Both primary data and secondary data are taken into account for the purpose of the study. The source of data falls under tow categories via, Primary Data and Secondary Data. Primary Data: The primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus happed to be original in character. Primary sources are original works of research or raw data without interpretation or pronouncements that represent an official opinion or position. Primary sources are always the most authoritative because the information has not been filtered or interpreted by a second party. Internal sources of primary data would include inventory records, personnel records, purchasing requisition forms, statistical process control charts and similar data. Primary Data is collected during the course of doing experiments in an experimental research but in case we do research of the descriptive type and perform surveys, whether sample surveys or census surveys, then we can obtain primary data through observation method, interview method and through questionnaire. Observation Method: Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher, when it serves a formulated research purpose, is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability. Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation without asking from the respondent. The main advantages of this method are: Subjected bias is eliminated. The information obtained under this method relates to what is currently happening; it is not complicated by either the past behavior or future intentions or attitudes. This method is independent of respondents of active cooperation on the part of respondents as happens to be the case in the interview or the questionnaire method.

Interview Method: The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used through personal interview and it means, is a method requires a person known as the interviewer asking questions generally in a face-to-face contact to the other person or persons. It is usually carried out in a structured way.

Questionnaire Method: This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big enquires. In this method a questionnaire is sent to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire. Some of the factors are: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Facilities Information Gap Customers for stating loyal Customer perception Security Changing levels

Measurement Scales: Scaling is a procedure for the assignment of number (or other symbols) to a property of objects in order to impart some of the characteristics of number to the properties in question. Scaling may be reviewed in several ways, but for this research study, the selection or constructions of a measurement scale used ares: Rating Scale:

A Rating scale is used when respondents score an object or indicate without making a direct comparison to other object or attitude. Multiple Choices-Single Responses Scale: If the rater has to seek only one answer from the given different choices for the framed question then it is called as Multiple Choices-Single Response Scale. Likert Scale: The Likert Scale is the most frequently used variation of the summated rating scale. Summated Scales consists of statements that express either a un-favorable or un-favorable towards the object of interest. Likert scales help us compare one persons score with a distribution of scores from a well-defined sample group. This measurement scale is useful for a Manager when the organization plans to conduct an experiment or undertake a program of change or improvement. The researcher can measure attitudes before and after the experiment or change, or judge whether the organizations efforts have had the desired effects.

Secondary data: The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been through the statistical process, secondary sources are interpretations of pr4omary data. Pilot test: A pilot test is conducted to deduct weaknesses in design and instrumentation and to provide proxy data for selection of a probability sample. It should, therefore, draw subjects from target population and stimulate the procedures and protocols that have been designated for data collection. The size of the pilot regarding this research is 30.

Sources of data Primary data are the data which is the first hand information collected by the researcher. It is collected through interview and questionnaire method. Interview method: Interview method is the way to collect the information by interviewing the concerned persons of the department in the organization. In this way, the researcher collects information from the departments like HR, commercial, purchase, Finance, Accounts and production units. Questionnaire method: A questionnaire is consist of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms. Questionnaire is framed on the basis of using of the parameters. Some of the factors are:

Secondary datas are also used for the research study can be obtained from internal and extern al sources to the organization and accessed through the company profile, product profile and externally by internet, perusal of recorded, books, statistical abstracts, data bases and other archival records.

Sample: A sample is a sub-set of the population. It comprises some members selected from the population. Sampling Frame: The sampling frame is closely related to the population. It is the list of elements from which the sample which the sample is sample is actually drawn. Ideally, it is a complete and correct list of population members only. Population:

Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or other things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate. Sampling Design: A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. it refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. Sample design may as well lay down the number of items included in the sample i.e., the size of the population. Sample design is determine before data are collected. The sampling design we used here is, non-probability sampling design in that specifically, convenience method is used. Non- probability is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability samples that are un-restricted are called Convenience Samples. They are the reliable design but normally the cheapest and easiest to conduct. Researchers of field workers have the freedom to choose whomever they find, thus the name convenience sample has number controls to ensure precision it may still be a useful procedure. Sample Size: Sample Size : 300

The statistical tools and test used for this research study is Simple percentage analysis & Chi-square testing Simple percentage analysis: Percentage analysis is used to find the percentage values for the different questions used in making comparison between two or more series of data. Simple percentage analysis is used for analysis of the data that is collected for research work, simple percentage are often used in data presentation of the simplify, numbers, through the use of percentages, the data are reduced in standard from with base equal to which it facilitates the relative comparisons.

Simple percentage method= [No. of respondents/ Total no. of samples]

Chi-Square testing: Probably the most widely used non-parametric test of significance is the chi-square test. Using this technique, we test for significant differences between the observed distribution of data among categories and the expected distribution based on the null hypothesis. In which, Oi=Observed number of cases categorized in the ith category. Ei=Expected number of cases in the ith category under Ho. With chi-square contingency tables of the two-samples or K-sample variety, we have both rows and columns in the cross-classification tale. In that instance degrees are defined as rows minus 1 (r-1) times columns minus 1(c-1). Degree of Freedom= (r-1) (c-1)