Conditionals

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EnglishClub:LearnEnglish:Grammar:Verbs:Conditionals
Structure|FirstConditional|SecondConditional|ThirdConditional
ZeroConditional|Summary|Quiz
ZeroConditional:certainty
Weusethesocalledzeroconditionalwhentheresultoftheconditionisalwaystrue,likea
scientificfact.
Takesomeice.Putitinasaucepan.Heatthesaucepan.Whathappens?Theicemelts(itbecomes
water).Youwouldbesurprisedifitdidnot.
IF
condition
result
presentsimple
presentsimple
If
youheatice
itmelts.
Noticethatwearethinkingaboutaresultthatisalwaystrueforthiscondition.Theresultofthe
conditionisanabsolutecertainty.Wearenotthinkingaboutthefutureorthepast,oreventhe
present.Wearethinkingaboutasimplefact.Weusethepresentsimpletensetotalkaboutthe
condition.Wealsousethepresentsimpletensetotalkabouttheresult.Theimportantthingabout
thezeroconditionalisthattheconditionalwayshasthesameresult.
Wecanalsousewheninsteadofif,forexample:WhenIgetuplateImissmybus.
Lookatsomemoreexamplesinthetablesbelow:
IF
condition
result
presentsimple
presentsimple
If
Imissthe8o'clockbus Iamlateforwork.
If
Iamlateforwork
mybossgetsangry.
If
peopledon'teat
theygethungry.
If
youheatice
doesitmelt?
result
IF
condition
presentsimple
presentsimple
Iamlateforwork
if
Imissthe8o'clockbus.
Mybossgetsangry
if
Iamlateforwork.
Peoplegethungry
if
theydon'teat.
Doesicemelt
if
youheatit?
Summary
Terms|Privacy|Contact|Tellfriend|Reporterror
19972012EnglishClub
FirstConditional:realpossibility
Wearetalkingaboutthefuture.Wearethinkingaboutaparticularconditionorsituationinthe
future,andtheresultofthiscondition.Thereisarealpossibilitythatthisconditionwillhappen.
Forexample,itismorning.Youareathome.Youplantoplaytennisthisafternoon.Butthereare
somecloudsinthesky.Imaginethatitrains.Whatwillyoudo?
IF
condition
result
presentsimple
WILL+baseverb
If
itrains
Iwillstayathome.
Noticethatwearethinkingaboutafuturecondition.Itisnotrainingyet.Buttheskyiscloudyand
youthinkthatitcouldrain.Weusethepresentsimpletensetotalkaboutthepossiblefuture
condition.WeuseWILL+baseverbtotalkaboutthepossiblefutureresult.Theimportantthing
aboutthefirstconditionalisthatthereisarealpossibilitythattheconditionwillhappen.Here
aresomemoreexamples(doyourememberthetwobasicstructures:[IFconditionresult]and
[resultIFcondition]?):
IF
condition
result
presentsimple
WILL+baseverb
If
IseeMary
Iwilltellher.
If
Taraisfreetomorrow
hewillinviteher.
If
theydonotpasstheirexam theirteacherwillbesad.
If
itrainstomorrow
willyoustayathome?
If
itrainstomorrow
whatwillyoudo?
result
IF
condition
WILL+baseverb
presentsimple
IwilltellMary
if
Iseeher.
HewillinviteTara
if
sheisfreetomorrow.
Theirteacherwillbesad if
theydonotpasstheirexam.
Willyoustayathome
itrainstomorrow?
if
Whatwillyoudo
if
itrainstomorrow?
Sometimes,weuseshall,can,ormayinsteadofwill,forexample:Ifyouaregoodtoday,youcan
watchTVtonight.
SecondConditional
19972012EnglishClub
SecondConditional:unrealpossibilityor
dream
Thesecondconditionalislikethefirstconditional.Wearestillthinkingaboutthefuture.Weare
thinkingaboutaparticularconditioninthefuture,andtheresultofthiscondition.Butthereisnot
arealpossibilitythatthisconditionwillhappen.Forexample,youdonothavealotteryticket.Is
itpossibletowin?No!Nolotteryticket,nowin!Butmaybeyouwillbuyalotteryticketinthe
future.Soyoucanthinkaboutwinninginthefuture,likeadream.It'snotveryreal,butit'sstill
possible.
IF
condition
result
pastsimple
WOULD+baseverb
If
Iwonthelottery
Iwouldbuyacar.
Noticethatwearethinkingaboutafuturecondition.Weusethepastsimpletensetotalkaboutthe
futurecondition.WeuseWOULD+baseverbtotalkaboutthefutureresult.Theimportantthing
aboutthesecondconditionalisthatthereisanunrealpossibilitythattheconditionwill
happen.
Herearesomemoreexamples:
IF
condition
result
pastsimple
WOULD+baseverb
If
ImarriedMary
Iwouldbehappy.
If
Rambecamerich
shewouldmarryhim.
If
itsnowednextJuly wouldyoubesurprised?
If
itsnowednextJuly whatwouldyoudo?
result
IF
condition
WOULD+baseverb
pastsimple
Iwouldbehappy
if
ImarriedMary.
ShewouldmarryRam
if
hebecamerich.
Wouldyoubesurprised
if
itsnowednextJuly?
Whatwouldyoudo
if
itsnowednextJuly?
Sometimes,weuseshould,couldormightinsteadofwould,forexample:IfIwonamillion
dollars,Icouldstopworking.
ThirdConditional
19972012EnglishClub
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English|EnglishandRussian
Grammar
BriefOverviewofGrammar
WordOrder
BasicWordOrder
WordOrderinStatements
WordOrderinQuestions
WordOrderinCommands
WordOrderinRequests
WOinComplexSentences
Agreement
VerbsandVerbals
TheVerbBE
TheVerbHAVE
VerbsGlossaryofTerms
TheInfinitive
InfinitiveorGerund
Ex.1:InfinitiveorGerund
EnglishTenses
KeytoEnglishTenses
KeytoPresentTenses
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PassiveVoice
FormulasofTenses
TensesSummary
TensesSummaryCharts
SequenceofTenses
SequenceofTensesinReportedSpeech
ExercisesforTenses
Ex.1:PresentTenses
Ex.2:PresentTenses
Ex.3:PastTenses
Ex.4:PastTenses
Ex.5:PresentorPast
Ex.6:FutureTenses
Ex.7:PresentorFuture
Ex.8:ThePassive
Ex.9:SequenceofTenses
Ex.10:AllTenses
Ex.11:StativeVerbs
EnglishArticles
ArticlesForeword
Articles:CountableNouns
Articles:UncountableNouns
SpecificUseofTHE
SpecificUseofa/an
ArticlesinSetExpressions
ArticleswithPeople'sNames
Articles:GeographicNames
ArticleswithProperNames
ExercisesforArticles
Ex.1:Beginning
Ex.2:Beginning
Ex.3:Beginning
Ex.4:Intermediate
Ex.5:Intermediate
Ex.6:Intermediate
Ex.7:Intermediate
Ex.8:ProperNames
Ex.9:ProperNames
Ex.10:SetExpressions
ModalVerbs
ModalVerbsIntroduction
OverviewofModalVerbs
Ability
Advice
Necessity
RequestsandPermission
Prohibition
Possibility
StrongProbability
ExercisesforModalVerbs
Ex.1:Ability
Ex.2:Advice
Ex.3:Necessity
Ex.4:Requests
Ex.5:Possibility
Ex.6:StrongProbability
Ex.7:AllModalVerbs
Ex.8:AllModalVerbs
SubjunctiveMood
PresentSubjunctive
ConditionalSentences
ConstructionswithWISH
SubjunctiveMoodSummary
Ex.1:Conditionals
Ex.2:Conditionals
Ex.3:Wishes
Ex.4:Wishes
Ex.5:PresentSubjunctive
Ex.6:RealorUnreal
ConditionalSentences
Aconditionalsentenceisacomplexsentence
withasubordinateclauseofconditionthat
usuallybeginswiththeconjunctionIF.The
clauseofcondition(theifclause)indicatesthe
conditionsunderwhichtheactioninthemain
clausemayberealized.
,
IF.
(ifclause),
,
Forthepurposesofstudying,conditional
:1.
sentencesareusuallydividedintothreemain
(first
types:1.structureswithrealcondition(first
conditional
typeofconditionalsentences,orfirst
);2.
conditional);2.structureswithunrealcondition
,
referringtothepresentorfuture(secondtype
(secondconditional
ofconditionalsentences,orsecond
);3.
conditional);3.structureswithunrealcondition
,
referringtothepast(thirdtypeofconditional
(thirdconditional
sentences,orthirdconditional).
).
:
Note:Conditionalsentencesofthefirsttype
(,
(realcondition,indicativemood)aredescribed
)
hereforcomparisonwithconditionalsentences
ofthesecondandthirdtype(unrealcondition,
(,
subjunctivemood).Adverbialclausesof
).
conditionarealsodescribedinthematerial
WordOrderinComplexSentencesinthe
WordOrderinComplexSentences
sectionGrammar.
Grammar.
Realcondition
Conditionalsentenceswithrealcondition
expressreal,truetofact/factualconditions
,
underwhichtheactioninthemainclausecan ,
berealized.Thetensesoftheindicativemood
areused.Inmostcases,conditionsinthefuture .
areexpressed,butothersituationsandtenses .
,
arealsopossible.Notethatthefuturetense
.
withtheverbWILLisnotallowedafterIFin
,WILL
clausesofcondition.Thefutureideaisusually
IF.
expressedbytheSimplePresentintheifclause
,
ofcondition.
.
Shewilltalktohimifsheseeshim.
,.
IfIhaveenoughtimetonight,Iwillhelpyou.
,.
Theywillbringhisbookiftheyfindit.
,.
Ifhedoesn'tdohishomeassignment,hewill
notwatchTV.
,
.
Ifyouwanttopassyourexams,youmuststudy.
,
.
Youmaygohomeifyouhavefinishedyour
work.
,
.
Ifhetalkedtoheryesterday,hetoldherabout ,
ourplan.
.
Note:WILLandWOULD
afterIF
:WILL
WOULDIF
Therearecertaincasesinwhichtheuseof
WILLorWOULDafterIFisallowedin
clausesofcondition.WILLcanbeusedafter
IFtomakeapoliterequesttodosomething.
WOULDcanbeusedafterIFtoexpressavery
politerequesttodosomething,especiallyin
formalstyle.Thoughsuchconstructionsarein
theformofconditionalsentences,thereis
actuallynoconditioninthem,andtheverb
WILL(orWOULD)afterIFinsuch
constructionsexpressesvolitiontodo
something,i.e.,ifyouwill/ifyouwould=if
youwish,ifyouwant.
,
WILLWOULDIF
.WILLIF
.WOULDIF
,
.
,
,WILL
(WOULD)IF
,..ifyouwill
/ifyouwould=ifyouwish,ifyouwant(
).
Ifyouwillexcuseme,Ihavetoleavenow.
,.
Ifyouwillpleasewaithere,thedoctorwillsee ,
youassoonasheisfree.
,.
Ifyouwouldkindlywaithere,Iwouldbevery ,
obliged.
.
Iwouldbeverygratefulifyouwouldsendme ,
yourcatalogue.
().
(VarioustypesofpoliterequestswithWILL
andWOULDaredescribedinRequestsand
PermissioninthesectionGrammar.)
(WILL
WOULDRequestsand
PermissionGrammar.)
Also,WILLcanbeusedafterIFinsuch
constructionstoinsiststronglyondoing
something,torefusetodosomething,orto
emphasizetheresultofthefutureaction.
Comparetheseexamples:
,WILLIF
,
,
.:
Ifyougoonsmokingsomuch,youwillruin
yourhealth.Ifyouwillgoonsmokingso
much,youwillruinyourhealth.
,
.
,
.
IfMikedoesn'thelpher,Tomwillhelpher.If ,.
Mikewon'thelpher,Tomwill.
,.
Icanmakeyourfavoritecherrypieforyouif ,
youbuysugaronyourwayhome.Icanmake .
yourfavoritecherrypieforyouifitwillmake ,
youfeelbetter.
.
Unrealcondition
SuppositioninEnglishisexpressedwiththe
helpofthepasttense,usuallybytheverbs
,
WOULD,SHOULD,COULD,andMIGHT. WOULD,SHOULD,COULD
Therearevarioustypesofsupposition,for
MIGHT.,
example,hypothesis,assumption,possibility, ,,,
probability.Also,suggestions,offers,andpolite,.,
requestsareoftenmadeinsuppositionalform.
(Seeexamplesofvarioustypesofsupposition .(
expressedbytheseverbsinthematerial
,
OverviewofModalVerbsinthesection
,
Grammar.)
OverviewofModalVerbsGrammar.)
Conditionalsentenceswithunrealconditionin

thesubordinateclauseofcondition(ifclause)
,,
expresshypothetical,unlikely,improbable,
,
unreal,contrarytofactconditionsunderwhich
,
theactioninthemainclausemightberealized
ormighthavebeenrealized.Theformsinthe
.
subjunctivemoodareused.ThePast
.PastSubjunctive
Subjunctiveisusedinthesubordinateclauseto
expressunrealconditioninthepresentor
future.ThePastPerfectSubjunctiveisusedin
.PastPerfectSubjunctive
thesubordinateclausetoexpressunreal
conditioninthepast.
.
Unrealconditioninthe
presentorfuture(Second
typeofconditional
(
sentences)
)
Thesituationreferstothepresentorfuture,and
therestillexistsahypotheticalpossibilityto
,
realizetheindicatedaction,butthispossibility ,
isunlikelyorunrealbecausetheconditionof ,
itsrealizationisunlikelyorunreal.Toshow
..
unrealconditioninthepresentorfuture,the .
verbinthesubordinateclause(i.e.,wherethe ,
conditionisstated)isusedinthePast
(..)
Subjunctive,whichisthesameinformasthe PastSubjunctive,
SimplePastforallmainverbs(e.g.,knew,
SimplePast
wanted).Theconstructionwould+simple
(,knew,
infinitive(without"to")isusedinthemain
wanted).
clause.Inspeech,WOULDmaybecontracted would+("to").
to'd.
,WOULD'd.
IwouldcallhimnowifIknewhistelephone
number.(Idon'tknowhistelephonenumber.)
,
.(
.)
,
Ifshehadfriends,shewouldnotfeelsolonely.
.(
(Butshedoesn'thavefriends.)
.)
IfIhadenoughtimetonight,I'dhelpyou.(IfI
hadenoughtimetonight,Iwouldhelpyou.)
,.
Ifherepairedhiscartomorrow,hewouldgoto ,
thesummerhouseonFriday.
.
Ellawouldbeverydisappointedifwedidn't
cometoherpartytomorrow.
,
.
Whatwouldyoudoifyoufoundathousand
dollarsonthestreet?
,
?
IfIfoundathousanddollarsonthestreet,I
wouldbuypresentsandsweetsforallthe
childreninourapartmenthouse.
TheverbBEinthePast
Subjunctive
BEPast
Subjunctive
TheverbBEintheifclauseswithunreal
BE
conditionreferringtothepresentorfutureis ,
usedintheformWEREforallpersons.WERE ,WERE
istheformoftheverbBEinthePast
.WERE
Subjunctive.TheformWASmaybeusedin
BEPastSubjunctive.WAS
informaleverydayspeechforthefirstandthird
personinthesingular,especiallyinBritish
.,
English.
.
IfIwererich,Iwouldtakeatriparoundthe
world.(ButI'mnotrich.)
,
.(.)
Ifshewereathome,shewouldpickupthe
phone.
,.
IfIwereyou,I'ddoit.(IfIwereyou,Iwould
,.
doit.)
Iwouldn'tdoitifIwereyou.
,
.
Ifheweremybrother,I'dgocrazy.(standard)
,.
Ifhewasmybrother,I'dgocrazy.(informal)
Iwouldn'taskyoutohelpmysisterifyou
weren'therfriend.
,
.
TheconstructionWERETOemphasizesthe
hypotheticalcharacteroftheconditionand
indicatesthattheactionisevenlesslikelyto
WERETO
,.
happen.Comparethesesentences:
Whatwouldyoudoifyoulostyourjob?
Whatwouldyoudoifyouweretoloseyour
job?
,?
,(,
)?
Ifhediedtomorrow,therewouldbenooneleft ,,
tocontinuehiswork.Ifheweretodie
.
tomorrow,therewouldbenooneleftto
(,),
continuehiswork.
,.
Notethatthephrase"IfIwereyou"whichis ,"IfIwereyou",
oftenusedforgivingadviceisthesameinthe ,
secondandthirdtypesofifclauseswithunreal
condition.Compare:
.:
IfIwereyou,Iwouldbuyanewcar.
,
.
IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveboughtanewcara ,
longtimeago.
.
Unrealconditioninthepast
(Thirdtypeofconditional
(
sentences)
)
,,
Thesituationreferstothepast,thetimeis
gone,andthereisnochancetorealizethe
,,
indicatedconditionandtheactionthatdepends ...,
onthisconditionbecausetheyarealreadyin ,ifclause,,
thepast.Thus,theconditionindicatedintheif
clauseisunrealizable,unreal,andcontraryto .
fact.Toshowunrealconditioninthepast,the ,
verbinthesubordinateclause(i.e.,inthepart (..,
wheretheconditionisstated)isusedinthe
)PastPerfect
PastPerfectSubjunctive,whichisthesamein Subjunctive,Past
formasthePastPerfect(e.g.,hadknown,had Perfect(,hadknown,hadwanted).
wanted).Theconstructionwould+perfect
infinitive(i.e.,would+have+pastparticiple) would+
isusedinthemainclause.HADandWOULD (..would+have+
maybecontractedto'dinspeech.
).HADWOULD
'd.
IfIhadknownhistelephonenumberthen,I
,
wouldhavecalledhim.(ButIdidn'tknowhis .(
telephonenumberthen,andIdidn'tcallhim.)
,.)
Ifshehadwantedtovisitusyesterday,she
wouldhavefoundthetimeforit.
,
.
Ifyouhadtoldmeaboutitatthattime,Iwould ,
nothavebelievedyou.
.
Ifhehadaskedhertohelphimbeforehis
exam,shewouldcertainlyhavehelpedhim.
,.
Ifyou'daskedhim,he'dhavehelpedyou.(If
,.
youhadaskedhim,hewouldhavehelpedyou.)
IfI'dseenhim,I'dhavetalkedtohim.(IfIhad
,.
seenhim,Iwouldhavetalkedtohim.)
IfI'dhadenoughtimeyesterday,I'dhavedone
,
it.(IfIhadhadenoughtimeyesterday,Iwould
.
havedoneit.)
Ifhehadnottoldme,Iwouldneverhave
guessedwhathewasupto.
,
,.
Whatwouldhehavedoneifhehadn'tbeensick ,
lastweek?
?
Ifhehadn'tbeensicklastweek,hewouldhave ,
gonetothelakewithhisfriends.
.
Wewouldhavegonetotheparkyesterdayifit ,
hadnotbeenrainingsoheavily.
.
COULDandMIGHTin
conditionalsentences
COULDMIGHT
COULDMIGHT
ModalverbsCOULDandMIGHTareoften
usedinthemainclauseofconditional
,COULD
sentenceswithunrealcondition,andCOULD
issometimesusedintheifclausewithunreal
.,MAY
condition.NotethatMAYisgenerallynotused
inconditionalsentenceswithunrealcondition.
.
Shemightgoforawalkintheparkifitstopped,
raining.
.
IcouldinviteherifIsawhertomorrow.
,
.
Ifweleftbeforefive,wecouldcatchthesix
o'clocktrain.
,
.
,
Ifwehadleftbeforefive,wecouldhavecaught
.(
thesixo'clocktrain.(Wedidn'tleavebefore
,
five,andwedidn'tcatchthesixo'clocktrain.)
.)
Ifhehadn'tmetMaria,hemighthaveremained ,
abachelor.
.
IfIcouldaskhimaboutit,Iwouldcertainlydo ,
so.
.
Shemightgetabetterjobifshecouldspeak
English.
,
.
SHOULDafterIF
SHOULDIF
SHOULDIF
SHOULDcanbeusedafterIFinclauseswith
realorunrealconditionreferringtothefuture ,,
toshowthattheindicatedactionisevenless ,
likelytohappen.Comparethesepairsof
.
standardconditionalsentencesandthosein
,
whichSHOULDaddsmoreuncertaintytothe SHOULD
suppositionabouttheindicatedcondition.
.
Realcondition(firsttype):Ifhecomesbefore
fiveo'clock,Iwillaskhimtowaitforyou.If
heshouldcomebeforefiveo'clock,Iwillask
himtowaitforyou.
():
,
.,
,.
():
Unrealcondition(secondtype):Ifhecame
,
beforefiveo'clock,Iwouldbeverysurprised.
.,
Ifheshouldcomebeforefiveo'clock,Iwould
,
beverysurprised.
.
Note:SHOULDinthemainclause
:SHOULD
Constructionslike"Ifyouaskedme,Iwould
helpyou"(unrealconditioninthepresentor
future)and"Ifyouhadaskedus,wewould
havehelpedyou"(unrealconditioninthepast)
arestandardconstructionsusedinconditional
sentenceswithunrealcondition.Theyarevery
commoninbothBritishEnglishandAmerican
English.
"Ifyouaskedme,Iwouldhelp
you"(
)"Ifyouhadaskedus,wewouldhave
helpedyou"()
Constructionslike"Ifyouaskedme,Ishould
helpyou"and"Ifyouhadaskedus,weshould
havehelpedyou"arealsousedinBritish
English.Insuchconstructions,SHOULDafter
thepronounsIandWEinthemainclausehas
thesamemeaningasWOULD.
"Ifyouaskedme,Ishouldhelp
you""Ifyouhadaskedus,weshouldhavehelped
you"
.SHOULD
IWE
,
WOULD.
AbsenceofIF
IF
TheconjunctionIFissometimesomittedinthe IF
conditionalsentencesinwhichtheifclause
,
containsSHOULD,WEREorHAD.Insuch SHOULD,WEREHAD.
cases,SHOULD,WERE,orHADismovedto SHOULD,WEREHAD
thebeginningofthesentenceandstandsbefore
thesubjectoftheifclause.Notethatinthe
.
negativesentenceswithoutIF,thenegative
,
particleNOTisnotcontractedwiththe
IFNOT
auxiliaryverbandstandsafterthesubjectof
thesubordinateclause.Examplesof
conditionalsentenceswithandwithoutthe
.
conjunctionIF:
IF:
Realcondition(firsttype):IfMr.Roxshould
():()
call,askhimtocallmeagainafterfive.
,
ShouldMr.Roxcall,askhimtocallmeagain
.
afterfive.
Unrealcondition(secondtype):Ifyoushould
wanttogotoarestaurant,Iwouldbegladto
keepyoucompany.Shouldyouwanttogoto
arestaurant,Iwouldbegladtokeepyou
company.
():
(),
.()
,
.
Unrealcondition(secondtype):IfIwere
():
younger,Iwouldgotothemountainswithyou.
,.
WereIyounger,Iwouldgotothemountains
,.
withyou.
(,
Unrealcondition(secondtype,negativeform):
):,
IfIweren'tsotired,Iwouldhelpyou.WereI
.,
notsotired,Iwouldhelpyou.
.
Unrealcondition(thirdtype):Ifhehadknown
():
aboutit,hewouldhaverefusedtogothere.
,.
Hadheknownaboutit,hewouldhaverefused
,.
togothere.
Unrealcondition(thirdtype,negativeform):If (,
hehadn'tknownaboutit,hewouldhaveagreed ):,
togothere.Hadhenotknownaboutit,he
.,
wouldhaveagreedtogothere.
.
Mixedconditionals
,
Generally,bothpartsofconditionalsentences
withunrealconditionrefertothesametime.
.,
Buttheremaybecasesinwhichonepartrefers
,
tothepresentorfuture,andtheotherpart
.
referstothepast.Suchconstructionsarecalled
mixedconditionals.
.
Ifhewereagoodspecialist,hewouldhave
foundtheproblemwithmycomputerquickly
enoughyesterday.
Ifhehadsoldsomeofhispaintingswhenhe
hadgoodoffers,hecouldbuyahouseforhis
familynow.
,
,
.
Impliedcondition
Sometimes,unrealconditionisimplied,not
stateddirectly.Thecontextmakesthemeaning
clear,andtheverbisusedinthesameformas
inthefullconditionalsentenceswithunreal
condition.
,
.
,
,
.
Whydidn'tyoucallme?Iwouldhavecometo ?
yourhouserightaway.
.
Iwouldhavevisitedthem,butIdidn'tknow
theiraddress.
,.
BUTFORandIFNOTFOR BUTFORIFNOTFOR
Sometimes,theifclauseofunrealconditionis
BUTFOR(IFNOT
replacedbytheconstructionBUTFOR(orIF
FOR)+.
NOTFOR)+nounorpronoun.Suchstructures
canbeusedinsituationsreferringtothepastor
,
present.Comparethesepairsofconditional
.
sentences:
:
Butforthechildren,theywouldhavedivorced
,.
yearsago.Ifithadn'tbeenforthechildren,
,.
theywouldhavedivorcedyearsago.
Butforthetrafficjams,I'dlikeitherevery
,
much.Ifitweren'tforthetrafficjams,I'dlike .
ithereverymuch.
,.
Ifnotforher,hewouldneverhavebecome
,
suchagooddoctor.Ifithadn'tbeenforher,
.,
hewouldneverhavebecomesuchagood
.
doctor.
WHATIFandSUPPOSE
THAT
WHATIFSUPPOSETHAT
After"Whatif;Supposethat;Let'ssuppose
that;Supposingthat",eitherrealcondition
(indicativemood)orunrealcondition
(subjunctivemood)canbeused,dependingon
themeaningandcontext.(Theconjuction
"that"isoftenomittedafterSuppose/
Supposing.)Comparethesesentences:
Whatif;Supposethat;Let'ssupposethat;
Supposingthat,
()
(
),
.(that
Suppose/Supposing.)
:
Whatifhedecidestogothere?Whatwillyou ?
do?
?
Whatifshelostyourdiamondring?Wouldyou
forgiveher?
??
Supposeherefusestohelpus?Inthatcase,
wewillasksomeoneelse.
,.
,.
Supposingitrainedtomorrow.Inthatcase,
wewouldstayhome.
,.
,.
Supposethathehadtoldherabouthispast
beforetheirweddingfiveyearsago.Doyou
thinkshewouldhavemarriedhim?
,
.
,?
Recommendations
Conditionalsentenceswithrealandunreal
conditionarewidelyusedinEnglish,butthey
,
aredifficultforlanguagelearners.Usestandard
.
formsofconstructionswithrealandunreal
conditionandmakeyourconditionalsentences
simpleandshort.
.
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HealthandDiseases
Colors
WeatherandTemperature
SynonymsandAntonyms
HowtoStudySynonymsandAntonyms
Collocations
UsefulAdjectivesShortList
UsefulAdjectivesMainList
SayandTell
SpeakandTalk
PrepositionsinCollocations
MakeandDo
VerbSynonyms
ExercisesforSynonyms
Ex.1:Say,Tell,Speak,Talk
Ex.3:Make,Do
Ex.4:Make,Do
Ex.5:Offer,Suggest
Ex.6:Lay,Lie
Ex.7:Raise,Rise
Ex.8:SynonymsGame
Ex.9:RelatedWords
Vocabulary
Buildingasufficientvocabularyisan
importantpartofmasteringEnglish.Itisalso
.
thekindofworkthatmayseemendlessand
,
frustrating.Therearesomanywords!How
.!
couldyouevenhopetoknowthemall?How
?
manywordsareenough?Whatisthebestway
??
tostudywords?Howcanyoumemorize
?
words?
Howtomemorizewords
Thereareseveralgoldenrulesonhowto
studywordsandhowtomemorizewords
effectively.Werecommendthefollowing
methods:
,
.
:
Combinewordsintopicalgroups:People,
Home,Work,Traveling,Money,Food,etc.A
goodideaistocombinetopicalwordswith
topicalphrases.
:,
,,,,..
Organizewordsinothermeaningfulgroups,
forexample,VerbsofMotion,UsefulVerbs,
Synonyms,SynonymsandAntonyms,
NecessaryAdjectives.
,
,,,
,,
.
Alwaysmemorizewordsinassociations(in (
typicalwordcombinationsandphrases),not ),
asisolatedwords.Thetiesbetweenwordsin .
phraseswillhelpyoutoremembertheword .
youneed.Gooddictionariesusuallygive
typicalphrasesasexamplesofusage,andyou ,
canusethemasyourassociations.
.
Lookingatwordsfromthepointofviewof
conversation,yourtoppriorityisto
memorize:
,
:
a.Wordswithgeneralmeaningthatcanbe a.,
usedinmanysituationsandinsteadofmore
specificsynonyms.
.
b.Common,useful,simple,standard(polite b.,,,
andfriendly)words.
().
Memorizationiseffectiveonlywhenalltypes ,
ofmemoryworktogether.Examinethenew .
wordclosely(yourvisualmemoryworks),
(
listentoitspronunciationbyaspeaker(your ),,
auditorymemoryworks),sayitaloud(your (),
articulatorymemoryworks),andwriteit
(
(yourwriting/kinestheticmemoryworks). )(
Associationmemoryhelpsyoutoremember ).
howthewordsthatyouhavestudiedareused ,,,
inspeechandwriting,i.e.,incontext.To
,..
developyourassociationmemory,always
.,
studynewwordstogetherwiththestudyof
theirmeaningsandusageintypicalphrases
andwordcombinations.
,
Itisnecessarytoreviewnewwordstomake
surethattheygotoyourlongtermmemory
.:
andstaythere.Trythismethod:Withintwo
,,
hoursafteryoustudiedthewords,their
,
meanings,andexamplesofuse,reviewthem
:,,
briefly:look,listen,say,andwrite.Onthe
.,
samedayintheeveningbeforeyougotobed,
,,
doalongerreviewandacoupleofexercises
onyournewwords.Inthemorning,doabrief
.
reviewofthewordsagain.Twodaysafter
.
that,lookthroughthewords,theirmeanings,
,
andexamplesofuseanddomoreexerciseson
.
them.Thenpracticeusingyournewwordsas
oftenasyoucaninspeechandwritingat
,
work,inclass,onforums.
,.
Agooddictionaryisoneofthemost
importantbooksalanguagelearnershould
have.Agooddictionarygivespronunciation,
severalmeanings,examplesofuse,
synonyms,andantonyms.Agoodpicture
dictionaryisaveryusefuladditionaltoolthat
willhelpyoutounderstandandmemorize
wordswithoutthenecessitytotranslatethem
intoRussian.
,.
,
,,
.
,
Topicalvocabularylists
ThematerialsofthesubsectionTopical
TopicalVocabulary
VocabularyinthesectionVocabularycontain Vocabulary
conciselistsoftopicalwords,expressions,
,
andrelatedphrases.Someofthematerials
.
alsocontainasamplestoryonthespecified .
topic.Usethesematerialsasabasisforyour
owncollectionsoftopicalwordsand
expressions.
.
Bearinmindthatitisverydifficultandnot ,
veryeffectivetomemorizesinglewordsfrom
alist,especiallyifthewordsarelisted
,
alphabetically.Forexample,whenyouare
.,
studyingthetopicClothes,memorizationof Clothes,
thewordsinyourlistofclotheswillbemuch ,
easierifyoufindpicturesofpeopledressedin
,
variousclothes,describetheminclass,and
,
haveadiscussionaboutclothes,forexample,
,,
whatclothesyou'dliketobuy,what'sin
,,
fashionthesedays,who'swearingwhat.And
.
youwillneedcertainphrasesforsuch
.
discussions.
Everygroupofrelatedtopicalwordsand
expressionsshouldbecombinedinyourlist
withagroupofrelatedtopicalphrases.
Topicalvocabularylistsinthesection
.
Vocabularyhavecorrespondingcollectionsof Vocabulary
conversationalphrasesinthesectionPhrases. Phrases.
Therearemanygooddictionaries,textbooks,
andInternetresourcesthatcanbeveryuseful
inyourstudyofEnglishvocabulary.Someof
themarelistedbelow.
,
,
.
.
Onlinedictionaries
ABBYYLingvo.ProOnlineEnglishRussian
ABBYYLingvo.ProOnline
andRussianEnglishonlinedictionary.Words
.
aregivenwithtranscription,meanings,
,,,
translation,synonyms,examplesofuse.
,.
Wordsarealsoarrangedintopical
.
dictionaries.
MerriamWebsterOnline
MerriamWebsterOnlineAdictionaryof
AmericanEnglish.Wordsaregivenwith
.,,
transcription,audio,meanings,synonyms,
,,,
antonyms,examplesofuse,idiomatic
,.
expressions.YoucanalsousetheThesaurus Thesaurus.
dictionary.TheVisualDictionaryOnlineon TheVisualDictionaryOnline
thesamesiteisausefulvisualaidforstudents
ofalllevels.
.
CambridgeDictionariesOnlineEasytouse
servicethatgivesaccesstoseveralonline
dictionaries,includingBritishEnglishand
AmericanEnglishDictionaries,Business
EnglishDictionary,andsomeothers.Words
aregivenwithtrancription,definitions,
examplesofuse.YoucanlistentoBritish
EnglishandAmericanEnglishpronunciation
ofvariouswords.
CambridgeDictionariesOnline,
,
,
.
,,
.
.
Resourcesfortopical
vocabulary
EnglishVocabularyAlargecollectionof
topicalwordlistsandphrases,withpictures
andaudio,onthesiteLearnEnglish.de.
EnglishVocabulary
,
,LearnEnglish.de.
Resourcesforthetopic
Names
Names
EnglishgivennamesinWikipedia.Alistof
masculineandfeminineEnglishnames.
Chooseanameandreadaboutitsorigin,
variants,nicknames,famouspeoplewiththis
name.Therearealsoseparatelistsof
masculine,feminine,andunisexnames.
EnglishgivennamesinWikipedia.
.
,
,,
.
inogolo.comListentothepronunciationof
people'snames,geographicalnames,names
ofvariousthings.Youcanbrowsethenames
alphabeticallyorbycategory,e.g.,popular
music,actor,politicalleader,countriesofthe
world,city,fashion,automobiles,brands.
inogolo.com
,,
.
,
,,,
,,,,
,.
pronunciationguide.infoAusefulreference
guideonpronouncingvariousforeignnames
thatareoftenencounteredinclassicalmusic,
withlistsofnamesbythecountry,audio
samples,andpronunciationnotes.
pronunciationguide.info
,
,,
.
translit.ruYoucancheckhowRussiannames translit.ru,
andsurnamesaretransliteratedintoEnglish
indifferentsystemsoftransliteration.
.
Vocabulary
EnglishNames
EnglishNames
FormsofAddress
TopicalVocabulary
FamilyandRelatives
JobsandProfessions
PlacesintheCity
HolidaysandParties
Telephone
TypicalDay
HealthandDiseases
Colors
SynonymsandAntonyms
Collocations
SayandTell
SpeakandTalk
MakeandDo
VerbSynonyms
Ex.3:Make,Do
Ex.4:Make,Do
Ex.5:Offer,Suggest
Ex.6:Lay,Lie
Ex.7:Raise,Rise
Ex.8:SynonymsGame
Ex.9:RelatedWords
FamilyandRelatives
Family
husband,wife,spouse;
father,mother,parents;
son,daughter,child,children;
brother,sister,siblings,twins;
grandfather,grandmother,grandparents;
grandson,granddaughter,grandchild,grandchildren;
greatgrandfather,greatgrandmother,greatgrandchild;
stepfather,stepmother,stepbrother,stepsister;
halfbrother,halfsister;
adoptedson,adopteddaughter,adoptedchild;
fosterfamily,fosterfather,fostermother,fosterparents,
fosterson,fosterdaughter,fosterchild;
Relatives
uncle,aunt;nephew,niece;
cousin,firstcousin,secondcousin;
closerelatives,distantrelatives;
myfamily,myrelatives,myfolks,mykin;
Relativesbymarriage
inlaws,fatherinlaw,motherinlaw,
soninlaw,sonsinlaw,daughterinlaw,daughtersinlaw;
brotherinlaw,brothersinlaw,sisterinlaw,sistersinlaw;
Agegroups
child,baby,infant;boy,girl;
teenager,adolescent;adult,grownup;
youngman,youngwoman,middleagedman,middleagedwoman,oldman,oldwoman;
Maritalstatusandrelatedwords
single,married,engaged,separated,divorced;widower,widow;
fiance,engagement,engagementring;
bride,bridegroom,wedding,weddingrings,honeymoon;
divorce,exhusband,exwife;alimony,childsupport;
girlfriend,boyfriend;
lover,paramour,beau,mistress;
Otherrelatedwords
pregnancy,birth;thebabyisdueinJune;
childcare,kindergarten,daycarecenter,babysitter;
illness,sickness,disease;
death,funeral,burial,cemetery,grave.
Myfamily
Ihavealargefamily.Myfatheris57.(fiftyseven)Heworksasanengineerataplant.Mymotheris
55.Sheworksparttimeasanurse.Myyoungerbrotherisastudentofeconomics.Heisgoingto
graduatenextyear.Ialsohaveanoldersister.Sheismarriedandliveswithherfamilyinan
apartmenthousenotfarfromus.Theyoftenvisitus.HerdaughterLena,myniece,isaverytalented
girl.Sheplaysthepianoandwritesinterestingpoems.
Iammarried.MywifeOlgaisaschoolteacher.Sheteachesmathematics.Wehavetwochildren,a
boyandagirl.MysonVictorissixyearsold,andmydaughterAnnaisthreeyearsold.Theygotoa
kindergartennearourhouse.Mywifepicksthemuponherwayhomefromworkandtakesalong
walkwiththeminthepark.Mymotherlooksafterthechildrenwhenweworklate,andmymother
inlawtakescareofthemonSaturdays.
Weliveinalargehousewithanicegarden.Thereisenoughroomforallofus,andIevenhavemy
ownstudyintheattic.Itissmall,butIlikeit.Thereisatablewithmycomputeronit,achair,anda
bookshelf.IspendalotoftimethereworkingwithmypapersandstudyingEnglish.
Wehavealotofrelatives.Myauntandtwounclesliveinasmalltownabout60kilometersfrommy
hometown.Theirchildren,mycousins,areaboutmyage,andwecommunicateoften.Everyyear
thewholefamilygetstogetherforChristmas.WeprepareahugeChristmasdinner,andtherearea
lotofpresentsforeveryone.
.57..
55..
...
.
.,,.
.
...,
.,.
.
.,,
.
.,
.,.
,.,
.
.
60.,,
,..
,.
Jobs,Professions,Occupations
Management
president,vicepresident,executiveofficer(CEO);
director,deputydirector,managingdirector,financialdirector,marketingdirector;
generalmanager,assistantmanager,manager;
personnelmanager,productionmanager,marketingmanager,salesmanager,accountsmanager;
supervisor,inspector;
Office
officeclerk,receptionist,secretary,typist,stenographer;
Banks
banker,bankofficer,accountant,bookkeeper,economist,teller,cashier,auditor;
Medicine
doctor,physician,familydoctor,generalpractitioner;
eyespecialist,throatspecialist,heartspecialist;
cardiologist,surgeon,pediatrician,psychiatrist,dentist,dietician,pharmacist,veterinarian;
nurse,paramedic;
Restaurants
chef,headcook,cook;
maitred',headwaiter,waiter,waitress,bartender,barman;
Salesandstores
salesrepresentative,salesmanager;
salesperson,salesman,saleswoman,salesgirl,salesclerk,cashier;
seller,buyer,wholesalebuyer,wholesaler,retailer,distributor,advertisingagent;
Artandcreativework
musician,composer,singer,dancer;
artist,painter;
filmdirector,producer,actor,actress,cameraman;
writer,author,playwright,dramatist,scenarist;
reporter,journalist,photographer;
architect,designer,interiordesigner,webdesigner;
Schoolandcollege
principal,dean,professor,teacher,student,pupil;
Construction
engineer,technician,mechanic;
builder,constructionworker,repairer;
welder,bricklayer,mason,carpenter,plumber,painter;
Science
scientist,scholar,researcher,explorer;
mathematician,physicist,chemist,biologist,astronomer;
historian,archeologist,economist,philosopher,psychologist;
Lawandorder
judge,lawyer,attorney,legaladviser;
policeofficer,policeman,trafficofficer,detective;
guard,bodyguard;
Other
expert,specialist,consultant,adviser;
pilot,flightattendant,stewardess;
computerprogrammer,computeroperator;
driver,taxidriver,busdriver,truckdriver;
firefighter,librarian,farmer,tailor,model,politician,priest,travelagent;
hairdresser,hairstylist,barber,beautician,cosmetologist;
cleaninglady,cleaningwoman,janitor;
Placesofwork
office,agency,company,firm,plant,factory,hospital,hotel,school,shop.
Describingajob
ajobinelectronics,ateachingjob,apositionassecretary;
aninterestingjob,aboringjob,agoodjob,adifficultjob,achallengingjob;
awellpaidjob,ahighlypaidjob,alowpaidjob,abadlypaidjob;
afulltimejob,aparttimejob,apermanentjob,atemporaryjob.
Relatedterms
tohire,tofire,toquitone'sjob;
unemployed,jobless;tolookforajob;toapplyforajob;
letterofapplicationforajob,resume,CV,interview;
contract,workagreement;
employer,employee,staffmember;tobeonstaff;
temporaryworker,seasonworker;
toworkfulltime,toworkparttime,tohaveaparttimejob,toworkovertime;
pay,wages,salary,income;
tobepaidbythehour,tobepaidbythemonth;
monthlypay,weeklypay,hourlypay,yearlypay,annualpay;
grosspay,netpay,takehomepay,bonus,overtimepay;
taxes,expenses,deductions;
fringebenefits,sickleave,medicalinsurance;
Shegetstendollarsanhour.Sheispaidtendollarsanhour.Herhourlypayistendollars.
Hegetstwothousanddollarsamonth.Hismonthlypayistwothousanddollars.
Theygettwentythreethousanddollarsayear.Theirannualpayistwentythreethousanddollars.
Hissalaryisthirtyfourthousanddollarsayear.
Relatedphrases
Whatdoyoudo?Whatbusinessareyouin?
Iamateacher.Iamacardealer.Iamafreelancewriter.
Iamasalesrepresentative.Isellcomputers.
Iworkasapsychologist.Iworkasastockbroker.
Iworkatabank.Iworkatasmalltravelagency.
Iworkatahotel.Iworkatatransportationcompany.
Iworkforanewspaper.Iworkforafilmcompany.
Iaminrealestate.Iaminadvertising.
Ihaveasmallbusinessofmyown.
Iamahomemaker.Iworkathome.
Iamunemployedatthemoment.Iamlookingforajobrightnow.
Iamlookingforajobinmarketing.Iamlookingforajobasadriver.
Iamseekingapositionaslibrarian.Iamseekingapositionasofficeclerk.
Heislookingforaplaceasahousekeeper.Sheislookingforaplaceasacook.
I'dliketoapplyforajob.I'dliketoapplyforthepositionofshopassistant.
Hewasofferedthepositionofsalesclerk.Shehasapositionascashier.
Vocabulary
EnglishNames
EnglishNames
FormsofAddress
TopicalVocabulary
FamilyandRelatives
JobsandProfessions
PlacesintheCity
HolidaysandParties
Telephone
TypicalDay
HealthandDiseases
Colors
SynonymsandAntonyms
Collocations
SayandTell
SpeakandTalk
MakeandDo
VerbSynonyms
Ex.3:Make,Do
Ex.4:Make,Do
Ex.5:Offer,Suggest
Ex.6:Lay,Lie
Ex.7:Raise,Rise
Ex.8:SynonymsGame
Ex.9:RelatedWords
PlacesintheCity
Cities
city,town,capital,metropolis,bigcity,largecity,smalltown;village,hamlet,settlement;
center,downtown,outskirts,suburb;region,district,neighborhood;
Streetsandtransportation
street,road,avenue,alley,boulevard,lane,drive,route;
mainstreet,sidestreet,backstreet,bystreet;
mainroad,sideroad,backroad,byroad,countryroad,dirtroad,pavedroad;
highway,speedway,expressway,freeway,parkway,causeway,accessroad,tollroad,turnpike;
autobahn,motorway,superhighway;
intersection,crossroad;trafficlight,redlight,yellowlight,greenlight;
pedestriancrossing,zebracrossing,crosswalk;sidewalk,pavement;
busstop,busterminal,taxistop,subwaystation,subwayentrance;
parkinglot,garage,curbparking,toparkatthecurb,parkingmeter;
trainstation,railwaystation,airport;
Buildings
house,smallhouse,largehouse,brickhouse,apartmenthouse,residentialbuilding;
threestoryhouse,fourstoriedhouse,sixstoreyedhouse(AmE:story,BrE:storey);multistory
building,multistoriedbuilding;
rowhouse,townhouse,cottage,summerhouse;cabin,bungalow,hut,lodge;mansion,villa,castle,
palace;
officebuilding,concretesteelbuilding,glassbuilding,brickbuilding;elevatorbuilding,walkup
building;
skyscraper,highrise,tower;
church,cathedral,temple,chapel,mosque,synagogue;
Eatingplaces
restaurant,Frenchrestaurant,fastfoodrestaurant,selfservicerestaurant;
cafe,diner,eatery,coffeeshop,snackbar,lunchroom;bar,pub;
Shoppingplaces
shoppingcenter,shoppingmall;departmentstore,shoestore,computerstore,bookstore;
foodstore,supermarket,grocerystore;foodmarket,farmers'market;
fair,annualfair,bookfair,tradefair;tradingcenter/tradecenter;
market,marketplace,flowermarket,fleamarket;bazaar;
newsstand,fruitstand,streetvendor;
Touristinformationplaces
touristinformationcenter,visitorscenter,visitorsbureau,travelagency;
Hotels
hotel,inn,motel,lodge,youthhostel;
Placesofinterestandentertainment
sightseeingplaces,sights;historicalplaces,historicplaces;monument,memorial;museum,art
gallery;
zoo,botanicalgarden,park,amusementpark;
concerthall,theater,movietheater,cinema,circus;dancinghall,disco/discotheque,nightclub;
Rentals
rentalagency;carrental,videorental;realestateagency,houserental,apartmentrental;
Beautyshops
hairsalon/hairdresser's,barbershop;beautyparlor/beautysalon/beautyshop;massageparlor;
Servicesandrepair
laundry,laundromat,drycleaner's;
automobilerepairshop/autorepairshop/carrepairshop/garage;
bicyclerepairshop,computerrepairworkshop,homerepairshop,locksmith'sshop;
Sportsfacilities
healthclub,fitnesscenter,gym;tennisclub,golfclub,countryclub;
playground,sportsground,basketballground,tenniscourt,golfcourse;
swimmingpool,skatingrink,boxingring,wrestlingring;racetrack,racecourse;
footballfield,stadium,sportsarena;
Educationalfacilities
kindergarten,nurseryschool,elementaryschool,highschool;college,university,academy;
businessschool,vocationalschool,musicschool,medicalschool,lawschool;library;
Banks
bank,ATM(automatictellermachine),cashmachine,currencyexchange;
Healthfacilities
hospital,clinic,polyclinic,healthcenter;hospitalclinic,outpatientclinic/outpatients'department;
ambulatorysurgicalcenter;surgerydepartment,cardiologydepartment;dentalclinic/thedentist's;
waitingroom,consultingroom,hospitalward,emergencyroom,operatingroom;theambulance;
Otherplaces
policedepartment,prison/jail,firedepartment,postoffice.
First Conditional
Form
Makethefirstconditional
1)IfI(go)outtonight,I(go)tothecinema...
2)Ifyou(get)backlate,I(be)angry...
3)Ifwe(not/see)eachothertomorrow,we(see)eachother
nextweek...
4)Ifhe(come),I(be)surprised...
5)Ifwe(wait)here,we(be)late...
6)Ifwe(go)onholidaythissummer,we(go)toSpain...
7)Iftheweather(not/improve),we(not/have)apicnic...
8)They(go)tothepartyifthey(be)invited...
9)IfI(not/go)tobedearly,I(be)tiredtomorrow...
10)Ifwe(eat)allthiscake,we(feel)sick...
11)She(stay)inLondonifshe(get)ajob...
12)Ifyou(not/want)togoout,I(cook)dinnerathome...
13)I(come)early,ifyou(want)...
14)He(not/get)abetterjobifhe(not/pass)thatexam...
15)I(buy)anewdressifI(have)enoughmoney...
16)She(cook)dinnerifyou(go)tothesupermarket...
17)They(go)onholidayifthey(have)time...
18)We(be)lateifwe(not/hurry)...
19)She(take)ataxiifit(rain)...
20)I(not/go)ifyou(not/come)withme...
DecidewhetherthefollowingConditionalSentencesareTypeIorTypeII.
1. IftheygotoAustralia,theywillgowhalewatching.
2. Ifshehadamobile,Iwouldcallher.
3. IfBobwerehere,hewouldhaveasolutionforourproblem.
4. Ifyoumovehere,wewillseeeachothermoreoften.
5. You'lllivelongerifyoustopsmoking.
6. IfSarahdidn'tgowithJohn,Annawouldtrytobecomehisgirlfriend.
7. Iwillonlydanceiftheyplaymyfavouritesong.
8. Iwouldn'tbuythatcomputerifIdidn'tneedit.
9. Ifshedoesn'tfeelbettertomorrow,shewillseeadoctor.
10.
I'dlendyoumoneyifIhadany.
1) Use the word: begin

If the seminar at 9:00 we will be on time.
2) Use the word: call
If the customer I'll tell her you'll contact her first thing tomorrow.
3) Use the word: fix
If you inform us of any problems by 10:00 a.m. we them the same day.
4) Use the word: increase
If you adopt this marketing strategy your profits dramatically.
5) Use the word: learn
Your employees all they need to know about the program if you send them to this
training session.
6) Use the words: meet & give
If I with the customer tomorrow I her your card.
7) Use the words: do & produce
Your company better financially if you for the international market.
8) Use the words: think & succeed
If you positively you .
9) Use the words: use & "to be"
If you biodegradable products it better for the environment.
10) Use the words: see & visit
We Mr. Johnson when we the factory.
1) Use the word: begin

If the seminar at 9:00 we will be on time.
2) Use the word: call
If the customer I'll tell her you'll contact her first thing tomorrow.
3) Use the word: fix
If you inform us of any problems by 10:00 a.m. we them the same day.
4) Use the word: increase
If you adopt this marketing strategy your profits dramatically.
5) Use the word: learn
Your employees all they need to know about the program if you send them to this
training session.
6) Use the words: meet & give
If I with the customer tomorrow I her your card.
7) Use the words: do & produce
Your company better financially if you for the international market.
8) Use the words: think & succeed
If you positively you .
9) Use the words: use & "to be"
If you biodegradable products it better for the environment.
10) Use the words: see & visit
We Mr. Johnson when we the factory.
Usingtherulesforfirstconditionals,completethesentencesbelow.
Example:Iftheteacher_____come,who_____?
a)doesn't...willteach
b)does...won'tteachTheansweris:a)doesn't...willteach
1.I_____sayanythingifyou_____.
a)don't...won't b)won't...don't
2.What_____ifyou_____getajob?
a)doyoudo...won't b)willyoudo...don't
3.Ifasouffl_____puncturedorshakenit_____.
a)is...willcollapse b)willbe...collapses
4.Ifteachers_____earnrespect,students_____giveit.
a)don't...won't b)won't...don't
5.You_____askedtoleaveifyou_____followtherules.
a)are...won't b)willbe...don't
6.Ifyou_____keepupwiththepayments,you_____yourhome.
a)don't...willlose b)won't...lose
7.Ladybugs_____flyifthetemperature_____below13degreesCelsius.
a)don't...willbe b)won't...is
8.What_____yougetifyou_____ahuge,hairymonsterwithapenguin?
a)do...willcross b)will...cross
9.We_____yourdepositifyou_____yourreservationmorethan7daysin
advance.
a)return...willcancel b)willreturn...cancel
10.Ifthecompany_____bankrupt,how_____abletopayourbillsandfeed
ourfamilies?
a)goes...willwebe b)willgo...arewe
me
Better English Lessons

Grammar
Lessons
Vocabulary
Lessons
Easier
Lessons
Phrasal
Verbs
Matchupthetwohalves
1.Ifyousellmorethanyoudidlastyear
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
I'llbuyyouanewcar.
you'llsoonbeonyourway
you'llbeinbigtrouble.
2.Ifyoutakemyadvice
a)
b)
c)
d)
Concordeisfasterthana747.
I'llbuytwo.
you'llkeepatightercontrolonwhatJeromegetsupto.
3.Ifhedoesn'tacceptouroffer
a)
b)
c)
d)
we'llhavetowithdraw.that'sthemostwecanaffordtopay.
yourjobherewillbequitesafe.
he'llbeoutonhisear.
4.Ifyougivemea10%discount
a)
b)
c)
d)
I'llbuytwo.
5.Ifsalesdon'timprovesoon
a)
b)
c)
d)
we'llhavetolayoffsomeworkers
I'llbuytwo.
you'llkeepatightercontrolonwhatJeromegetsupto.
6.Ifthereportisn'tonmydesktomorrowmorning
Strong
Collocations
Hangman Cont
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
7.IfNickdoesn'tmendhiswayssoon
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
8.IfIseeyoustandingaroundthecoffeemachinetalkingagain
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
9.Ifyoudon'tmakethegradehere
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
10.Unlessyoudosomethingreallybad
a)
b)
c)
d)
he'llbeoutonhisear.
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StartCramUpGrammarConditionalSentences
ConditionalSentences/IfClausesTypeI,II
undIII
LanguageGuideGerman+DictionaryforiPhoneandiPodTouch(madebyego4u)
ConditionalSentencesarealsoknownasConditionalClausesorIfClauses.Theyareusedto
expressthattheactioninthemainclause(withoutif)canonlytakeplaceifacertaincondition(in
theclausewithif)isfulfilled.TherearethreetypesofConditionalSentences.
ConditionalSentenceType1
Itispossibleandalsoverylikelythattheconditionwillbefulfilled.
Form:if+SimplePresent,willFuture
Example:IfIfindheraddress,Illsendheraninvitation.
moreonConditionalSentencesTypeI
Itispossiblebutveryunlikely,thattheconditionwillbefulfilled.
Form:if+SimplePast,ConditionalI(=would+Infinitive)
Example:IfIfoundheraddress,Iwouldsendheraninvitation.
moreonConditionalSentencesTypeII
Itisimpossiblethattheconditionwillbefulfilledbecauseitreferstothepast.
Form:if+PastPerfect,ConditionalII(=would+have+PastParticiple)
Example:IfIhadfoundheraddress,Iwouldhavesentheraninvitation.
moreonConditionalSentencesTypeIII
Exceptions
SometimesConditionalSentencesTypeI,IIandIIIcanalsobeusedwithothertenses.
moreonConditionalSentencesusedwithothertenses
ExercisesonConditionalSentences
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeI
Exercise2onIfClausesTypeI
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeII
Exercise2onIfClausesTypeII
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeIII
Exercise2onIfClausesTypeIII
MixedExercisesonConditionalSentences
TypeIorIIExercise2Exercise3
TypeI,IIorIIIExercise2Exercise3
FairytaleTheCatandtheMouse
ExerciseonNewOrleanstext
Exceptions
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeIwithAuxiliaries
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeIExercise2
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeII
ExerciseonIfClausesTypeIII
TestsonConditionalSentences
ConditionalSentencesType1
ConditionalSentencesType1and2
ConditionalSentencesType1,2and3
ConditionalSentencesType1,2,3andExceptions
Changed:10thDec201019:34
URL:http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/conditionalsentences
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1) Use the word: begin

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