Academic Sciences

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 4, Issue 1, 2012

Review Article

NE PHROPROTECTIVE PLANTS: A REVIEW

BHARTI D. TALELE*, RAGHUNATH T. MAHAJAN, MANOJKUMAR Z. CHOPDA AND NAMRATA V. NEMADE
Department of Zoology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon. Email: mzczoo@yahoo.co.in Received: 29 June 2011, Revised and Accepted: 18 Aug 2011 ABSTRACT According to WHO report, over 80 % of the world population depends on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs. Exploration of traditional medicine is a mysteriously interesting yet, scientifically significant and economically important task of ethnobotanists. The people of India are well acquainted with a large number of indigenous medicinal plants than the natives of any other countries. Herbs are the principal form of medicine in India and they are becoming popular throughout the world. An ethnomedicinal survey was undertaken to compile information of medicinal plants to cure nephrotoxicity/kidney problems from traditional healer in khandesh region. The investigation revealed that about 61 plant families have potential to cure renal diseases. This includes 143 species of ethnomedicinally important nephroprotective plants in Maharashtra and 78 species found in khandesh region. Thus, information generated from the present study deals about 85% medicinal plant as diuretic activity, 10 % medicinal plant used in burning urination and 6.3% medicinal plants against stone formation. It is evident from this study that renal damage curing natural products are usually comprises in leaves 30% , root 22 % , seed 18 % , fruit 15 % pod 10 % ,Bark 8 % ,gum 5 % and whole plant 2 %. The variation in the mode of action and method of preparation is noted. Ninety percent data shows about 75% plants have reputation and repeatedly used by a number of researchers. This is followed by 13% and only 2% have folkloric reputations which are not yet exploited experimentally. It is either in form of paste, juice, powder or decoction. In this study, the most dominant family is Euphorbiaceae. The leaves are most frequently used in the treatment of nephrotoxicity than rest of aerial plant. Such review is not available in literature. This review provides comprehensive account on nephroprotective indigenous plants. Keywords: Nephrotoxicity, Nephroprotective plants, Medicinal plants, Khandesh region INTRODUCTION Demand for medicinal plants is increasing in both developing and developed countries. Research on medicinal plants is one of the leading areas of research globally. However, there is a need to pay closer attention to the issue of bioactivity-safety evaluation and conservation of medicinal plants. Kidney failure is one of the most common diseases in India. The world health organization recognizes four major groups of renal failure according to the predominant involvement of corresponding morphologic component. i) Glomeruler diseases, ii) Tubular diseases, iii) Interstitial diseases and iv) Vascular diseases. Also two major stages viz. a) Acute renal failure - is a syndrome characterized by rapid onset of renal dysfunction, chiefly oliguria or anuria, and sudden increase in metabolic waste-product in the blood and secondly b) Chronic renal failure - is a syndrome characterized by progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function due to slow destruction of renal parenchyma eventually terminating in death. Many plants have been used for the treatment of kidney failure in traditional system of medicine throughout the world. Indeed along with dietary measures, plant preparation formed the basis of the treatment of the disease until the introduction of allopathic medicine. Ethnomedicinal plants can be used to help forestall the need for dialysis by treating the causes and effect of renal failure, as well as reducing the many adverse effect of dialysis (Yarnell et al., 2007) though; there are few chemical agents to treat acute renal failure. Studies reveal that synthetic nephroprotective agents have adverse effect besides reduce nephrotoxicity, Various environmental toxicant and clinically useful drugs, acetaminophen and gentamicin, can cause severe organ toxicities through the metabolic activation to highly reactive free radical (Adeneye et al., 2008) Right from its beginning, the documentation of traditional knowledge, especially medicinal uses of plants, has provided many important drugs of modern day. The herbalist / local vaidyas still practice herbal medicines. Several herbal drugs act as good non-specific cytoprotective. In view of this background, it is thought worthwhile to evaluate the indigenous plants which could be useful as adjuvant as nephroprotective. This helps to decrease the potential nephrotoxicity of drugs like gentamicin, cisplatin, cyclosporine, Carbon tetrachloride. etc. (Qarawi et al., 2008, Khan et al., 2009). Further it was conceptualized that such native plants would be useful, at least as adjuvant in the treatment of different kind of degenerative disease of kidney.( Meena et al., 2009) Such type of observations also recorded in own laboratory using herbal formulation. The knowledge of these medicines is age old. The use of herbs is the cheapest way for cure of various health disorders. (Bhattacharjee, 1998, Kirtikar and Basu,1995, Khare,2007).

This review attempts to portray the discovery and development of medicine from galenical to genomical, with a focus on the potential and role of medicinal plants. Ayurveda is a traditional Indian medicinal system being practiced for thousands of years (Chopra et al., 1994) Ethnobotanical studies are often significant in revealing locally important plant species especially for the discovery of crude drug (Jain et al., 1991). Considerable research on pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology and clinical therapeutics has been carried out on native medicinal plans. Traditional knowledge driven drug development can follow a reverse pharmacology path and reduce time and cost of development. In Indian system of medicin several herbal remedies has been tried for the treatment of Kidney failure since the time of Charka and Sushruta. New approaches to improve and accelerate the joint drug discovery and development process are expected to take place mainly from innovation in drug target elucidation and lead structure discovery. (Pushpagandan and Kumar, 2005) Traditional knowledge will serve as a powerful search engine and most importantly, will greatly facilitate intentional, focused and safe natural products research to rediscover the drug discovery process. Therefore, search of nephroprotective herbs from medicinal plants has become important and need of the day. Location and study area - Geographically, Maharashtra is located in the center of North and south side of India and is the 3rd largest state with a geographical area 307690 sq kms and lies between 16040 to 22010N latitude and 72056 to 80009 E longitude. Western border of it is linked with Arabian Sea having 825 sq kms lengths 750 sq kms long. Eastern side is connected to Madhya Pradesh, 1875 sq kms long southern border is attached to Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka and 1725 sq kms long Northern border is linked with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra is distributed into 35 districts and 303 tahsils. There are four different regions of Maharashtra viz. hands, marathwada, vidharbha and kokan. Khandesh region of Maharashtra was divided into three districts i.e. Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Dhule is situated on Satpura plateau at 20 0 8 and 22 0 7 North latitude, 73042 and 760 28 east longitude.Nandurbar district is bounded by Dhule in south, Gujrat and MP in West and North, MP and Dhule in Eastern side (Patil, 2003).Geographical map of three district is illustrated in figure1. Periodical surveys

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were made for search of new traditional herbal medicines in village of khandesh region local traditional healers having practical knowledge of plant in medicine were interviewed in Nundurbar, Dhule and Jalgaon district. These district are inhabited by Bhills, Garits, kokanis , mavschis , valvis , pawras , tribs. Regular visits were planned during the period of 2007-2009. The

information was collected from local traditional healers and abroginal people of these districts through intensive interviews according to method suggested by (Chopda and Mahajan et al.,2009) The gathered data was verified by Ethenomedicinal plants uses as nephroprotective care in khandesh region of Maharashtra. (Gupta et al., 2004 and Tayade and Patil, 2006)

India

Maharashtra

Khandesh Region
Fig. 1: Location of Study area (Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India)

Photo plate 1: Conversations with traditional practitioner about nephroprotective plants, Village-1 Chinchpura 9

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Photo plate 2 Conversations with traditional practitioner about nephroprotective plants along with Villagers and author, Village-2 Boritanda Observations Table 1: Indigenous plants of Maharashtra State belonging to used against Kidney disorders Sr. No . 1. Name of plants Abelmoschus esculentus L Abrus precatorius L Abutilon indicum L Acacia arabica(Willd) Acacia catechu L Acacia sinuate( Lour)Merrill Achilla millefolium L Achyranthes aspera L. Adiantum Lunulatum Burm Aerva lanata L Juss Alangium salvifolium Wang Allium cepa L. Amaranthus spinosus L. Anogeissus latifolia( Roxb) Anona Squamosa L Apium graveolens L. Arachis hypogaea L Arctium lappa L. Asclepias syriaca L. Asparagus racemosus Willd Atropa belladona L. Azadirachta indica L Bacopa monnieri L Balanites roxburghii L Baliospermum montanum Willd Bambusa bamboo Von Bambusa nutans L Barleria prionitis Linn. Basella alba L Benincasa Family Malvaceae V. Name Bhendi Part use d fr, s, rt rt , l rt,b l b p, b wp rb l wp b bu rt rt s rt rt rt rt l l Main Active Principle Carotene, folic acid, thiamine riboflavin, tocopherol palmitic acid Glucoside,Alkaloid, Asparagines,Mucilage,Tannin, alkaloids Tannin,Flavonoid Flavonoid,,Tannin Saponin,Flavonoid,Tannin Alkaloid,Essential oil Alkaloids,saponin,Tannin Oil Flavonoids,terpenoids,Tannin,Volatile oil Amyrin, campensterol, sitosterols,flavonoides,glycoside Alkaloids,AkolineLamarkine, Essential oil orgnic sulphideFlavonoid,phenolic acid Alkanes, Quinoline ,sterols Tannins,calcium,gum,Qurecetin AlkaloidAminoacids,camphor,anonaine Volatile oil,Flavonoids,Alkaloid Vit e,Flavonoid,Tannins Flavonoid Hexasaccharide,tannin volatile oil Rep. Fre q M M L L H M L M L H H H M M H H H L

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Leguminosae Malvaceae Leguminosae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Compositae Amaranthaceae Polypodiaceae Amaranthaceae Alanglaceae Liliaceae Amaranthaceae Combretaceae Annonaceae Umbelliferae Fabaceae Compositae

Asclepiadaceae Liliaceae Solanaceae Meliaceae Scrophulariacea e Balanitaceae Euphorbiaceae Arundinacae Arundinacea Aceanthaceae Basellaceae

Gunja Atibalaa Babul Khair Cikakai Gandana Aghada Hansraj Kupuri madhuri Ankol Onian Katelichaulai Dhavara Custard apple Ajmoda Mung-phali Great Burdock Mohari Shatavari Belladona Nimb Brahmmi, . Hingol Danti Bamboo Bamboo Kate-Koranti Indian spinach White gourd

b,rt l,s

rt,fr rt,l,s l l fl , l l fr,s

Glucol, asclepiadin Oil,saponin Alkaloid,Tanin,starch, Alkaloid ,steroid, a.acidAzardin, Resin,tannine,fixed oils Essential oil,Alkaloid Steroidal Saponin,Amino acid Phorbol esters,Terpenoid,Flavonoids, hydrocarbon,sitoserol,D-glucoside Cholin,betain,Nuclease,Urease, Cholin,betain,Nuclease,Urease, Essential oil,Flavonoid Glycoside, -sitosterol Iodine,fiuorine,carotenoidsFlavonoid Glucoge,mannitol-sitosterol,protene

L H M H M H L H H M H M 10

Cucurbitaceae

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31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87.

hispida (Thunb)Cogn Boerhavia diffusa L. Boswellia serrata roxb Brassica oleracea L Butea monosperma Lam Cajanus cajan L millsp Carica papaya L. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Cassia absus L. Cassia fistula L. Chelidonium jajus L. Cocos nucitera L Commiphora mukul Engl Cordia dichotoma Forst Curculigo orchioidesGaertn Cynodon dactylon Pers Cyperus rotundus L Datura metal L Daucus carota L Demostachya bipinnata L Desmodium gangeticum L Digitalis Purpurea L Dolichos biflorus L Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Ficus religiosa L Foeniculum vulgareMill Gossypium arboretum L. Gymnema sylvestrer(Retz)R.Br Haldina cordifolia(Roxb) Helianthus annus L. Hemidesmus indicus L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Holarrhena antidysentrica L. Humulus lupulns L. Hygrophila auriculata K.Schum. Jasmium grandiflorum L. Lawsonia inermis L. Leptadenia reticulataW.&A Linum usitatissimum L. Mangiifera indica L. Menta arvensis L. Mesua ferrea L. Michelia champaca L. Mimosa pudica L. Momordica dioica Roxb ex willd Moringa oleifera Lam Mucana pruriens L. Mucuna adans L Murraya Koenigii L Musa paradiciaea L Nelumbium nucifera gaertn Nerium indicumMill Nyctanthus arboterresris L Ocimum basillicum L. Ocimum canum L Ocimum Sanctum L Orchis latifolia L Orza sativa L

Nyctaginaceae Burseraceae Brasscaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Caricaceae

Punarnava Dhupali, Salai Cabbage Palash Tuvar Papaya

wp g l l l,s fr

Flavonoid,Alkaloids,triacontanol,hentriacontane,.sitoste rol Tanins,pentosans,lignin,holocellulose,-sitosterol Essentinl, aminoacid GlucosideButine,proteolytic lipolytic enzyme,Flavonoid Amino acid,galactosid Alkaloid,papain enzymes. Alkaloid, -sitostero.l Alkaloid,Sitosterol,Glucoside. glycoside ,Tannin,Flavonoid. Alkaloids, Flavonoids Saccharose sorbitol alcohol,ketones Guggulsterone,Flavonoid. Alkaloid,Tannin Saponine,curculigo,phenolicglycoside -ionone,2-propionic4-hydroxybenzoic Essentialoil,cyperene,cyperol,starch -sitosterol Alkaloid,scopolamine,hyposcymine,atropin,vitC Oil, carotol essential oil,Flavones Alkaloid,Terpenoid Alkaloids Glycosides,flavonoids,saponin Urease,lectin carbohydrate Palmitic acid Arabinose,mannose,glucose -sitosterol D-glucoside Oil, Methyl Chavicol, Limonene Essential oil Betaine,choline,Salicylic acid. Saponine,I-V,gymnemic acid Oleoresin,essential oil,cellulose,sitosterol Albumin.globulin,glutelin, sitosterol Essential oil,Steroid,saponin,resine tannine Organic acid anthocyanin vitamin C Alkaloids, tannin, Triterpene, Volatileoil,polyphenolic,Tannin Aspargin Fattyoil,alkaloid,calcium,phosphate,K,CL

M L H M L H M L L M H H H M H M L H M H L M H H M H H H M M H L M L H H H H M L M H L M M M L H H L M H H H M H 11

Sapindaceae

Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Papaveraceae Arecaceae Burseraceae Boraginaceae Amaryllidaceae Gramineae Cyperaceae Solanaceae Umbelliferae Compositae Fabaceae Scrophulariacea e Leguminosae Zingiberaceae Moraceae Apiaceae Malvaceae Asclepiadaceae Rubiaceae Compositae Asclepiadaceae Malvaceae Apocynaceae Cannabidaceae Acanthaceae Oleaceae Lythraceae Asclepiadaceae Linaceae Anacardiaceae Labiatae Guttiferae Magnoliaceae Leguminosae Cucurbitaceae Moringaceae Leguminosae Leguminosae Rutaceae Scistaminaceae Nelumbonaceae Apocynaceae Oleaceae Labiatae Labiatae Labiatae Orchidaceae Gramineae

Kanphuti

Ran Kulith Bahava Celandine Coconut Guggal Bhoker Kalimusli Durva Nagermotha Datura Carrot Kush Salpan Hrutpatri Kulith Chhoti Elaichi Piple Saunf Cotton Gudmar

rt,l

s,l l .po fl fr,s,l g fr rt rt rh l,fl rt ,l rt rt l s s b, l s, fl l l,wp

Haldu Sunflower

Anant mule China Rose Kala-Kuda Hop Neermali Chameli Mehandi Jivanti Aalsi Mango Plant Podina Nagkesarah Champa Lajalu Jangali karelaa Drumstick tree Khajkuiri Khaj-Kuiri Karry patta Banana Lotus Kaner Parijat Sweet Basil Sathra Tulasi Salam Chawal

b,tr s& rt,l rt l s l b,s fr rt,l l rt,l,s rt rt,s l l s l, wp l,rt rt rt,l,s s , rt s , rt rt,l s rh, s, l& fr rt,l l l, rt &s s l,rt wp s

Alkaloid,Salicylicacid,essencial oil,Ascorbic acid Glucoside 2-hydroxy-1,4naphthquinoneFlavonoid, sitosterol Stigma sterol,tocopherol fixed oil protene wax,resin,sugar glycoside Flavonoid Phenolic acidVitamin ABCD Essentialoil,carvones Palmitic,stearic,oleic linoleic Essentialoil fatty oil Alkaloids,Mimosine Glycoside,saponin Carotene,nicotic acid,ascorbic acid,amino acid ,Calcium,phosphorus,iron,sulphur,alkaloids Calcium,glucoside alkaloids sitosterol Oil,b-caryophyllene,b-gurjunene,b-Carbazol,Alkaloid Albumin,globulin,glutelin,proteoses Alkaloids,nuciferine ,protene sugar, vitamin Glycoside Digitoxigenin Oil,manitol,tannin, sitosterol Essentialoil,methylcinnamate,eugenol, alkaloid,Flavonoid Essential oil,Eugenol, sitosterol Eugenol,methol,ether,carvacol Volatile oil,loroglosin,Glucoside Alkaloid,orilineprotene fat carbohydrate

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 4, Issue 1, 8-16 Dimethoxy isoflavone homoferreiri M H L M M H H M M H M H M L H H L

88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb)Hochr Paederia foetida L Pandanus odoratissimus L Pedalium murex L Phaseolus mungo L Phyllanthus niruri L Phyllanthus urinaria L Phyllanthus reticulates Pair Pimpinella anisum L. Piper nigrum L Saccharum officinarum L Santalum album L.

Fabaceae

Rubiaceae Pandanaceae Pedaliaceae Leguminoseae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Umbelliferae Pipereceae Poaceae Santalaeae

Dandan

Hirenwel Ketek Bada gokhru Green gram Bhui awala Valaitisaunf, Muhuri Jarmala Rajanigandh a Blak piper Suger cane Safed Chandan Ashok tree Hartto

rt, l l s,l s s s l s

Essential oil, Alkaloids,foetida Essential oil,MethyletherPhenylethyl alcohol Alkaloid, fatty oil,resin 2.8%ash,Oil Alkaloid,Flavonoids, Phyllanthin,,hypophyiianthin Alkaloid,Flavonoid-quercetin,astragalin, Tannic acid Volatile oil,flavonoid,Sterol

100. Saraca indica L 101. Securinega leucopyrus Muell-Arg 102. Solanum indicum L 103. Solanum surattense burn 104. Solanumxantocarpum schrad&Wendell 105. Solena amplexicaulis Lam 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Sorgham vulagare L Sphaeranthus indicusL Tamarindus indica L Tectona grandis L Tephrosia purpurpa L

Leguminosae Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae

Umbelliferae

Dorli Katali Kattay Kateringani Gomathi, Tawgaula Jawar Gorkhmundi Imli Teak Sarphomka

s s,rt rt , w l,s,b l

Piperin,piredin alkaloid,chavicine essential,oil Phenol,Glycolicacid Santalbic acid ,palmitic acid, olic acid Tannin, catechol,sterol,glycocide Alkaloids,freetriterpens,steroids Tannin

wp fr , fl rt rt s l,fl rt,f wp l s wp rt fr fr ft

Alkaloid,enzymes Gluco alkaloid,solasodine,solasonine carpesterol,Glucoside,Alkaloid,solanocarpine Alkaloid,Glycoside,Steroid Glucoside, Dhurin Alkaloid,sphaeranthine,essential oil Tartaric acid,citricacid maleicacid flavonoid,glycosides Calcium,phosphate,silica ammonium mg Tephrosin,rotenone Palmitic stearic oleic linoleic,Astrigent,tannic acid Saponine,Diosgenine,gitogenine,flaonoids,Alkaloid. Flavonoids,amines steroids,phenols Amino acid,linoleic myristic, oleic,palmitic

111. Terminalia chebula Retz 112. Tribulus terrestris L 113. Urtica dioica L 114. Vernonia antheimintica Willid 115. Vitis vinifera L 116. Withania somnifora L dunal 117. Zingiber officinale(Rose) 118. Zizyphus xylopyrus L

Graminae Compositae Caesalpiniacae Verbenaceae Fabaceae

M M L L M M M H H L

Combrataceae Zygophyllaceae Urticaceae Asteraceae

Vitaceae Solanaceae

Hirda Chota Gokeru Khusha Guelder Rose Kalijira Wine grape Ashwagandh a Ginger Kath ber

Rep. reported, Freq frequency, rt- Root, l- Leaves, rt & b - Root & Bark, g - Gum, w -Weed ,fl- Flower,s- Seed, po-Pods, fr- Fruit , wp - Whole plant, H : High , M : Modrate , L : least Table 2: Indigenous plants used against burning micturation Family Graminae Nyctaginaceae Bombacaceae Papilionaceae Boraginaceae Leguminosae Leguminosae V. Name Kalavala Punarnava Salmali Aparajita Bhoker Lapeta, chik Bahava, Gambhari Jivanti Gokarna, Bibli Kamla Bhuiamla Radish Rose Chukra Sal dhaval Part use l , fl wp fr rt fr rt Rt fr, l rt fr wp l fl s b Active principle Essential oil Alkaloids,triacontanol,sitosterol,glucose,fructose Tannins,sitosterol,D-glucoside. Teraxeron,glucoside,oligosaccharide Tannin,Flavonoid,Saponin. Alkaloid,Gangetin. Volatileoil,esragole,anethole. Volatileoil,suger Stigma sterol,tocopherol Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name of Plant Andropogon muricatus Retz. Boerhavia diffusa L. Bombax ceiba L. Clitoria terneata L. Cordia dichotoma Forst Desmodium gangeticum L Glyucerrhiza glabra L Gmeliana arborea(Roxb) Leptadenia reticulataW.&A Mallotus philippinensis(Muell) Phllanthus neruri L Raphanus sativus L Rosa damascene(Mill) Rumex vesicularis L Terminalia paniculata (Aruna) Rep. Freq M H M H L L M H L

Scitaminaceae Rhamnaceae

rh l

Thiamine,niacin,biotin tocoferol Alkaloids,steroids,reducing suger, glycosides Essential oil,volatile oil Alkaloid,zizipine

M H M L

Rep. reported, Freq frequency, rt- Root, l- Leaves, rt & b - Root & Bark, g - Gum, w -Weed ,fl- Flower,s- Seed, po-Pods, fr- Fruit , wp - Whole plant, H : High , M : Modrate , L : least 12

10 11 12 13 14 15

Verbenaceae Asclepiadaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Crucifereae Rosaceae Polygonaceae Combretaceae

Rottlerin,Isorottlerin, resin ,wax Phyllanthin,hypo Phyllanthin, Essentialoil,Glucoside,enzyeme,methyelmercaptane Essential oil Glucoside,resine Tannine -sitosterol,triterpene,carboxylic acid glucoside,dimethyl ellagic acid

M M H H M M

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Table 3: Indigenous plants used to eradicate kidney stone formation Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 Name of Plant Aerva Lanata L. Baliospermum Montanum Willd.muell-Arg Bridelia retusa Sprang Commiphora Mukul (Hookexstocks ) Coriandrum Salivum L. Crataeva Religoea Buch,Ham Datura Metel L. Dolichosbiflorus L. Eclipta alba L. Murraya Koenigii L. Family Amaranthaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Burseraceae Umbelliferae Capparidaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Rutaceae Asteraceae V. Name Kupruri Danti Ftthar fode Gugal Dhaniya Varun Kulith Part use fl rt, l, s l g Active principle -amyrin, campesterol, -sitosterol & sitosteryl, palamitate, chrysin & four flavonoid glyacosides Phorobl esters, diterpene, hydrocarbon, stiosterol, D-glucoside Tannin,oil Guggulsterone-E, Z, Guggulsteron I-VI cholesterol, seasamin camphorene, cambrane A-etc Flavonoid,Glycoside,Fixed oil. Linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol, caryphyllene -pinene borneol, limonene, -pheliandrene, citranellol Alkaloids, scopolamine, hyposcymine, Atropin, vita C Urease, lectin carbohydrate N-acetyl glucosamine, N-. Glycosidically Thiophene, petroleum ether, tertheinyl aldehyde -sitosterol Oil, b-caryophyllene, b-gurjunene, belemene & b-phellandrene Rep. Fre. L M M M H M M L L L

White datura Bhrangarajah, Kurry patta

l, fr b, l l, fl s

wp l

Rep. reported, Freq frequency, rt- Root, l- Leaves, rt & b - Root & Bark, g - Gum, w -Weed ,fl- Flower,s- Seed, po-Pods, fr- Fruit , wp - Whole plant, H : High , M : Modrate , L : least Table 4: Nephroprotective plants of Khandesh Region V. Name Atibalaa Babul Aghada Onian Part use rt,b l rb Bu l , fl l,s S Rt Rt Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name of Plant Abutilon indicum L Acacia arabica(Willd) Achyranthes aspera L. Allium cepa L. Andropogon muricatus Retz. Anona Squamosa L Arachis hypogaea L Asclepias syriaca L. Asparagus racemosus Willd Azadirachta indica L Bacopa monnieri L Barleria prionitis Linn. Basella alba L Boerhavia diffusa L. Bombax ceiba L. Brassica oleracea L Butea monosperma Lam Cajanus cajan L Millsp Carica papaya L. Cassia absus L. Cassia fistula L. Clitoria terneata L. Commiphora mukul Engl Cordia dichotoma Forst Crataeva Religoea Buch,Ham Curculigo orchioidesGaertn Cynodon dactylon Pers Cyperus rotundus L Datura metal L Daucus carota L Dolichos biflorus L Ficus religiosa L Gmeliana arborea(Roxb) Gossypium arboretum L. Gymnema sylvestrer(Retz)R.Br Helianthus annus L. Hemidesmus indicus L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Holarrhena antidysentrica Family Malvaceae Leguminosae Amaranthaceae Liliaceae Graminae Annonaceae Fabaceae Asclepiadaceae Liliaceae Active principle Asparagines,Mucilage,Tannin, alkaloids Tannin,Flavonoid Alkaloids,saponin,Tannin Oil Essential oil orgnic sulphideFlavonoid,phenolic acid Essential oil AlkaloidAminoacids,camphor,anonaine Vit e,Flavonoid,Tannins Glucol, asclepiadin Oil,saponin Rep. Fre. L L M H M H H L H

Kalavala

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Meliaceae Scrophulariaceae Aceanthaceae Basellaceae Nyctaginaceae Bombacaceae Brasscaceae Fabaceae

Custard apple Mung-phali Mohari Shatavari Nimb Brahmmi Kate-Koranti Indian spinach Punarnava Salmali Cabbage Palash Tuvar Papaya Ran Kulith Bahava Aparajita Guggal Bhoker Varun

L L fl , l L Wp Fr L L

Alkaloid ,steroid, Azardin, Resin,tannine,fixed oils Essential oil,Alkaloid Essential oil,Flavonoid Glycoside, -sitosterol Iodine,fiuorine,carotenoidsFlavonoid

Fabaceae Caricaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Papilionaceae Burseraceae Boraginaceae Capparidaceae Amaryllidaceae Gramineae Cyperaceae Solanaceae Umbelliferae Leguminosae Moraceae Verbenaceae Malvaceae Asclepiadaceae Compositae Asclepiadaceae Malvaceae Apocynaceae

Kalimusli Durva Nagermotha Datura Carrot Kulith Piple Jivanti Cotton Gudmar

l,s fFr s,l l .po Rt G Fr b, l Rt Rt Rh l,fl rt ,l S b, l

Sunflower Anant mul China Rose Kala-Kuda

fr, l L l,wp

s & rt,l rt l s L b,s

Alkaloids,triacontanol,sitosterol,glucose,fructose Tannins,sitosterol,D-glucoside. Essentinl, aminoacid GlucosideButine,proteolytic lipolytic enzyme,Flavonoid Amino acid,galactosid Alkaloid,papain enzymes. Alkaloid,Sitosterol,Glucoside. Glycoside ,Tannin,Flavonoid. Teraxeron,glucoside,oligosaccharide Guggulsterone,Flavonoid. Alkaloid, Tannin Linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol, -caryphyllene pinene borneol, limonene, -pheliandrene, citranellol Saponine,curculigo,phenolicglycoside -ionone,2-propionic4-hydroxybenzoic Essentialoil,cyperene,cyperol,starch -sitosterol Alkaloid,scopolamine,hyposcymine,atropin,vitaC Oil, carotol essential oil,Flavones Urease,lectin carbohydrate Arabinose,mannose,glucose -sitosterol Dglucoside Volatileoil,suger Betaine,choline,Salicylic acid. Saponine,I-V,gymnemic acid Albumin.globulin,glutelin, sitosterol Essential oil,Steroid,saponin,resine tannine Organic acid anthocyanin vitamin C Alkaloids, tannin, Triterpene,

H M M H H M L H M L M L H H H M H M H M L L H H M H H M M H

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40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

L. Hygrophila auriculata K.Schum. Jasmium grandiflorum L. Leptadenia reticulataW.&A Leptadenia reticulataW.&A Linum usitatissimum L. Mangiifera indica L. Menta arvensis L. Michelia champaca L. Mimosa pudica L. Momordica dioica Roxb ex willd Moringa oleifera Lam Mucana pruriens L. Murraya Koenigii L Musa paradiciaea L Nelumbium nucifera gaertn Nerium indicumMill Nyctanthus arboterresris L Ocimum Sanctum L Paederia foetida L Phaseolus mungo L Phllanthus neruri L Phyllanthus niruri L Pimpinella anisum L. Raphanus sativus L Rosa damascene(Mill) Saccharum officinarum L Santalum album L. Solanum indicum L Solanum xantocarpum schrad&Wendell Sorgham vulagare L Sphaeranthus indicusL Tamarindus indica L Tectona grandis L Tephrosia purpurpa L Terminalia chebula Retz Terminalia paniculata (Arjuna) Tribulus terrestris L Vernonia antheimintica Willid Withania somnifora L dunal

Acanthaceae

Oleaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Linaceae Anacardiaceae Labiatae Magnoliaceae Leguminosae Cucurbitaceae Moringaceae Leguminosae Rutaceae

Neermali

Scistaminaceae Nelumbonaceae Apocynaceae Oleaceae Labiatae Rubiaceae Leguminoseae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Umbelliferae Crucifereae Rosaceae Poaceae Santalaeae Solanaceae Solanaceae Graminae Compositae Caesalpiniacae Verbenaceae Fabaceae Combrataceae Combretaceae Solanaceae

Chameli Jivanti Gokarna, Aalsi Mango Plant Podina Champa Lajalu Jangali karelaa Drumstick tree Khajkuiri Karry patta Banana Lotus Kaner Parijat Tulasi Hirenwel Green gram Bhuiamla Bhui awala Rajanigandha Radish Rose Suger cane Safed Chandan Dorli Kateringani Jawar Gorkhmundi Imli Teak Sarphonka Hirda Sal dhaval

rt,l

L Rt Rt rt,s L L l, wp l,rt Rt rt,l,s s , rt rt,l

Fattyoil,alkaloid,calcium,phosphate,K,CL

Alkaloid, essencial oil,Ascorbic acid Glucoside Stigma sterol,tocopherol Stigma sterol,tocopherol fixed oil protene wax,resin,sugar glycoside Flavonoid Phenolic acidVitamin ABCD Essentialoil,carvones Essentialoil fatty oil Alkaloids,Mimosine Glycoside,saponin ,Calcium,phosphorus,iron,sulphur,alkaloids Oil,b-caryophyllene,b-gurjunene,bCarbazol,Alkaloid Albumin,globulin,glutelin,proteoses Alkaloids,nuciferine ,protene sugar, vitamin

M L H L H H M M H L M M L H H L M H H M M H M H H M H H L M L L M M M M H L H

Carotene,nicotic acid,ascorbic acid,amino acid

S rh, s, l & fr rt,l L l,rt rt, l S Wp S S L Fl s,rt rt , w Wp Tr S l,fl rt,f

Glycoside Digitoxigenin Oil,manitol,tannin, sitosterol Eugenol,methol,ether,carvacol Essential oil, Alkaloids,foetida 2.8%ash,Oil Phyllanthin,hypo Phyllanthin, Alkaloid,Flavonoids, Phyllanthin,,hypophyiianthin Volatile oil,flavonoid,Sterol Essentialoil,Glucoside,enzyeme,methyelmercaptane Essential oil Phenol,Glycolicacid Santalbic acid ,palmitic acid, olic acid Alkaloid,enzymes carpesterol,Glucoside,Alkaloid,solanocarpine Glucoside, Dhurin Alkaloid,sphaeranthine,essential oil Tartaric acid,citricacid maleicacid flavonoid,glycosides Calcium,phosphate,silica ammonium mg Tephrosin,rotenone Palmitic stearic oleic linoleic,Astrigent,tannic acid -sitosterol,triterpene,carboxylic acid glucoside,dimethyl ellagic acid Saponine,Diosgenine,gitogenine,flaonoids,Alkaloid. Amino acid,linoleic myristic, oleic,palmitic Alkaloids,steroids,reducing suger, glycosides

Zygophyllaceae Asteraceae

Chota Gokeru Kalijira

Wp L S B Wp Fr Ft

Rep. reported, Freq frequency, rt- Root, l- Leaves, rt & b - Root & Bark, g - Gum, w -Weed ,fl- Flower,s- Seed, po-Pods, fr- Fruit , wp - Whole plant, H : High , M : Modrate , L : least

Ashwagandha

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Table 5: Relative frequencies of plants used in nephroprotection on the basis of literature High 39.58% CONCLUSION It is aimed to record medicinal folk-lore for curing nephrotoxicity that exist in threatening stage. In India ayruevedic referred system of medicines several, herbal drugs and are prescribed for reducing renal damage and to avoid kidney related complication. These can be immense value in combating renal damage. In this paper, we have attempted to use our best endeavors of indigenous herbs to alternative medicine of renal damage. On going through various studies on treatment of kidney disorders, it seems that herbal plants play unique role as medicine. There is no synthetic drug which relieves fully insufficiency of kidney. But indigenous plant possesses tissue rejuvenator property which is any way unavoidable. Table 1 summarizes a list of plants of Maharashtra, Family Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae are mostly used as burning urination Table 2. A plant used to eradicate kidney stone formation is given in Table 3. Table 4 summarizes a list of plants of khandesh region with respect to name, vernacular name, family, part used and active ingredients. This may perhaps be the reason why in numerous cases, which synthetic medicines fails, indigenous system of medication succeed (Madhukkal et al., 2009). He worked on fifteen medicinal plants, Modrate 37.5% Least 22.9% their active principle and more emphasized on renal physiology. The present investigation comprises 143 species of ethnomedicinally important plants of Maharashtra and 78 species from khandesh region out of which around 61 families used to cure kidney diseases. Table 5 summarizes relative frequencies of plants used in nephroprotection.

Tribal people furnished valuable information regarding traditional uses of local plants like Dolichos biflorus, Achyranthes aspera, Andropogon muricatus. The native tribe of village namely Chinchpura and Boritanda told us and without any hesitation use of these plants as nephroprotective. (photo plate 1 and 2) to treat kidney problem. The information generated from the present study according to table 1, 2 & 3. Euphorbiaceae - 9.83% and leguminaceae- 9.83% was the most commonly used family and rest of the data is as follows solanaceae- 6.55%, labiateae- 6.33%, asclepiadaceae- 4.91%. Phytochemical ranking of active principle is, flavonoid > alkaloid > tannin > glycosides > phenol > saponin > terpenoids. Among all the plant parts maximally leaves are used in nephroprotective plant. On the basis of information received from local tribes, we have formulated and developed herbal formulation 15

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 4, Issue 1, 8-16 Bhattacharjee S.K. Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India. 2004. Chopda M.Z., and Mahajan R.T. Wound healing plants of Jalgaon District, Maharashatra state. India. 2009. Chopra R.N.,Nayar S.L., Chopra I. C. : Glossary of Indian medicinal plants,National Institute of Science communication (CSIR),New Delhi 1999. Gupta A. K. Sharma N. Tendon Reviews on Indian medicinal plants 1- 4 ICMR, New Delhi. 2004. Jain,S.K. Dictionary of Indian Folkmedicine and Ethnobotany, 1991; 1-311. Khare C.P. Indian medicinal plants Springer Science Business Media LLC, 2007; Kirtikar K. R., Basu B. D. Indian Medicinal Plants. 1995; (1): 5-6. Kshirsagar S.R.and. Patil D.A. Flora of Jalgaon District,Maharashtra. 2008. Kshirsagar S.R.and. Patil D.A. Flora of Dule and Nandurbar District,Maharashtra. 2008 Mahabale T.S. and Chaudhari K.K.Gazetteer of India. Maharastra state Botany and Flora of Mharashtra. 1987. Meena M.K., Kushwah H.K. and Manjusharajagopala, B. Ravishankar An experimental evaluation on nephroprotective activity of Nagaradi kashaya AYU 2009; 30, (1):55 -61. Moona A Latheef Madhukkal HH,Sithara Ravindran A Review of Nephroprotective Plants. B Pharm Project and review 2009; 1- 27. Muhammad R.Khan, Wajiha Rizvi, Gul N.Khan, Rahmat A. Khan,Saima Shaheen Carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats:Protective role of Digera muricata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008; 122:91-99 Prajapathi, Purohit, Sharma and Kumar, A Hand Book of Medicinal plants, Jodhpur, Agrobios India. 1st edition. 2003. Pushpagadan P. and Kumar, B. Ethnobotany, CBD, WTO and the Biodiversity Act of India, Ethenobotany, 2005; 17:2-12. Taayade, S. K. and Patil, D. A. Ethenomedicinal wisdom of tribals of Nandurbar districts (Maharashtra), Natural Product Radiance, 2006; 5 (1):64-69. Yarnell E.,Abascal. Herbs for relieving chronic renal failure. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2007; 13(1).18-23.

to validate the claim of thesis. Data on nephroprotective plants is prepared as Achyranthes aspera, ( leaves)Bauhinia racemosa (stem bark) Tiphrozea purpura (root) Tectona grandis ( seed) Tribulus terrestris ( leaves) Andropogen muricatus (root) Dolichos biflorus, (seed) using a gentamicin induce nephrotoxicity model, this herbal formulation gave 75% protection in rat. Ethnomedicinally important plants used by traditional people needs to be evaluated for proper phytochemical analysis, level of toxicity. Extraction and isolation along with few clinical trials phytochemical examination of these plants may lead to development of potential bio-product in the treatment of disease and disorders of renal disease, this could help in creating mass awareness about conservation of such plants to promote ethno- medico-botany knowledge within the region, besides contributing to the preservation of such medicinally important species before they are extinct. Method reported queries with different local herbalists in different seasons and comparison with the plant species which are used in the treatment of renal damage is crucial and valuable. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the local traditional healers in the khandesh region for sharing their knowledge on herbal medicine. We also thank Dr. D.A. Patil, P.G. Department of Botany, Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule and Dr. G. S. Chaudhari, Department of Botany, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon for the identification of plants. REFERENCES 1. 2. AI-Qarawi A.A., Abdel-Rahman H., Mousa H.M., Ali B.H., ElMougy S.A. Nephroprotective action of phoenix dactylifera in gentamicine-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2008; 46 (4):227-230. Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye, Adokiye Senebo Benebo Protective effect of aqueous leaf and seed extract of phyllanthus amarus on gentamicin and acetaminopheninduced nephrotoxic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008; 118: 318-323.

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12. 13. 15. 16. 18. 19. 14.

11.

9. 10.

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