Chapter8(McKay):TheMakingofEurope

APWorldHistory

Note:keepinmindthelengthyPowerPointdesignedforyouonthewebsite.Theinformationis
notexactlyofthesamenatureastheinformationoftheMcKaytextbutitisnonethelessuseful
foryou.

NoteII:ThebookdividesMedievalEuropeintothreedistinctsections:

I:Chapter8TheMakingofEurope(PreMedievalEuropeandthefoundingofChristianity)
II:Chapter12:TheEarlyandLowMedievalPeriod
III:Chapter13:CreativityandCrisisintheMedievalPeriod

Yourexamwillnotencompassallthreechapterscollectively:Andwillbebrokenupbyauniton
TheriseofIslamwhichiscrucialtounderstandingmuchofthecultureofMedievalEurope,as
wellasrewardinginitsownunderstanding.

Thus,ourunitswillgo:8,9,12,and13.ComingbacktodoIndiaandAfrica(Chapters10and11)
afterwards,thisdoesnotimplyanbreachofsignificanceratheritsignalsacohesivethematic
structure.
______________________________________________________________________________________

I.TheGrowthoftheChristianChurch:
a.Christianityasasnycreticfaith(onethatabsorbstheprinciplesandconceptsof
others).
i.Christianitytookfromthe
followingsources:
1.Judaism:MonotheismandthesanctityoftheOldTestament
scriptures.
2.Orphism:asetof6thcenturyBCEideasfromthebeliefthatthe
bodyistheprisonofthesoul.
3.Hellenistic:notionofthespiritovermatter.
4.MithraismandotherHellenisticmysterycults:odd
relationshipsandcoincidences.
b.ThekeyremnantofRomeWest.
c.Church:fromtheGreekworkekklesiaappearedinPaulslettertothe
ChristiansofThessalonicainNorthernGreeceduringA.D.51,looselymeaning
community.
d.GrewandspreadrapidlythankstoPaulsmissionaryworkandthelegalization
ofConstantineandtheEdictofMilan392.
e.Popes:LatinphrasePapaorFather.AsourceofunityforChristians.
f.Peterquote215.Petrinedoctrine
g.ChurchgraduallyadoptedRomanprinciplesoforganization.
h.AlsopossessedadynamicmissionarypolicystartedbyPaulofTarsus.
i.RomanCatholicismsorganizationakeyreasonforthedevelopmentofthe
church.

II.TheChurchandRomanEmperors.

a.BenefitedfromthesupportofRomanemperorsbeginningwithConstantines
legalizationandTheodosiusadoptionofthefaithastheofficialreligionofRome.
Romantemplesandpaganfacilitiesdestroyed.
b.WiththiscoronationcametheconceptofinterChristianmistreatmentaswellas
religiousintolerancetowardsthePaganpeoplesoftheregion.
c.Ownlegalsystem:Canonlaw.Notauniversalcodebutanecclesiasticlegal
system.
d.ViewsofChristianity:Arianism(Arius)derivedfromapriestofAlexandria
whodeniedthatChristwasdivineandcoeternalwithGodthefather.(216)
InferiorityofChristgiveshimauniqueplaceinthespacebetweenEarthand
Heaven.
e.ConstantineviewedthisasblasphemousandcalledaconferenceatNicea,the
resulttheNiceneCreed.
f.Emperorsroleintheology,establishmentofHeresy.
g.ReligiousSecular/Politicalconflicts:Ambrosev.Theodosius(216)

III.InspiredLeadership:
a.WiththeempireindecaypeoplelookedtoguidancefromtheChurchandit
begantofillapoliticalvoid,aswellasthespiritual.
b.Manywereleadersinthepoliticalrealminitially.
c.EstablishmentofDiocesesanorganizationalstructureestablishedbyDiocletian.
d.CathedralthechairoftheDioceses,theBishopitshead.
e.ParticularlypowerfulinthedecayofRomeWestaftertheavocationof
Constantine.
f.Romealsogrewandtookstrength(religiously),asitwasthebirthplaceof
SaintsPeterandPaul.
g.EnforcedbyPopeInnocentI(401417)(217)
h.LeoIandtheuseofpoliticalandmilitaryinfluence.
i.GregoryandtheLombards
j.Localcontrolhowever,couldnotbeavoided.

IV.MissionaryActivity:
a.Catholic:universalorgeneral.
b.RelatestoPaulsprinciplesofuniversalityofthefaith.
c.Bringthegoodnewstoall!
d.Mediterraneanservedasahighway.
e.Keyfigures:
i.MartinofTours:Gaul(Monastery
atLiguge)
ii.Patrick:Ireland(seeatArmagh)
iii.Augustine:England(Canterbury)
f.Thesemissionariesarenotonlysignificanttodailylifeintheseareas,the
religiouslivesbutthroughtheirconversionsandtheireffortsofunificationand
convertingpoliticalleaderstheyhelpedlaythegroundworkfornations.
g.ConverttheChieftains,Kings,therestwillfollow.
h.WhydidtheKings(Germanicleaders))acceptthesedoctrines,theybelieved
thattheChristianGodwasmorepowerfulthanthePaganGod.

i.However,thebarbaric/violentnatureofGermanicsocietydidnotblendvery
wellwiththecompassionateempatheticChristianfaith:Baptismdidntmean
acceptancesee220.
i.Victorsinbattleandtheirspoils,
andlovetheirenemiesatoughmatch.
ii.Sinandrepentancenotcomparable.
iii.Warfaremadetheseconcepts
incompleteandsomewhatunacceptable.

V.ConversionsandAssimilation:
a.Howwasthisachieved?Throughpreaching,throughassimilation,andthrough
thepenitentialsystem.
b.Conversionrequiresaturningtogodandaconstantefforttolivebythelawsof
god,foundinthegospels.
c.Preaching:aimedatinstructionandedification(storiesaboutthelivesofChrist
andthesaints).
d.Assimilation:easingtheconversionsofaPagan,bystressingsimilarities
betweenfaiths.(letter220)
i.DepictedbythestoryofSaint
Valentine.Romancomparisonvs.Christianmartyrholiday.Blendofold
andnew.
e.Penitentialsystem:theadmittancepubliclyofsinandtheexecutionofa
penitencetodealwiththatsin.
i.Differencesinthesystem:221
excerpt.
ii.Penitentialsystemoftenobsessed
withsexualtransgressions.
iii.Potentrealitiesabouttheearly
Christiansincrime/violenceriddenrealitiesoftheCelticandGermanic
tribes.
f.Penitencesledtotheprivatizationofthefaith.

VI.ChristianAttitudesTowardClassicalCulture:
a.HowdotheyrespondtoGrecoRomancultureandtheformersplendorof
GreeceandRome?
b.ThisisanoddsituationconsideringChristianityroseanddevelopedamidthese
culturesandtheintellectualspiritofthetime.
c.SeveralExamples:
d.Adjustment:
i.ManyChristianspointedtoa
returnoftheMessiahandsawnoreasonforknowledgeorintelligenceas
hewouldsavethem.
ii.Manyfelttheyhadtopurify
themselvesbydisassociatingfromAncientRomeanditsimmorality.
iii.Paullaudedthefrivolousnatureof
intelligence.GreeksHackstersofeloquence!(222)
iv.Noneedforcuriosity.

v.Theseattitudespermeatedthrough
theMiddleAges.
vi.Sawnoreasonforcomparisons
betweenGrecoRomanandChristianculture.
vii.However,inordertospreadthe
faith,theadaptationfromHebrewGreco/Romancultureneededtooccur.
viii.Helpedbyalternatetranslationsof
thebible,St.JeromestranslationintoLatin,(aswellasHebrewand
Greek).Jeromealsoemphasizedtheimportanceofunderstandingclassical
thoughttosupportandenhancemodernChristianviews.(Homosexuals
andwomenasanexample)
ix.Mixedviewsofwomen;Rationalv.
Spiritualariseduringthistime.Perceptionsofbeautyasadanger!
ProposedTalibanlikeprincipalsofwearingveilsandnotrevealing
themselvestomen!
1.Marriagebysomewasviewedasnotonlyanecessarymeansof
producingchildren,butalsoforthoseweakwhocouldnthandle
celibacy.
2.Celibacythehighestgood,sexanddesireanimallust.
3.Womenincapableofwritingonthesubject.
4.ForallthesereasonsWomenwereconsideredunequalandthe
religionbecamemaledominated.
x.Homosexualityatfirstwasignored
asitwasaGrecoRomanstaple.
1.Shiftfromurbantoagrarianruralismduringthemiddleages
thekeytothecurrenttrendofnonacceptance.

VII.TheSynthesis:SaintAugustine
a.Noonehasyieldedhisimpact,inthepostscriptalage.
b.BorninAlgeria
c.Mixedbackground,Paganfather,MotheraChristian.
d.Receivedamodesteducationfocusedonclassicalworks.Memorizationofthe
greatorators,asopposedtoassociationsandindividualization.
e.WenttoCarthagetocontinuehiseducation.
f.ReceivedaChristianbaptisminMilanA.D387
g.AuthoredTheConfessionsanexpressionofhisownbattlewithmorality,
spiritualityandintellectualism.Anextremelydifficultsynthesis.
i.Writtenrhetorically,itisa
synthesisofGrecoRomanthoughtandChristianity.
ii.Believedthatpeopleknewwhat
wasright,buttheycouldntexecuteitbecauseoftheweaknessesofhuman
nature.Alearnedpersoncanbecorruptandevilanewconcept.
iii.Hisideasonsin,graceand
redemptionbecametheology.
iv.Dynamicforceintheworldisthe
willthepowerofthesoultoholdontoortoobtainanobjectwithout
constraint.PointedtoAdam,whenheatetheforbiddenfruithesetthe
stage.

v.LifebecamebasedonOriginalsin,
andtherestorationofstrengthandlovecomesviaanorthodox
relationshipwithGod.Thisrelationshipincludessacraments,penance
etc
vi.Arguedagainstaspiritualelite,
viewedChristiansasawholethatmusttransformsocietyuponthese
beliefs.
h.WroteCityofGodinresponsetothesackingofRomein410,amoral
interpretationoftheRomanGovernment.Filledwithreferencestomythology,
historyandphilosophy,itisamasterpiece.
i.Expressedauniqueviewofhistory
thatincludedthenotionthatitwasGodactingintime,thattherearetwo
kindsofpeople.ThosewholiveaccordingthefleshofBabylonandthose
wholiveinaccordancewiththeCityofGod.
ii.PoliticalScienceimpactedearly
philosophyamomentousachievement.Thenotionthatstateswere
createdtotempertheoriginalsin,andtheywereneededtomonitorthe
lackofhumanwillsthatencompasseshumans.Anygovernment(notype
recommended)mustpreservejustice,ifnotitisabandofgangsters.
iii.Thechurchisnotfreefromsinand
mustbeheldresponsibleforsalvation.
iv.Thisisthebackboneofthepapal
supremacyofthemiddleAges.

VIII.ChristianMonasticism:
a.ManyfelttheonlytruewaytoPietywasseparatefromthecitiesandmoveinto
ruralareastoconcentrateonPiety.DoneinparttoavoidpersecutionbuttheEdictof
Milanwillredressthat.
b.AsaresultthegreatestheroesinthefaithandinIslamarethosewhoare
Martyrs.
c.Graduallybegantobeidentifiedwiththestateandnotasapersecuted
minority.
d.Monksbecamethenewmartyrs,ledbySaintAnthonyofEgypt,theywere
believedtohaveamorepersonalrelationshipwithgodasaresultnotoftheirdeath
buttheirascetismandprayers.
e.WesternMonasticism:beganinEgyptandspreadtotheEuropeanworld.
ColoniesofMonksbegantospringup.
f.Begantobeviewedasspiritualguides.
g.Hermits,becamethenorm,buttheweatherinWestern/NorthernEuropedid
notexactlyblendwellwiththisphilosophy!Geographycanbeareligiousfactor.
Alsotheregrowingclaimsofacloserelationshipandvisionsofgod,requiredsome
confirmationthatinvolvedacommunalization.
h.Sotheymovedintocommonareas.Monasteries.Thiscommunalstyle
flourishedandtookoffinthe46thcenturiesinGaul,Italy,Spain,AngloSaxon
England,andIreland.
i.GraduallyintheMediterraneanregion,selfasceticismandselfflagellationas
traitsofpietybecamecommon.ThiswastheformthatSt.Patrickcarriedinto
Ireland.

j.RomanssuchasCassiodorousestablishedadifferenttypeofmonastery,one
basedonthepresenceofhighlyskilled,educated,monkswhowouldcopythe
scripturesandassociatethemselveswithscholarshipandlearning.

IX.TheRuleofBenedict:
a.HadexperimentedwithboththeEremiticalandMonasticlifeproposedanew
solution,synthesis.(goodexampleoftheHegelianDialectic)
b.TheRuleoftheMasterbecamehisguideformonasticbelief.
c.Moreadaptableandreplacedallotherforms.
d.Simplecodeforordinarymen.Lifeof:regularity,disciplineandmoderation.
Noneedtobeextremetobepious.
e.AssimilationoftheRomanspiritintotheWesternMonasticculture.
f.AbbotsleaderoftheMonastery.
g.Noasceticexperienceneeded,moreleadershiphierarchywithinthe
community.Admissionofnewcomers,importantandcommon.
h.Thegoalwastodrawslowlybutsteadilyawayfromthelivesofimpurityand
towardspiety.
i.Divisionofdayintoprayer,studyandmanuallabor,moreversatilemonastic
culture.Providedfortheadvancementofindividualtalent.
j.Suitedthecircumstancesofmedievalsociety,blendedwiththeburgeoning
feudalsociety.Theyreliedonthetalentsoftheirdenizenstobecomeselfsufficient.
k.Thisversatilityandmaterialsuccessakeyreasonforitssuccess.
l.Theywillevolveintokeycultural,socialandeconomicinstitutions.
m.Keyimpact:Schools.

X.TheMigrationoftheGermanicPeoples:
a.Continuationofthisdominanttheme.
b.Volkerwanderungen(migrationoftheGermanicpeoples.))
c.KeyeventinWesterncivilization,bringsandendtoRomanticcivilizationin
EuropeandthenewageofmedievalEurope.
d.GroupshadmigratedintheRomanfrontierandhadestablishednomadic
communities.
e.HunsmovedfromChina,theyconflictedwiththeGothsalongtheRhine
frontier.
f.Seemapon229forexplanationofthemassivemovements.
g.Whymigrate?Overpopulation,foodshortages?Victoriousdisplacement?
ServiceinRomanEmpire?
h.Laeti:refugeesservedinRomanarmy.
i.Foederati:servedaswatchdogsofRomegiventaxbenefitskeptorder.
j.Gentes:thearrivalofentirepeoplesinRomefromthefrontier.Suchasthe
Goths,whoenteredinlargenumbers.ForcedbyRometoselltheirowntoslavery.
k.EventuallytheenslavedGothswillriseupagainstRomeandwillcrushthe
RomanArmyatAdrianopleinAD378.
l.Movementsgenerallystoppedaround600withtheLombardsbeingtheone
exampleofaninvasionthatexistedbeyondthattimeframe.
m.Between450and565theGermansestablishedanumberofkingdomsbutnone
exceptFrankishempireofClovislasted.Theregiondidnothavespecific
boundaries.

n.VisigothsinSpain(Gaul),defeatedbytheMuslims(Moors)in711.
o.BurgundiansconquestovertheNorthwestcornerofRomanEmpire
p.TheodorictheOstrogothickingwillgraduallywincontroloverallofItaly
duringhisreign(471526).TheOstrogothsassimilatedwiththeRomansinasense
hisreignwasacontinuationashestayedincontactwithConstantinople.His
administrationsolid,failsafterhisdeath.
q.Mostenduringkingdom:ClovisandtheFranks.Originallyapettychieftainin
NWGaul(Belgium),hewasconvertedbyhiswifein486andsupportedthefunding
ofchurchesandmonasterieswhichservedtobeaneffectivemeansofunification.
Hispapalsupportallowedhimtoexpandhisempire.Hewentontoconquer
numerousPagantribessuchastheVisigoths,makinghisheadquartersatParis.
Merovingian(descendedfromthelegendarykingMerovech).
r.BritainbecameincreasinglyRomanizedduringtheChristianeraofRoman
history(thrudeclineofWest).However,aftertheRomandifficultywiththe
VisigothstheRomansleftBritainandtheywerethensubjectedtoharassmentfrom
thePictsfromtheScottishregion.GraduallyGermanicgroupssuchastheAngles
andSaxonshumbledtheBritons.Theperiodbetween5001066(thebattleof
HastingsvictorybyEdwardtheConqueror)islabeledastheAngloSaxonperiod.

XI.GermanicSociety:
a.HardtoascertainbecausetheGermansdidnotwrite,anyrecordsaresecondary
innaturefromtheRomangroups.(Tacitus)
b.Kinship,ClassandLaw:
i.Thoughtinsocialnotpolitical
terms,thefolk,alldescendedfromacommonancestorthus,theclose
bondsbetweenclans/tribes.
ii.Lawwascustom,unwrittenand
handeddownorally.Customarylawdominatedeverything.
iii.RuledbytheChiefwhowasthe
strongestinbattle(electedbythestrongestfamilies,malemembers).
Settleddisputesandledinbattle,aswellasnegotiatedwithoutside
groups.
iv.WarbandorComitatus,thebrave
youngmenofthetribe,sworeloyaltytothechiefandfoughtwithhimin
battle.
v.Originallyegalitarian,the
ArmbandsinitiatedasenseofrankintheComitatus.
vi.Landownershipbecameanother
criteriaofrankandpower.
vii.Withtheirkinshipandcustom,they
feltnoneedforthetypeofwrittenlawpracticedbytheRomans.
However,asthegroupsgrewinsophistication,Christianinfluence,and
sizethechieftainsbegantowritedownthelawsandcustoms.
1.Thiswasevidentastheybegantoneedlawstorulethe
conqueredpeoplestheyencountered.
viii.Allcrimeswereviewedasbeinga
crimeagainsttheindividual.Wergeld:theFrankishconceptthatallwere

worthasumofmoney.Astratifiedsystemofworthtothesociety.Often
ledtoviolentbloodfeudsbetweenfamilies.
ix.Seelawdescriptionon232.
x.Thesolepurposeofthislegalcode
wastopreventviolenceandhadnootherprinciples.

XII.GermanicLife:
a.VillagelifecharacteristicofmedievalEurope.Determinedheavilybythe
geographyofthesettledregion.
b.Cattleraisers,farmers,smallcraftsmen.
c.Grewbarley,oats,peas,wheatandbeans.
d.Tilledwithsimplistictools
e.Madeverydensefoodsandliquids(Aleetc)
f.Patriarchalsociety.
g.Statusbasedonlandownership,animalownershipandgender.Alandowning
malewithalotofcattlewasveryprestigious.Cattle=wealth.
h.Slaveswereprisonersofwarandworkedfarmtasks,herders,orhousehold
tasks.
i.PolygamycommonamongstGermanicgroups,hadtobewealthy.
j.Smallcrafts;ironworking.Tookadvantageoftheirondepositsintheregion.
k.Giftgivingahighhonorandindicatorofsocialstanding.
l.Raidingandwarfaremorecommonthantrading,expletiveofthelackof
culturaldiffusionduringthistimeperiod.
m.Womenregardedaspropertyandwerevaluabletothefamily.Finesfor
mistreatment,treatedasspoilsofwar.

XIII.TheByzantineEast(400788AD)
a.Constantineinitiatedtheswitchinhisreign(306337)totryandpreservethe
empirehowevertheresultswerenotpositiveastheBarbariansransackedtheregion.
b.EmperorJustinian(52765)attemptedtorestorethegreatnessoftheRoman
empireviaconquestinItalyandAfrica.Hisshortconsequenceshadnegativeeffects,
theyexhaustedresources,destroyedItalyseconomyandhadmassivecasualties.
c.EasyconquestbytheLombardsfollowed.
d.NewRome(the2ndofthreeactually)
e.CloselyalliedphilosophicallywithGreeks
f.HighstandardofChristianityandliving.
g.PreserversoftheknowledgeoftheAncientworld,alongwithMuslims.
PreservedtheGrecoRomanlegacy.
h.EmperorstracedtheirlineagetoAugustus.
i.Stylisticallyroman.
j.Culturesimilar.
k.Churchistheareaofdifference.
l.Churchdesiredauthority,Romanpopeswantedinfluenceintheeast,influence
thattheydidnotwield.
m.PopespreoccupiedwithGermanicgroups.Theyconcentratedonmissionary
activitiesandnotthetheologyofthechurch,whichwaslargelydirectedbytheeast.
n.MajorityofPopesofeasternorigin.

o.Tensionsoccurred:betweenthesecularauthorityintheWestandtheEastern
church.Whowasresponsiblefortheadministrationofchurch?Gelasiusconflict.
p.Beginningsofthesacredv.secularcontroversyofpower.
q.Eastviewedtheirrulerasthepatriarch,highestprelateoftheEasternChurch,
theEastamorereligiouslymotivatedstate.
r.Emperorsdutiestonotonlyprotecttheempirefromheathennationsbutfrom
contradictionsandhereticswithintheempire.
s.Penetrationofthereligionakey,isitwideordeep?See235.

XIV.EasternMonasticism:
a.SaintBasilslongrules:recommendedtheestablishmentofcommunitiesof
economicallyselfsufficientmonkslivinglivesofmoderation.Hediscouragedthe
severeasceticismthatwascommoninEgypt.
b.FinancialassistancecamefromtheEmperorJustinianandnoblemen.
c.Exemptfromstatetaxesandsuccessfuleconomically.
d.Theyestablishedhospitals,caredforthepoor,hotelsfortravelersinthe
Christianworld,orphans,crippledandthementallyill.Itisherethatthechurch
developeditsphilanthropicnaturethatstillpermeatestheworldtoday.
e.Conversionsstillcommonandagoalamongstthehierarchyofthechurch.See
St.Nikon.
f.Dutiesofamonk:pray,ritualofthedivineoffice,developedelaborate
sacraments.
g.Nuns,becamemorecommonandpopular.EvagriusofPontusandMelania.
h.DifferencesinGreekmonasticismoverRomanmonasticism.Benedictsrules
becomenearlyuniversal,butnotimmediately.Byzantinemonksweresubjectto
strictordersknownastypikon.Theeasternmonksnotasstableinlocation,faith
yes,buttheymovedaroundmuchmore.Thebigdifferencewasthelackof
educationintheByzantinetradition.

XV.ExternalThreatsandInternalConflicts:
a.Avars:amountedAsiaticnomadgroupandtheSlavsanotherIndoEuropean
peoplemovedintotheBalkanregion.SasanidPersiansthreatenedfromtheEast.
TheAvarsandPersiansmountedanattackontheholycityofConstantinoplein626
onlytobeturnedbackbyHeracliusinasuperhumaneffort.Theircontrolofsea
(largechainsinwaterpreventedshipsfromopposingforces)andthefortificationof
thecitywerekeyfactors.
b.Siegescamefrequentlyfromthethreatofthenewglobalforce:Islam.
c.GreekFire:primitive(yetadvancedaswecantmakeit)flamethrowersmade
fromPetroleum.However,theydidlosetheBalkanstotheSlavs,thebeginningsof
troublestherethateventuallyculminatedinthewaroverKosovoin1999.
d.Advantages:
i.Diversityofterritorieslost,the
remainingterritoriesunified.
ii.Recognizableneedforinternal
reorganization,militarizedadministrationunderHeraclius.Empire
dividedintoThemes.DistrictsruledbyGenerals.
iii.NewPeasantArmy

iv.PopularPiety:asthewarsworeon
pietyincreased,howevermanyturnedtointensedevotionoficons.
(tangibleimagesoftheholyfigures)
e.Iconoclasticcontroversy,theconflictovertheworshipoficonsbybelievers.
f.Icononclastsfavoredthedestructionofthispractice.
g.TheIconoclastsviewedthisasIdolatryaviolationofthegravenimages
componentofthe10commandments.
h.Conflictsplittheeastforacentury.730IdolsordereddestroyedbyEmperor
LeoIII.Aviolentreactionensured.EventuallythosewhosupportedIconslikethe
monkswereexecutedandpunished.Conflictlasteduntil843whentheiconswere
reinstated.
i.Implications:
i.Churchandstate?
ii.DiscouragedunificationwithWest,
forcedalliancewithFranks.
iii.EndofByzantineinfluenceinItaly
iv.Fueledfurtherseparationofthetwo
churches.
v.GaverisetoArabcontrolofregion
asWestturnsitsbackonregion.
vi.Tworeligiousleaders
excommunicateeachother!
j.Eastservedtoindirectlyprotectwestfrominvasionsfromtheeast.Turks,
Arabs,Russians,SlavsandPersianstonameafew!
k.OnepositiveoftheseinvasionswastheconversionoftheSlavsbyCyrillicwho
establishedanewalphabettocommunicatetheideasofChristianstothispeople.
l.SpreadByzantineculturetoRomeIIIorMoscowinRussia.Russianculture
andliteratureveryByzantineinnature.

XVI.TheLawCodeofJustinian:
a.PreservedRomanlawforthefuturegenerations.
b.SourcesofRomanLaw:judges,law,edicts,legislation,andopinionofjurists.
However,itwassobigitwasunusable,refinedbyJustinian.
c.Result:thecode,distilledRomanlawintoacohesiveunit.Lawsthatwere
dated,removed,pointsclarified.TheInstitutes:civillawhandbook.Digest:codified
law.
d.Seepage238excerpt.

XVII.ByzantineIntellectualLife:
a.Amajorcontribution.
b.Educationprized
c.Greekliteratureandphilosophyakey!Publicreadings.
d.MoreGreekthanRomaninmanyregards,spokeGreek.
e.Giftedhistorians:Procupius.Wrotevolumes(both+and)aboutJustinian
includingthetabloidSecretHistory!
f.LeftvividdescriptionsofconflictwithTurks.
g.Mathdiscoveredlittlenewyettheypasseditonandmeltedideaswiththe
Arabswhoweregiftedmathematicians.

h.Scienceonlyusedformilitaryuse(GreekFire),zealouslyguardedtheirsecrets.
i.ContinuedHellenisticuseofMechanicsandHydraulics(Archimedes)
j.Medicine:afocus.Highestcompetencelevelyet,inlargeparttotheChurchs
emphasisonitspractice.BuiltonHellenistictradition(4humors140).Believed
highlyondietandrest.Herbalcuresacommoncure,alsousedbleedingsand
burningshmmm.
k.CouldntdealwithJustinianPlague,whichroaredthroughtheregionbetween
541and700.Cominginoddincrementscharacterizedbyhighfever,chills,swollen
nodesandhemorrhagesofblackblood.
l.Greatlyweakenedarmy,preventedthestopoftheArabsintheeraafter
MohammedsexplanationofIslam.
m.Hospitalscreated,withdepartmentsandspecialization.

XVIII.ConstantinopletheSecondRome:
a.Bythe10thcenturythegreatestcityintheChristianworld.
b.Positive:rightatborderbetweenEasternandWesterncultures.Negative:right
atborderbetweenEasternandWesterncultures.Diffusionofideas,andwarfare.
c.Commercialcity
d.Complexdynasties,oftentangled.Assassinationsandviolenceaproblem.
e.Italianmerchantscontrolledtrade.
f.Menandwomenseparated.
g.Womenguardedandkeptinsolitude.
h.Emperorsandtheirwivesasoapopera!241.

ThemesPresentforStudy:
vReligion
vCulture
vMilitary
vScience
vTechnology
vGeography
vChangeandConflict
vForeignRelations
vPoliticsandLaw
vMilitarism
vDailyLife
vPhilosophyandthought