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POST-TENSIONED SLABS IN BUILDINGS

Increasing popularity
/versus/

Lack of specific coverage by Euro codes

by Guy A. TABET LEBANON

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Post-tensioned Slabs in Buildings

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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PRINCIPLE OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Illustrative example
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Tendon Three-span post-tensioned beam

2 P cos P V P W For harped profile P A
For parabolic shape w = 8P x sag L
2

P B

Free-body diagram of a tendon section between its low point (A) and point of inflection (B)
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Illustrative example
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W Va P Vd P

Free-body diagram of beam after removal of tendon Va P Vd P

Free-body diagram of tendon Force system between tendon and beam

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Benefits of Post-Tensioned slabs

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Longer Spans Flat Soffits Flexibility of Layout & Services Deflection & Crack Control Thinner Slabs Reduced Storey Height Lighter Structure Fast Construction Cost Saving
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Who Benefits ?
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Clients
More clearance & More Flexibility Less Columns, Larger Open Spaces

Architects
Easier Internal Planning More Elegant Structure

Structural Engineers
More solutions Better Structural Performance

Contractors
Quicker and Easier Construction
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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IN SLABS
two categories of PT systems are used :

Un-bonded system
&

Bonded system

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Un-bonded Tendons

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Single strand coated with corrosion inhibiting grease and encased in polyethylene sheathing PT force is transferred to the concrete by the anchors provided at the ends

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Bonded Tendons

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Flat corrugated duct

Strand position in a circular duct

Bonded system tendon detail for beams & slabs

Bond is achieved throughout the length of the tendon by a cementitious matrix called grout PT force along the tendon is a function of the deformation of the concrete
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Structural Forms
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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Structural Forms
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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Structural Forms
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Preferred Option
Flat Slab Minimum Thickness Flat Soffit

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Concept
LOAD BALANCING

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A comprehensive solution to Post-Tensioning

Simple - General Powerful for analyzing simple & complex PT structures

by T.Y.Lin

Principles
Remove the PT tendons from the structure & replace it with all the forces that it exerts on the structure when in place Analyze the structure under this given set of equivalent loads
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Concept

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Load Balancing

Tendon Three-span post-tensioned beam

Va P

Vd P

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Analysis of the Structure

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Modeling of two way slab system

Methods available :
Equivalent Frame Method Finite Element Method .

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Analysis of the Structure

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Plane Frame Model

Models a single sub-frame

Finite Element Model

Models a whole Floor Actual Tendon Locations

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Analysis of the Structure

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Equivalent Frame Method

Most common modeling of gravity loading and post-tensioning:

Slab systems are modeled as rows of intersecting two dimensional slab frames. A single story slab frame consists of a line of column supports bounded by its tributary Floor levels are treated each separately

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Analysis of the Structure

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Typical slab frame

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Finite Element Model

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STRUCTURE PERSPECTIVE

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Finite Element Model

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ELEMENT MESH PLAN

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Finite Element Model

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BANDED TENDON LAYOUT

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Finite Element Model

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DISTRIBUTED TENDON LAYOUT

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Finite Element Model

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TOP FIBER STRESSES

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Finite Element Model

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BOTTOM FIBER STRESSES

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Finite Element Model

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DEFLECTION
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Checks

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Design Criteria exist in most Codes: British Standards (BS8110 Part 1) ACI 318 (Chapter 18) ACI 423 for un-bonded tendons CAN3 A23.3 Euro Codes Concrete Society Technical Report 43

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Checks

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Serviceability Limit State

Un-Factored Loads Check Stresses Maximum Tension Maximum Compression Check Deflections

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Checks

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Serviceability Limit State (Contd)

Allowable Stresses
Design Classes
Class 1 - No Tension Allowed Class 2 - Limited Tension (No Cracks) Class 3 - More Tension allowed (Crack Width 0.1 to 0.2 mm)

Check at Critical Sections

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Design Checks

Ultimate Limit State

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Bending

SECTION

FORCE RESULTANTS

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Non regular geometry easy to handle

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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IDEAL SOLUTION FOR TOWERS

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PROBLEM..?!?.......
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How to get all the potential benefits of flat frameless PT slabs, AND still provide suitable resistance to lateral actions?
Typical slab/column joint in PT slabs frameless slabs
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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Slab to act as diaphragm transferring lateral actions to shear walls

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Frameless PT slabs acting as diaphragm only, for lateral loads resistance

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Numerous walls for increased lateral resistance, if necessary

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Lack of coverage
Although Euro codes address pre-stressed concrete structures in general and flat slabs in another separate chapter, YET Post-Tensioned flat slabs are not specifically covered and very little is said concerning their detailing and mostly their behavior with respect to seismic actions.
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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A need to address
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The increasing popularity of the use of PostTensioned slabs in buildings should be enough reason for properly regulating their design in the Euro codes up to the level of other national current codes as in the ACI where a specific chapter is dedicated for this technique.

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy