PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND CONTROL TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

Gage Pressure

: Pressure measured relative to ambient atmospheric pressure. Referred to as pounds per square inch (gage) or psig : Pressure measured relative to high vacuum. Reffered to as pounds per square inch (absolute) or psia. : Vacuum measured relative to ambient atmospheric pressure. Referred to as pounds per square inch (vacuum) or psiv : Pressure measured relative to a reference pressure. Referred to as pounds per square inch (differential) or psid. : The maximum pressure that may be applied without changing performance beyound specifications. : The maximum pressure that may be applied without physical damage to the sensing element. : Combined error of linearity, hysteresis and repeatability. (Setra uses the root sum of the squares (RSS) method). : The maximum deviation of any calibration point, on a specified straight line during any one calibration cycle. (Setra uses the best straight line method). : The maximum difference in output, at any measured value within the specified range, when the value is approached first when increasing and then decreasing pressure. : The ability to reproduce output readings when the same pressure value is applied consecutively, under the same conditions and in same direction. : The external electrical voltage and/or current applied to a transducer for its proper operation. : The difference at any time between the reference input and a signal related to the controlled variable, (e.g) the reference input minus the primary feed back. : Action in which there is a pre-determined relation between value of the controlld variable and the time-avarage position of a final control element which is moved periodically from one of two fixed positions to the other.

Absolute Pressure

Vacuum

Differential Pressure

Proof Pressure

Burst Pressure

Accurancy

Linearity

Hysteresis

Repeatability

Excitation

Actuating Signal

Average-position Action

Control Agent

: That process energy (or) material of which the manipulated variable is a condition (or) characteristic. : The value of controlled variable which, under any fixed set of conditions, the automatic controller operates to maintain. : That quantity (or) condition of the controlled system which is directly measured and controlled. : The range of values through which the measured variable can be varied without initiating effective response. : Any definite delay between two related actions. This is measured in units of time; e.g. in counters, the time interval, after a count, during which a radiation detector and /or its circuit are insensitive to ionizing events. : The largest range of values of the measured variable to which the instruments will not effectively respond. : The difference between the instantaneous value of the controlled variable and the value of controlled value corresponding to the set point. : Applying to two-position controller action the smallest range of value through which the controlled variable must pass in order to move the final control element from one to the other of its final positions. : The conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) of the medium surrounding the case, of the transducer. : The length of time required for the output to rise to a specified percentage of its final value as are result of a step change in pressure. : The maximum change in output, at any pressure value within the specified range, when the temperature is changed from room temperature to specified temperature extremes. : The sensitivity shift due to changes of the ambient temperature fromt room temperature to the specified limits of the operating temperature range. : The zero shift due to changes of the ambient temperature from room temperature to the specified limits of the operating temperature range. : The ratio of the change in output to a change in the value of the measured pressure.

Control Point

Controlled variable

Dead Band

Dead Time

Dead Zone

Deviation

Differential Gap

Ambient Conditions

Response Time

Thermal Error

Thermal Sensitivity Shift

Thermal Zero Shift

Sensitivity

Actuation and Deactuation : The actuation point (sometimes called the set point) is the exact Point point at which the electrical circuit controlled by the switching element is opened (or closed) on increasing pressure or temperature. The deactuation points is the opposite, or the point at which the electrical circuit is closed (or opened) on decreasing pressure or temperature. Ambient Temperature Rang: The maximum and minimum temperature that will surround sensor during use and / or test. Critical Set Point : The critical set point is the set point of the unit which is held to the closes tolerance. It can be either the actuation (increasing) or deactuation (decreasing) point. : The difference between the actuation point and the deactuation point of a sensor. For instance, if a pressure switch reaches its actuation point and closes the snap action switch at 100 psi, it is in a actuated condition if the pressure then drops and the switch deactuates (returns to its normal condition) at 90 psi it is said to have a dead band of 10 psi. : Temper proof sensor which can be set at the factory to customer's requirements : A method of sealing the electrical switching element in a sensor so that it is unaffected by all ambient external corrosive agents and explosive gases. Sealing must be accomplished by soldering, brazing, welding and glass to metal fusion. : A factory set pressure switch available from stock, set to a predetermined set point.

Dead Band (Differential, Actuation Value)

Factory Set

Hermetic Seal

Preset

Pressure, Gage

Gage pressure uses atmospheric pressure as a reference, and therefore will vary according to the barometric reading. The maximum temperature of the media which the sensing portion of the switch can be subjected to without casing permanent damage. The amount of time (in seconds) in which the sensor operates after being subjected to a step temperature increase where the difference between the initial soak temperature and actuation temperature equals 63% of the step temperature. The response time is expressed for a designated floor (feet per second), media and system pressure (PSIG). : The number of degrees (Fahrenheit or Celsius) that media will increase in a unit of time (minute or second). The number of degrees above the actuation point that the media will be when the sensor operates. The bag is expressed for a designated rise rate (degrees per second), flow (feet per second), and system pressure (PSIG). The lag is determined by multiplying the rise rate by response time. Example: If a system with a constant flow, pressure, and rise rate of 10 degrees Fahrenheit per second incorporated a sensor with a

Proof Temperature

Response Time or Time Constant

Rise Rate or Ramp Rate

Temperature Lag

response time of the seconds, the lag would be 30 degrees. Final Control Element : That portion of the controlling means which directly changes the value of the manipulated variable. That in which there is a predetermined relation between the deviation and the rate of motion of a final control element. In a single or multispeed controller action, the rate of motion of the final control element. In proportional speed floating controller action, the rate of motion of the final control element.

Floating Action

Floating Speed

Floating Rate

Hunting

The undersirable oscillation of an automatic control system such that the controller variable overshoots the set point on both sides of the reference value without being able to settle on it. That in which the final control element is positioned in accordance with a time integral function of the controlled variable. Any deviation from instantaneously complete response to input signal. That in which two (or) more controller actions are combined. The steady-state difference between the control point and value of the controlled variable corresponding to the set point.

Integral Action

Lag Multiple Action Off Set

: : :

Proportional Position Action

That in which there is a continuous linear relation between Value of the controlled variable and position of a final control element. That in which there is a continuous linear relation between rate of change of the controlled variable and position of a final control element. Applying to proportional plus reset controller action and proportional plus rate controller action, the number of times per minutes that the effect of the proportional position action upon the final control element is repeated by the proportional speed floating action. : A device in which all the energy to operate the final control element is derived from the control medium through the primary element. An inherent characteristic of the process which aids in limiting deviation of the controlled variable. That in which a final control element is moved from one or two fixed positions to the other.

Rate Action

Rate Time

Self-operated Controller

Self-regulation

Two-position Action

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. BAILY CONTROLS USA KENT INSTRUMENTS UK MINCO PRODUCT INC USA HONEYWELL REGULATOR CO-USA PARKER HANNIFIN CORPN USA ASTEC INSTRUMENTS PRODUCT INFORMATION OF M/S.ARVIND PIPES AND FITTINGS PRODUCT INFORMATION OF M/S.EXCEL HYDROPNEUMATICS PATTNY CABLE TRAYS PRODUCT INFORMATION COMET GLANDS TRAY PRODUCT INFORMATION TCI CABLES PRODUCT INFORMATION M/S. POWER PRODUCTS PRODUCT INFORMATION CLOVER PRECISION PIPE FITTING MAHAVEER TUBES PRODUCT INFORMATION CATELOG KHANDELWAL CATALOG BST PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG BARKSDALE PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG EXCELOCK INSTRUMENT FITTINGS PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG AIR INDUSTRY PRODUCTS PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG MITSUBISHI INSTRUMENTATION PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG TUBES PRODUCT INFORMATION

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

UNITED ELECTRIC CONTROLS PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG ANAMET INC USA PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG STANDARDS IS, BS, ASTM, API 5L, ASME, ANSI TC LIMITED UK, PRODUCT INFORMATION CATALOG C & I ERECTION PRACTICE INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA