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De fi n i n g S i z e a n d Lo ca ti o n o f Ca p a ci to r i n El e ctr i ca l S ys te m ( 2)
Continued from part 1: Defining Size and Location of Capacitor in Electrical System (2)
Cont ent
1. If no- load current is known 2. If the no load current is not known Placement of power capacit or bank f or mot or: Placement of capacit ors in dist ribut ion syst em: Common capacit or react ive power rat ings
1.31In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 5.6% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 4.3) 1.19In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 7% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 3.8) 1.12In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 14% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 2.7) Note: Restrictions in Thermal settings of system with Detuned reactors are due to limitation of IMP (Maximum Permissible current) of the Detuned reactor.
B. Fuse Selection
The rating must be chosen to allow the thermal protection to be set to: 1.5 to 2.0 x Capacitor Current (In) for Standard Duty/Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors. 1.35In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 5.7% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 4.3) 1.2In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 7% Detuned Reactor (Tuning Factor 3.8) 1.15In for Heavy Duty/Energy Capacitors with 14% Detuned Reactor(Tuning Factor 2.7) For Star-solidly grounded systems: Fuse > = 135% of rated capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances, and harmonics ). For Star -ungrounded systems: Fuse > = 125% of rated capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances, and harmonics ). Care should be taken when using NEMA Type T and K tin links which are rated 150% . In this case, the divide the fuse rating by 1.50. Example 1: 150kvar,400v, 50Hz Capacitor Us = 400V; Qs = 150kvar, Un = 400V; Qn = 150kvar. Capacitor Current =1501000/400 =375 Amp To determine line current, we must divide the 375 amps by 3
In (Line Current) = 375/3 = 216A HRC Fuse Rating = 216 x1.65 = 356A to HRC Fuse Rating = 216 x 2.0 = 432A so Select Fuse Siz e 400 Amp Go to Content
A capacitor is properly siz ed when its full load current rating is 90% of the no-load current of the motor. This 90% rating avoids over correction and the accompanying problems such as overvoltages. Go to Content
T humb Rule:
It is widely accepted to use a thumb rule that Motor compensation required in kvar is equal to 33% of the Motor Rating in HP . Go to Content
and produce a voltage higher than the supply voltage. If the motor is switched on again before the speed has fallen to about 80% of the normal running speed, the high voltage will be superimposed on the supply circuits and there may be a risk of damaging other types of equipment. As a general rule the correct siz e of capacitor for individual correction of a motor should have a kvar rating not exceeding 85% of the normal No Load magnetizing KVA of the machine. If several motors connected to a single bus and require power factor correction, install the capacitor(s) at the bus. Go to Content
This location should be used for the motor loads with high inertia, where disconnecting the motor with the power capacitor bank can turn the motor into a self excited generator, motors that are jogged, plugged or reversed, motors that start frequently, multi- speed motors, starters that disconnect and reconnect capacitor units during cycling and starters with open transition.
Advantage
Larger, more cost effective capacitor banks can be installed as they supply kvar to several motors. This is recommended for jogging motors, multispeed motors and reversing applications.
Disadvantages
Since capacitors are not switched with the motors, overcorrection can occur if all motors are not running. Since reactive current must be carried a greater distance, there are higher line losses and larger voltage drops.
Applications
Large banks of fixed kVAR with fusing on each phase. Automatically switched banks Go to Content
Application:
Usually the best location for individual capacitors. Go to Content
Advantage
Can be switched on or off with the motors, eliminating the need for separate switching devices or over current protection. Also, only energiz ed when the motor is running. Since Kvar is located where it is required, line losses and voltage drops are minimiz ed; while system capacity is maximiz ed.
Disadvantages
Installation costs are higher when a large number of individual motors need correction. Overload relay settings must be changed to account for lower motor current draw.
Application
Usually the best location for individual capacitors. Go to Content
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Advantages
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvars.
P l a ce m e n t o f ca p a ci to r s i n d i s tr i b u ti o n s ys te m
Reduces the apparent power kVA demand, on which standing charges are usually based Relieves Reactive energy of Transformer , which is then able to accept more load if necessary
Limitation
Reactive current still flows in all conductors of cables leaving (i.e. downstream of ) the main LV distribution board. For this reason, the siz ing of these cables and power losses in them are not improved by the global mode of compensation. The losses in the cables (I 2R) are not reduced.
Application
Where a load is continuous and stable, global compensation can be applied No billing of reactive energy. This is the most economical solution, as all the power is concentrated at one point and the expansion coefficient makes it possible to optimiz e the capacitor banks Makes less demands on the transformer. Go to Content
Advantages
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvar. Reduces the apparent power Kva demand, on which standing charges are usually based. The siz e of the cables supplying the local distribution boards may be reduced, or will have additional capacity for possible load increases. Losses in the same cables will be reduced. No billing of reactive energy. Makes less demands on the supply Feeders and reduces the heat losses in these Feeders. Incorporates the expansion of each sector. Makes less demands on the transformer. Remains economical
Limitations
Reactive current still flows in all cables downstream of the local distribution Boards. For the above reason, the siz ing of these cables, and the power losses in them, are not improved by compensation by sector Where large changes in loads occur, there is always a risk of overcompensation and consequent overvoltage problems.
Application
Compensation by sector is recommended when the installation is extensive, and where the load/time patterns differ from one part of the installation to another. This configuration is convenient for a very widespread factory Area, with workshops having different load factors Go to Content
configuration is well adapted when the load power is significant compared to the subscribed power. This is the technical ideal configuration, as the reactive energy is produced exactly where it is needed, and adjusted to the demand.
Advantages
Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvars Reduces the apparent power kVA demand Reduces the siz e of all cables as well as the cable losses. No billing of reactive energy From a technical point of view this is the ideal solution, as the reactive energy is produced at the point where it is consumed. Heat losses (RI 2) are therefore reduced in all the lines. Makes less demands on the transformer.
Limitations
Significant reactive currents no longer exist in the installation. Not recommended for Electronics Drives. Most costly solution due to the high number of installations. The fact that the expansion coefficient is not incorporated.
Application
Individual compensation should be considered when the power of motor is significant with respect to power of the installation. Go to Content
5, 10, 15, 20 25, 35, 50, 60, 100 1 or 3 5, 10, 15, 20 25, 35, 50, 60, 100 1 or 3 50, 100, 150, 200 50, 100, 150, 200 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400 50, 100, 150, 200,300,400 1 1 1 1
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