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Energy Procedia 00 (2010) 000000

Energy
Proced|a

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GHGT-10
Dynamic simulation oI a carbon dioxide transIer pipeline Ior
analysis oI normal operation and Iailure modes
SteIan Liljemark
a
,1* Kenneth Arvidsson
a
, Michael T P Mc Cann
a
,
Hubertus Tummescheit
b
, Stephane Velut
b

a
Jattenfall Power Consultant AB, Box 475,SE-401 27 Gteborg, Sweaen
b
Moaelon AB, Iaeon Science Park, SE-22370 Luna, Sweaen
Elsevier use only: Received date here; revised date here; accepted date here
Abstract
Dynamical simulations have been perIormed Ior CO
2
transIer through a Iictive but realistic transport pipeline in
order to evaluate the risk oI phase transition during Ilow transients and pipe cooling. The simulation results provide
a better understanding oI transport phenomena during transport oI CO
2
Irom the capture point to the storage point oI
a carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. Two models were developed; one to describe pressure and Ilow
dynamics within the transport pipeline and the other to simulate transient cooling and the generation and
propagation oI pressure waves in the pipeline. Together these models were used to determine pressure and Ilow
Iluctuations during transient pipe cooling as well as during operation modes oI load change, start-up, shut-down, and
compressor trip. Pipe cooling was Iound to result in the slow Iormation oI two-phase Ilow. Quick shut-down and
load change led to the occurrence oI two phase Ilow which was restricted to the vertical section oI pipeline
(injection pipe) by controlling the Ilow through the Iinal control valve. Quick shut-down created pressure
oscillations in the pipe with a maximum amplitude oI 3 bar. During start-up mode it took 12 days to completely Iill
the pipeline, 6 days oI which involved Ilow in the two-phase region. Compressor trip showed no sign oI crossing the
phase boundary.

2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Keywords: carbon dioxide, transport, CCS, two-phase-Ilow, pipeline

Introduction
VattenIall, as one oI Europe`s largest energy producers, is currently involved in the development oI cleaner
electricity through the VattenIall CCS program. The program aims at making commercial CCS concepts available
by 2020 and includes major research and development activities Iocused on capture, storage and transport processes.
SuccessIul implementation oI the capture and storage steps is largely dependent on the success with which CO
2
can

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 31629718; Iax: +46 31629750.
E-mail aaaress: steIan.liljemarkvattenIall.com
c 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.215
2 Author name / Energy Proceaia 00 (2010) 000000
be economically and saIely transported between the sites under the high pressure |1| required to maintain CO
2
in the
dense liquid phase. As saIety is oI paramount importance, any risks that may prevent the saIe operation oI CO
2

transport pipelines must be identiIied and subsequently eliminated or controlled. Several reports have identiIied
many such risks |2-5| one oI which is associated with the Iormation oI gas phase CO
2
within the pipeline resulting
Irom a decrease in pressure or increase in temperature. Two phase Ilow can lead to the occurrence oI cavitation or
water-hammer with the associated problems oI noise, vibration and pipe erosion and ultimately, pipe Iailure.
It appears that little work has been carried out on the dynamics oI CO
2
transport pipeline systems. Munkejord et al.
|3| as part oI the CO
2
dynamics project, used a two phase multi component driIt Ilux model to describe the transport
oI a CO
2
/CH
4
mixture in a transport pipeline aIter having experienced a pressure drop Irom 60 bar to 30 bar.
Klausman |6| presents a pressure and temperature proIile across a 300 km long transport pipeline (with a pressure
booster at 170 km) into which CO
2
is Ied at 130 bar and 40
0
C and the Iluid was Iound to completely remain above
the critical point oI 73.8 bar throughout. Klausman |6| also presented the evolution oI pressure and temperature at
start-up. Both studies are very useIul in the scheme oI understanding CO
2
pipeline dynamics however neither
investigate the outcome oI diIIerent operating modes and scenarios.
Knowledge, on how diIIerent operating modes aIIect the physical state oI CO
2
within a pipeline and the
consequences oI changes oI state, is crucial Ior the development oI CCS. The objective oI the work presented in this
report is thereIore to derive an accurate dynamical model oI CO
2
transport in pipelines and, based upon that model,
simulate a series oI diIIerent operation and Iailure modes to understand the eIIect that such modes have on the Iluid
pressure and temperature with a view to evaluating the risk oI two phase Ilow occurring.

ModeIIing and simuIation
Transport oI a CO
2
/N
2
Iluid mixture, consisting oI 98 CO
2,
was modelled within a segmented 31.2 km long
pipeline consisting oI two horizontal pipes and one vertical pipe (injection pipe) stretching between a compressor
and a geological storage reservoir as shown inFigure 1. Pipes 1 and 2 were 15 km long and pipe 3 was 1.2 km long.
All three pipelines had a diameter oI 0.3 m. Valves 1, 2, and 3 were control valves and valve 4 was a shut-oII valve.
Valves 1 and 4 also acted as check valves to prevent backIlow. The temperature at the compressor outlet was 40
0
C. The opening oI valve 3 was controlled throughout in order to maintain the Iluid in the horizontal section (pipe 1
and pipe 2) above 85 bar.
Compressor
VaIve 1 VaIve 2
VaIve 4
Storage
reservoir
Pipe 1 15 km
VaIve 3
Pipe 2 15 km
Pipe 3 1.2 km

Figure 1. Pipe layout oI CO

2
transport pipeline used in the simulations
Simulations were carried out using Modelica within the Dymola environment. The GERG-2004 wide-range
equation oI state |7| was used to predict those Iluid properties required Ior wave equation computation including
pure CO
2
properties derived Irom |8|. All other properties were determined using a model presented by Span and
Wagner |9|. The pipeline was discretized into individual nodes each with an inlet and outlet denoted subscript i1
and i2 respectively. Twelve segments were used Ior pipe 1 and 2 and eight segments were used Ior pipe 3 (total
no. oI segments 32). Flow and pressure dynamics were modelled using the transmission line model (TLM)
presented by Krus and Gunnarsson |10| to yield equation 1 which describes the pressure in the pipeline at node
position i. P, Z
c
and Q denote pressure, acoustic impedance and volumetric Ilow rate respectively. The variable C is
S. Liljemark et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047 3041
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associated with the travelling pressure wave and is described by equation 2 and 3.
) ( ) ( s C Q s Z P
i i c i
(1)
) ) ( ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 1 1 1
Q s H P e s G Q s H C
sT
f


(2)
) ) ( ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 2 2 2
Q s H P e s G Q s H C
sT
f



(3)
TransIer Iunctions Z
c
, H, and G
f
, are Iunctions oI the CO
2
/N
2
mixture Iluid properties as indicated in Figure 2, which
shows a linear time variant representation oI the pipeline model |10|. Z
c
denotes the acoustic impedance, and is the
product oI Iluid density, the speed oI sound and the inverse oI the pipe area. Time dependent Iluid properties were
computed continuously at the pipe node inlet. A Irequency dependent Iriction model |11|, which has been reported
to agree better with experimental observations, was implemented into the TLM model.

Figure 2. Linear time variant representation oI the pipeline model |3|.

For the vertical pipe leading to the underground reservoir, the eIIect oI static head (gL) was combined with
equation 1. An equation presented in |9| was used Ior calculation oI the speed oI sound with adjustments |12|, made
to account Ior the elasticity oI the pipe.

To model heat transIer through the pipe during transient cooling, an energy balance was carried out over an
inIinitesimal length oI the pipe to yield equations 4 and 5 |13| which describe the rate oI heat transIer in a horizontal
pipe and vertical pipe respectively. k, h, D, T and T
grouna
denote the ground heat conductivity, burial depth, pipe
diameter, pipeline temperature and ground temperature respectively.
) (
2
cosh
2
) (
grouna
T T
D
h
a
k
T q

(4)
) (
ln
2
) (
grouna
T T
D
D
k
T q

(5)
Partial diIIerential equations were developed Irom Equations 4 and 5 and integrated across the pipe length to yield
expressions Ior the relationship between inlet and outlet temperature. SpeciIic heat capacity was assumed constant
and internal energy was taken as being approximately equal to the enthalpy. For the start up simulations, due to the
presence oI two-phase Ilow, a Iinite-volume model Irom the CombiPlant library |14| was used with the dynamic
momentum term removed in order to aid Iaster simulation. Pressure waves were not relevant in the start-up
simulation.

ResuIts & Discussion
Line cooling
During stoppage oI a CO
2
capture plant, the pressure oI the pipe Iluid will drop and the transport pipeline will
gradually cool down to the surrounding ground temperature which, in the case oI this study, is taken as 6
0
C. A
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temperature and pressure drop at constant density were simulated over a period oI 40 h and Iound to lead to the
Iormation oI gas phase CO
2
in the pipeline as indicated on the pressure enthalpy (P-h) curve shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Pressure-enthalpy diagram showing transient cooling at pipe inlet, middle and outlet.
Crossing oI the phase boundary was Iirst observed aIter 50 min at the pipeline inlet where the temperature is highest
aIter which the vapour Iraction oI CO
2
increased with decreasing pressure to the steady state pressure oI 40 bar.
The vapour mass Iraction was Iound to be relatively low as shown in Figure 4 where it can be observed that, aIter
1.5 h, a two phase region consisting oI 15.5 w/w vapour existed at the compressor outlet. AIter 70 h, a two phase
region comprising oI 10.5 w/w vapour existed at the compressor outlet and 5.5 w/w vapour at the pipe outlet.

Figure 4. Vapour Iraction oI CO
2
along the transport pipeline length.
The results in Figure 3 and Figure 4 indicate that two phase Ilow will occur during stoppage oI the capture plant
unless the pressure in the pipeline can in someway be maintained above the critical pressure oI CO
2
.

Compressor trip
In contrast to the controlled stop oI the previous case, a Iast step decrease in pressure was implemented at the
pipeline inlet in order to simulate the eIIect oI compressor trip. A Iirst order Iilter, with a time-constant oI 3 min,
was used to model the compressor inertia. Figure 5 shows the change in pressure and mass Ilow rate aIter the
compressor was stopped at time t 0 s. Check valves 1 and 4 closed automatically aIter the compressor stop. Valve
1 was closed at t 8 s Iollowed by valve 4 closed at t 700 s. The Iluid mixture was Iound to remain in the liquid
phase within the horizontal length oI the pipeline, throughout the 1500 s simulation. AIter valve 3, the pressure can
S. Liljemark et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047 3043
Author name / Energy Proceaia 00 (2010) 000000 5
be seen to drop to 66 bar thereIore suggesting that, although the risk Ior two phase Ilow in the horizontal section is
low, two phase Ilow in the vertical section oI pipe is evident.

Figure 5. Change in (a) pressure and (b) mass Ilow aIter compressor trip

Load change
To simulate the eIIect oI a load change, the mass Ilow rate in the pipeline was varied linearly at a rate oI 4 /min
between values oI 90, 15 105 and 50 oI the nominal reIerence load oI 100 kgs
-1
. The mass Ilow rate in the
middle oI the line was used as a Ieedback pressure control signal and the pressure required to maintain the set-point
Ilow rate is shown in Figure 6 Ior a bottom-hole pressure (BHP) oI 122 bar. The corresponding Ilow rates through
each oI the control valves are shown in Figure 7. A large pressure drop across valve 3 (Irom 85 bar to 66 bar) was
necessary in order to maintain the pressure in the horizontal pipe section above the critical pressure. For this reason
two phase Ilow was observed aIter valve 3 in the region which represents the vertical section oI the pipe.

Figure 6. Variation in pressure as a result oI a linear load change oI 4 /min between values oI 90, 15 105 and 50 oI the
nominal load.
3044 S. Liljemark et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047
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Figure 7. Variation in Ilow rate as a result oI a linear load change oI 4 /min between values oI 90, 15 105 and 50 oI the
nominal load.
Quick shut-down
A quick shut-down mode was initiated by ramping down the valve opening oI all the valves over a period oI 60 s.
In addition to the quick shut down oI the valves, the compressor was stopped and modelled as a compressor trip as
described Ior the previous case in section 3.3. The resulting change in pressure and Ilow rate is shown in Figure 8
(a) and (b) respectively. Pressure waves were generated in every isolated pipe section. The pressure oscillations
were largest at the outlet oI valves 1 and 2. The maximum amplitude oI the pressure waves is 3 bar (+1.5 bar) with
a period oI 140 s Ior valve 1 and 150 s Ior valve 2. The mass Ilow rate was Iound to oscillate in the horizontal pipe
section with an amplitude oI 80 kgs
-1
at t 100 s dropping oII to 10 kgs
-1
at t 500 s (+40 kgs
-1
). The Ilow rate in
the vertical pipe section was less than 0.1 kgs
-1
. The lowest pressure in the line was observed at the outlet oI valve 3
where a pressure oI 62 bar was observed aIter 65 s. This is 15 bar below the critical pressure which suggests that
two phase Ilow is likely in that region.


(a)

(b)
Figure 8. Change in (a) pressure and (b) mass Ilow rate aIter quick shut-down.
S. Liljemark et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047 3045
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Start-up
Start-up was simulated by assuming a choked Ilow oI 0.1 m
3
s
-1
through the compressor. Figure 9 shows the start-up
process Irom a starting state oI 10 bar and 6
0
C up to the operating state oI 110 bar and 40
0
C. The entire process
took a total oI 12 days and, as shown in Figure 9, the pipeline Iluid entered into the two-phase region aIter 4.5 days
and completely leIt the two phase region aIter 9 days. Figure 10 shows the evolution oI pressure and Ilow rate
during the pipe Iilling. The Iilling process becomes much quicker aIter 9 days when, as indicated in Figure 9, the
pipe Iluid is entirely in the dense liquid phase.


Figure 9. P-h diagram showing the start-up process Irom 10 bar to 110 bar. The three horizontal lines represent the pipeline state
at t 3 days, 10 days and 12 days aIter the compressor was started. The liquid phase exists to the leIt oI the critical point, vapour
phase to the right oI the critical point and the two phase region exists below the saturation line.

Figure 10. Evolution oI pressure and Ilow rate during start-up.
Although the data is not shown here, a simulation was carried out starting Irom atmospheric pressure and in that
case the total time to reach 110 bar, was 23 days. This considerably longer time was as a result oI the much lower
starting density.
3046 S. Liljemark et al. / Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 30403047
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ConcIusions
A model was developed to describe the Iluid dynamics oI CO
2
in transport pipelines. Using this model, dynamical
simulations were carried out Ior a 31.2 km pipeline to investigate pressure and Ilow Iluctuations during transient
pipe cooling and under operation modes oI load change, start-up, shut-down, and compressor trip. OI all the
scenarios studied, compressor trip was the only one Ior which the pipeline Iluid did not cross the phase boundary in
any part oI the pipe. Pipe cooling, aIter a planned plant stoppage, led to the slow Iormation oI two-phase Ilow aIter
50 min. Quick shut-down and load change presented a considerable risk Ior the occurrence oI two phase Ilow which
was restricted to the vertical section oI pipeline (injection pipe) by controlling the Ilow through the Iinal control
valve. Quick shut-down yielded pressure oscillations in the pipe with a maximum amplitude oI 3 bar. It took 12 days
to completely Iill the pipeline during start-up mode, 6 days oI which consisted oI two-phase Ilow. The simulations
demonstrate that preventative measures are required to help avoid two-phase Ilow. Such measures will be the Iocus
oI the next stage in CO
2
pipeline simulations.


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