Simple Control of Buck Converters

Anders Hultgren Blekinge Institute of Technology

Abstract A simple model and simple controllers for the Ericssons BMR450 is presented.

Introduction

DC/DC converters are cascaded in order to generate proper load voltages. Rectied line voltage is normally converted to 48V, which then, by a bus voltage regulating converter also called the line conditioner converter (LCC), is converted to the bus voltage, e.g. 12V. A point of load (POL) converter transform the 12V into to a suitable load voltage, a fraction of or some few Volt. All three cascaded converters are individually controlled in order to keep the output voltage constant. In this presentation we focus on the POL converter implemented as ericssons buck converter BMR450. In this paper modelling, discretization and control of a simple Buck converter is presented.

Modelling of a Buck converter

A simple Buck converter can be modelled as where V is the input voltage to the converter and I is the load current. The network can model as a graph where and can be described as 0 0 1 0 uV iV iC 0 0 1 1 uC = uL 1 1 0 0 iL 0 1 0 0 uI iI

A ABC-dierential equation system is given by 1 1 d uC 0 C 0 C uC V = + 1 . 1 i 0 i 0 I dt L L L L

Including the constitutive equations, the system is modelled by iV uV 0 0 1 0 C uC 0 0 1 1 uC idt = L L 1 1 0 0 iL dt 0 1 0 0 iI uI

(1)

The input voltage V is controlled by pulse width modulation, PWM, i.e. part of a cycle time, the input voltage is V and the rest of the cycle time the input voltage is zero. The duty cycle, D = [0, 1], is the relative time of the cycle time that the supply voltage is connected to the inductor, i.e. the input is V . Part of the time the circuit is modelled by (1) and part of the time the circuit is modelled by 1 1 d uC 0 C 0 C uC V = + . (2) 1 L 0 iL 0 0 I dt iL 2

The system can be simulated by use of the ABC-forms. The system can be modeled as an average system, by (3) or as a switched system by (1) and (2). See m-le, BuckDiscCont.m.

The duty cycle, D, is the control signal to the Buck converter. A simple average model of the Buck converter using the duty cycle as the input control signal is given by 1 1 d uC 0 C D uC 0 C . (3) = + V 1 I L 0 iL 0 dt iL L

2.1

Discrete transfer function

d x = Ax + Bu dt y = Cx

Given the system

the transfer function is given by Y = C (sI A)1 B U The transfer function of the averaged Buck converter from the input signal u = D to the output signal y = uC is given by 1 1 Y 0 s0 0 C = 10 1 V L 0 0s U L V . (4) = CLs2 + 1 The system can be discretized for a certain sampling interval, h. Each sampling instant a measurement signal value and a control signal value are generated. In order to discretize the system, we have to use a model for the input signal shape inbetween the sampling instants. A standard shape is that the control signal is constant between the samplings. Matlab can be used for the discretization, dsys=c2d(sys,h,zoh), where dsys is the discrete systen, sys is the continuous system, h is the sampling interval, and zoh is zero order hold as the model of the input signal inbetween the sampling instants. The continuous system (4)can be generated as a Matlab model as sys=tf(V,[C*L 0 1]). You can verify the discretization by use of a step response plot for the two systems, step(sys), hold on, step(dsys), hold o.

2.2

Controller

The controller can also be modelled as a discrete transfer function, designed in order to get a certain poles (eigenvalues) in the closed system. Given a second order discrete system H (z ) = b1 z + b2 Y (z ) = 2 , U (z ) z + a1 z + a2 b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 = 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 B (z ) = . A (z )

(5) (6)

The transfer function can be expressed as a dierence equation y (k) = a1 y (k 1) a2 y (k 2) + b1 u (k 1) + b2 u (k 2) A controller is introduced as a general dierence equation of the same order as the systems dierence equation u (k) = Kr yref (k)d0 y (k)d1 y (k 1)d2 y (k 2)c1 u (k 1)c2 u (k 2) The controller can be given as a Z-transform U (z ) = Kr d0 + d1 z 1 + d2 z 2 Y (z ) + Yref (z ) 1 2 1 + c1 z + c2 z 1 + c1 z 1 + c2 z 2 D (z ) Kr = Y (z ) + Yref (z ) C (z ) C (z ) (7) (8)

The closed system is then given by (5) and (7) B (z ) D (z ) B (z ) Kr Y (z ) + Yref (z ) A (z ) C (z ) A (z ) C (z ) Y (z ) B (z ) Kr = Yref (z ) A (z ) C (z ) + B (z ) D (z ) Y (z ) = By introducing a factor 1 z 1 in C (z ), called integral action, and by choosing Kr = D (1) the stationary closed transfer function is given by Y (z ) B (z ) Kr = Yref (z ) A (z ) (1 z 1 ) C 0 (z ) + B (z ) D (z ) Y (1) B (1) D (1) = Yref (1) A (1) (1 1) C (1) + B (1) D (1) =1 4

This implies that the output signal Y stationary will be equal to the input value Yref . The controller polynoms are then given by D (z ) = d0 + d1 z 1 + d2 z 2 C (z ) = 1 z 1 1 + cz 1

In the BMR450 the control parameter c = 0 and the D polynom is factorized D (z ) = K 1 zp1 z 1 1 zp2 z 1 C (z ) = 1 z 1 . By choosing the parameters is is possible to stabilize the system, see m-le. A simpler controller can be designed if no integral action is used. The polynoms can then be given by D (z ) = K 1 zp1 z 1 C (z ) = 1 See m-le.