Time Evolution of the Near Borehole Zone in Sandstone Reservoir through the Time-Lap...

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SPWLA 43 rAnnual Logging Symposiu

Time Evolution of the Near Borehole Zone in Sandstone Reservoir through the Time-Lapse Data of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Logging
M. Epov 1, I. Yeltsov 1, A. Kashevarov 2, A. Sobolev 1, and V. Ulyanov 1
Institute of Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Division 2 Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Division

ABSTRACT
Geoelectrical and hydrodynamic characteristics of the near borehole space carry the large volume of information on petrophysic peculiarities of reservoirs. On the one hand, time evolution of a zone of drilling mud invasion into formation impedes an estimation of resistivity in the undisturbed part of reservoir. On the other hand, the invaded zone itself can be considered as a target for investigation. Present day multi-probe tools for electromagnetic logging have provided determination of the spatial resistivity distribution in the near borehole zone in details. Along with the tools, theoretical-algorithmic means for modeling hydrodynamic processes in porous media filled with two-phase fluid have been developed. Combined analysis of both electrodynamic and hydrodynamic processes in reservoirs is a key to increase the reliability of interpretation of electromagnetic logs. The models describing drilling mud circulat the bottomhole have been considered with allow finite sizes of the tool, growth and erosion of a cake, filtration of two immiscible fluids such as and oil, and salt transport. The model takes also account the rock compressibility and viscosity The results of the 2D-modeling of displacem and formation water from the near borehole zon given for different drilling regimes and hydroph parameters of reservoirs. The main types of the tion of characteristics in the invaded zone based modeling experiments and analysis of the resist dependence on the porosity, concentration, and saturation are considered. The inversion results of logs as in vertical s zontal boreholes are discussed by the concrete f data.

INTRODUCTION The zone of drilling mud filtrate invasion into formations is seen as the complicated part of formation surrounding a borehole being changed in time. As a rule, the invaded zone is represented as a uniform cy-

Sounding, VIKIZ in Russian abbreviation (In tion Technology of Oil and Gas Boreholes... and High-Frequency Electromagnetic Loggin ing, VEMKZ, as the nine-probe modification et al, 1999). We have considered the model of a near

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rule, the invaded zone is represented as a uniform cy lindrical layer with invariable resistivity. For water-oil saturated formations, the model is added by a bordering zone with invariable resistivity. The electromagnetic logging data most reflects a radial change in conductance of the near borehole space. It is suffice to determine formation resistivity. The radial resistivity distribution in an invaded zone and its time evolution carry information on petrophysic parameters of reservoirs. Researches (Alert, 1991) point that the new understanding of invasion gives information on productivity. Over the last decade, new multi-probe tools for induction and electromagnetic logging have been developed. The tools provide measurement of considerable amount of characteristics that allows estimation of the actual spatial resistivity distribution in the near borehole zone. From this point of view, we consider the data on time-lapse measurements by the method of High-Frequency Induction Logging Isoparametric

W zone and time evolution of the zone based on tion of direct hydrodynamics problems using type formula. HYDRODYNAMIC MODELIN Basic factors determining processes in th borehole space during drilling and after it are tion of drilling mud, creation and erosion of within reservoir intervals, filtration of fluids oil), and salt transport. The last two factors d the degree of rock compressibility. The follo ciples are applied for the proposed model. Pressure flow of drilling mud in a boreho eled within the context of hydraulic approxim Cross sections of modeled targets are consid much smaller than linear sizes. In this case, t section rate is equal to mean one. Drilling m fills up a borehole, and pressure flow is desc

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SPWLA 43 'Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002 the nonlinear steady-state equation. If drilling mud losses in a borehole are less than 5 %, then when calculating the head distribution, these losses can also be neglected. The rate of mud cake growth on the borehole wall is proportional to loss of drilling mud into formation. Transport of mud solids into formation that is accompanied by a change in porosity in the near borehole zone is not taken into account. Two-phase filtration of immiscible fluids (oil and water) is described by the Bukley-Leverett model without regards for capillary forces. Relatively short-time processes are considered when the vertical drift due to different density of liquid phases can be neglected. For modeling salt transport, the equation of conservative impurity transport is used. The effect of hydrodynamic depression is proposed to be very minor. Formation compressibility is taken into account by introducing the linear dependence of porosity on pressure. The model considered does not take account for some factors that can affect results in the general case /a,,, and/aoi are viscosity of water and that of tively, P is pressure, 6 is elasticity coefficient drodynamic head, and y is the specific weigh rous fluid. For the concentration C that is transferred ter phase, the salt transport equation is realize

-7(rmSwC)+ (CVr)+ O---(Cv:)=O, Vr=

aZ

We assign as boundary so initial conditio drodynamic head assuming that at the initial at the right boundary of the region, the head i formation one

Oh -q = (k w + koi)-r It=r= fl(h

Oh hr=L=hr, z :=0 =0,

7.=L_

If flow is directed from a boundary inwar gion, it is necessary to assign the value of wa

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some factors that can affect results in the general case. Among these are action of capillary forces and drilling mud losses into formation. It is supposed that a drilling tool is moved uniformly but it does not always happen. In a lot of cases, the model adequately describes the basic factors accompanying hole drilling. On the model base, numerical modeling hydrodynamic processes in the near borehole zone is possible. Two-phase filtration is governed by Bukley-Leverett equations with the additional condition that the sum of saturation of water and oil phases s,,+sol = 1 (Antontsev et al., 1989; Charnyi, 1963). For the 2D region f2={r e< r< L, 0<z<L:} there is the set of two transport equations: for water saturation &, The loss module is determined by the for The boundary condition for the total rate borehole wall includes the function of hydrau in a borehole u(z,O that is determined on the hydraulic equations. The following equations ized for flow-in tion

S[r=rh=l, S[r=L-Sf.

__
C3Qcqz = 2errefl(h r=, -u), Q = -K -

a (rmS) = &

(rk(S)-r +-z (r,z)f)

Oh) a (k(&) Oh),

-z

K = o)K.R 1/2 , o9 is the cross-section ar

draulic radius of a flow cross-section, and Kc coefficient. Boundary conditions for salt transport eq assigned only where concentration is brough mation, the concentration being equal to that tion water or drilling mud. Additionally, initi tions are imposed for water saturation and co tion

P h=--+z, Y

and for oil saturation &,z

a (rrnSo, ,) = 0 ah) a-7 g(rko,,(So,,)-g +

S [t

a +--(rko,,(Soi,)
&

Ohm,rn = mo(Z)+6P
#z

w =0

=S

f'

C[t

The parameter/3 includes mud cake thick that determines exchange of water between a and formation p = (/371 + d / k)-l. The rate o growth is proportional to the filtration rate fr hole into formation and it is determined by th tiond,' = -a'(dma x -d)"q

Here rb is the borehole radius, r, z are radial and vertical coordinates, rn is the formation porosity; /%, and

kojl are phase permeability of water and of oil phases,

respectively.

(0 <_ n

mud cake filtration factor and dmx is the mu maximum thickness.

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SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium, When drilling at the bottomhole, flow-in Q(t) is assigned, and at the earth surface, the head Uo is assigned. Numerical calculations were executed with using implicit finite-difference schemes and by iterative method of variable directions (Samarsky, 1977; nificant, a resistivity change near the invaded formation boundary is minor. A bordering zo distinguished. It results in the underestimation depth of invasion when interpreting for the cy cally-layered model. Wh b h l i d ill d i h d hi h

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Kashevarov, 1998). ARCHIE-TYPE FORMULA AND SOME ITS CHARACTERISTICS Parameters used in hydrodynamic modeling can be connected with resistivity by the Archie-type formula analogous to that in the work (Zhange et al., 1999).

When borehole is drilled with mud which tion is higher that that of formation water, bot concentration and water saturation decrease o from borehole (C'r, S'r -< 0). The resistivity c increase (,o _> 0). We pay particular attention to the case wh rosity depends linearly on the relative pressur + cP. In the process of drilling, the zone with pressure differential occurs in formation at th

t0 = a(C + Co)-P Swqm -q .

(1)

hole that can effect on the character of the res distribution. Actually, in this case we have

Here/9 is electrical resistivity, C is the relative concentration of salts (Co is constant), and m is porosity. Exponents p, q are determined by petrophysical condition and these are chosen from a priory data in each particular case. Thus, the porosity exponent q (cementation factor) depends on lithological characteristic of the rock and it changes in the wide ranges (from 1.3 to 2.3). For consolidated sandstones with the porosity of 15% that will be considered further, the exponent is q 1.8-1.9. We consider some characteristics of the resistivity distribution in the near borehole zone that result from analysis of the formula (1). We restrict our consideration to the case when the porosity and temperature are constant. We obtain the derivative of resistivity with respect to the radius ' ( p,. =-p p(C +Co)-'C; + qS w (Sw) r . (2) ,) instead of (1). Sign of the last summand is known since decreases outward from a borehole (P < 0) du drilling process. The pressure gradient may b significant at the bottomhole and the value of summand can be comparable with the first tw mands. This is necessary to take into account analyzing results of resistivity measurement. THE ANALYSIS OF RESULT We modeled the displacement of oil and water by drilling mud filtrate from the near b zone. We give here the results of numerical c for the reservoir of 15 m thickness lying with meable shales. The reservoir consists of three Let us consider different dependences C(r), S,,, = S(r). The concentration C(r) is an increasing function (C > 0) and the formation is water saturated (S,,- 1). In this case p < O, that is the resistivity monotonically decreases. In the sections with invariable concentration, the resistivity does not change. In the most interesting situations, the concentration C(r) increases (C > 0) and water saturation Sw(r) decreases (S < 0). Oil presents in the formation. The resistivity distribution may be non-monotone. There may appear a zone where the resistivity increases (p > 0). It is possible if the condition with different oil saturation and the same hyd characteristics (filtration factor ko = 6.25.10 rosity m = 0.2, elasticity coefficient 6 = 10-4 being 5 m thick. Relative salt concentrations tion water and drilling mud are equal to Cw = = 1, respectively. Oil saturation changes with from the top to the depth of 5 m, the value of tion is 0.95, that is 0.8 in the middle reservoir m), and that is 0.55 from the depth of 10 m to voir bottom. Null flow condition was assigne and bottom of reservoir. Invariable pressure e formation one was assigned at the right boun region. Time is reckoned from the instant when a tool entered reservoir. After drilling was stop in was considered to be null. In this case, pre is realized. Such zones may appear as in the region of the contact of drilling mud filtrate with formation water at the high oil saturation, so in the vicinity of a borehole in the region where formation water is wholly displaced (C = 0). When the oil content in formation is insigborehole became equal to hydrostatic one and somewhat higher than formation pressure at t boundary. The basic parameters of borehole drilling following: the rate of drilling was 12.5 m/h, d diameter and length were 0.17 m and 30 m, r

joe =-t9 p(C+Co)-ICr +q S w S +

'

',

p(C + Co)-' C; < q s.-'1s21

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SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002 tively, drill-rod and borehole diameter was 0.08 m and 0.216 m, respectively. Figures 1 and 2 show isolines of both the concentration and water saturation for two times (2.5, 35 hours). Spatial distributions of both the concentration and water saturation are essentially different for different times and corresponding regimes of filtration processes in the near borehole zone. The nature of flow near the top and bottom differs from that in the middle reservoir part. After a drilling tool has drilled reservoir, flow in the upper reservoir part may be directed to borehole. Light flows to the borehole produce partial smearing the both concentration and water saturation near the reservoir top because of long-time effect of these flows (during the whole drilling). Vertical overflows can fully change the hydrodynamic image of filtration in the near borehole zone. Redistribution of saturation and concentration of salts takes place mainly at the bottomhole zone while drilling. Then fronts move monotonically deeper into formation under overpressure in the borehole or drilling mud is partly displaced from formation into the borehole. It depends on the relation between formation pressure and pressure in the borehole. The long-term period between drilling and logging may produce significant redistribution of concentration and water saturation. Filtration flow has pronounced spatial nature. Low permeable shaly beds divide the filtration region into separate layers between which fluids don't circulate. So, the spatial distribution of saturation and concentration of salts is different in petrophysic properties for different formation parts. This is due to effect of reflecting and insulating properties of both the top and bottom on spatial character of flow at the bottomhole zone. Using (1), (2), let us examine the radial resistivity distribution in the central parts of three layers (Fig. 3). Depths of drilling mud filtrate invasion are slightly different, whereas differences in resistivity distributions are distinctive. The upper layer (Sot = 0.95) is a reservoir with decreasing invasion (Fig. 3-a). It is characterized by insignificant changes in resistivity with time. The concentration front is narrow, therefore resistivity in the near When inversion was executed, the invade divided into intervals (ri_l, r,) for which the v resistivity pwere determined. The inverse pro minimizing misfit function is solved by varia v2(O,d) : 1, o(l;,d) : S:. The narrow maximum on resistivity curve lower reservoirs with low oil content attracts tion. In water-saturated formations such a zon observed.

INTERPRETATION OF VEMKZ LO The results of hydrodynamic modeling ca formed into the spatial distribution of resistiv a borehole using formula (1). The same distri be reconstructed from data of electromagneti Thus, there is a model linkage between invers of electromagnetic logging and petrophysic tics of formations such as the porosity, concen and water-oil saturation. We have used data of High-Frequency El netic Logging Soundings (VEMKZ in Russia abbreviation). The VEMKZ tool includes nin coil probes. Signals oscillate in the range 0.87 MHz. Probe spacing is from 0.5 m to 2 m. Ph differences are measured between close arran receiver coils (Petrov at al., 1999). Radial resistivity distributions in every lay been obtained from the results of 2D inversio Functions of both the distribution of concentr

q)l(r, dj) within the interval (ll < r < 12)

saturation Sw = o2(r, d2) in the invaded zone are determined by the (1) and direct 2D hydro modeling. Here l and l: a geometrical parame problem determining the spatial distribution o tration and water saturation. Parameters dl an taking account for peculiarities of physical pr formations with various petrophysic characte additional conditions:

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g borehole zone is mainly determined by a change in water saturation. The middle layer (Sot- 0.8; Fig. 3-b) is a reservoir with increasing invasion including the bordering zone with decreasing invasion. The presence of a zone with decreasing resistivity is peculiar for the sufficiently wide range of oil saturation values of formation (from 0.6 to 0.9). With time, a noticeable change in the near borehole zone resistivity occurs. The resistivity is nearly as twice as high in the most flushed formation part 35 hours after drilling. The lower (Sot = 0.55; Fig. 3-c) is characterized by increasing invasion. A bordering zone is not observed. A change in resistivity 35 hours after drilling in the most flushed formation part is more than 1/3.
3

and l: values. Misfit function is constructed w to conductance o

J. = Z,((-,_,)/ p,-,).
i=1

The values of formation resistivity pf beh vaded zone (r > l:) are used for normalization physic characteristics of formation. After cha features of filtrate invasion into formation ha revealed, the additional parameters dl and d2 ting accuracy of the distribution of both conc and water saturation distribution to be improv

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SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium, formations with close petrophysic characteristics, the parameters dl, d2 are nearly the same. After fitting distributions of concentrations and water saturation, the problem on porosity determination was solved. When solving an inverse problem, the absence of information on the value of the coefficient a in formula (1) presents most difficulties. If this coefficient is given, then knowledge of the relation between concentrations of both formation water and drilling mud allow determination of the formation porosity. Otherwise, only the value of some generalized parameter
M = a m -q can be obtained.

Figure 6 shows the inversion results in the saturated interval (2153-2160 m) with the hig tent (Sot = 0.8), the cementation factor q 2. T resistivity is about 23.2 ohm.m, maximum de drilling mud invasion is about 0.76 M. The re the borehole vicinity is 46.2 ohm.m, it decrea 18.5 ohm.m far away from the borehole. Furt bordering zone with resistivity 9.8 ohm-m is Here the distributions of both the concentratio and water saturation are given as well. These have also special features of productive form porosity determined from inversion results in case m 0.2. NIME OF THE NEAR BOREHOLE Z HORIZONTAL BOREHOL The main features of processes being obs boreholes with the horizontal completion agr those for vertical boreholes. But for quantitati mation it necessary to execute the 3D hydrod modeling by analogy with above 2D problem lows coordination of electrodynamics and hy namic characteristics of productive formation up and solution of a 3D problem are of great significance but these are not yet realized.

Let us consider the results of combined inversion by concrete experimental data obtained in one of exploration boreholes in West Siberia. Logging was performed 10 days after drilling. Fragments of VEMKZ and SP logs for intervals of water-saturated and productive reservoirs are given in Figures 4-6. On the left of Figures, both experimental and theoretical curves of apparent resistivity depending on probe spacing are shown. The experimental values are denoted by vertical intervals with allowance for measurement errors. At the top of the right part, there are given parameters of the geoelectrical model obtained from the inversion results of logs: resistivities and thickness of cylindrical layers around a borehole. In all examples, th b h l di i 0 108 d d illi d i ti

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the borehole radius is 0.108 m and drilling mud resistivity is 2 ohm-m. At the bottom of the right part, the results of solution of the inverse hydrodynamic problem are given. Curves of the distribution of both the concentration and water saturation as well as curves of the resistivity distribution obtained by the formula (1) are shown. Figure 4 shows the fragment of log within the interval (1668-1680 m) of water-saturated formation with resistivity about 1.8 ohm.m. The depth of increasing invasion is about 0.33 M. The resistivity in the most flushed region is about 15.9 ohm.m and it rapidly decreases far away from the borehole. The concentration of salts in these formations is known to be about 17 g/L. According to lithological characteristic, formations are represented by moderately cemented sandstone with the cementation factor q z 1.9. With account of given data, the following distribution of concentration (Fig. 4) has been obtain. The porosity from the inversion results is about 0.23. The fragment of the log obtained in water-saturated formation (interval 2440-2460 m) is given in Figure 5. The formation resistivity is about 4.07 ohm.m that is much higher than in the previous case in spite of the concentration (from core data) is kept at the level of 17 g/L. The depth of invasion is about 0.48 m. Maximum resistivity is observed in the zone nearest to the borehole and it is about 11 ohm.m. Figure 5 shows the distribution of concentration. The porosity from the inversion results m 0.25.

We have examined the data of time-lapse from one of oil fields in West Siberia. Boreho drilled with mud which resistivity was about The number of time-lapse logging was 4-7, ti val between the first and the last logging was days. After inversion of every set of logs has be cuted, we obtain the resistivity distribution ar borehole at the depth up to 1.0 m. The distrib fluids around a borehole at the certain instant sponds to each of these distributions. Examin these results has shown that a change in the n hole zone of the oil-saturated reservoir occur basic stages (Fig. 7). At the first stage, moveable oil is flushed drilling mud. As a result, zone of decreasing formed. The resistivity of the zone (6-7 ohm. than formation resistivity (11-12 ohm.m) bec conductive oil has been removed. At the begi (about 6 hours after drilling), the zone depth to 0.35 m. Over the subsequent 60 hours, this pands to 0.5-0.55 m. At the second stage, mineralized formatio flushed out and the near borehole zone is sep two regions. It occurs only in the presence of mation water (resistivity is 0.2-0.3 ohm.m). F trate of drilling mud invades the zone adjacen borehole (resistivity 20-21 ohm.m). In this ca invaded zone with increasing resistivity is for (from 16-18 ohm.m after 72 hours to 22-24 o after 96 hours). Formation water with higher

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SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002 pushed away from a borehole and forms the region of decreasing (to 3.8 ohm.m) resistivity. After 90 hours, the contrast between resistivities becomes sharpest (about 6.2). At this instant, the invaded zone is filled up at most with drilling mud filtrate. In this case, the invaded zone radius is as long as 0.32 m, whereas the thickness of the zone with decreasing resistivity is less than 0.1-0.15 U. It should be noted that within intervals of whole oil-saturation, a zone with decreasing resistivity is not formed because of lack of free formation waCharnyi I.A., 1963, Underground hydrodyna lished by Gosnauchizdat of oil and minin erature of Moscow, 369 p. Investigation technology of oil and gas boreh VIKIZ basement, the user guide, 2000 (e M.I. Epov and Yu.N. Antonov), publishe OIIGM RAS SD of Novosibirsk, 121 p. Kashevarov A.A., 1998, Mathematical model transport by coupled subsurface and surf flows, Journal of Applied Mechanics and

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ter. At the third stage, the near a borehole zone is gradually smeared and disappeared. There are few data that give the possibility to trace throughout the process of disappearance of the zone in details. First, the region of formation water accumulation disappears at the displacement front. Then the resistivity of the near borehole zone becomes equal to that of the undisturbed formation part. It occurs in the case when pressure drop in a borehole causes overflow of formation fluid from formation back into the borehole. The existence of the invaded zone up to 120 hours from the moment of drilling has been found by single measurements. The special means that allow observation of processes of both development and disappearance of an invaded zone in time scanning have been developed for visualization of evolution in the near borehole zone.

Physics, v.39, no. 4, p. 584-591.

Petrov A.N., Kayurow K.N., Epov M.I., Yelt and Sobolev A.Yu., 1999, New program nine-probe complex for high-frequency e netic logging, in Electrical and Electrom Methods of Investigation in Oil and Gas published by NITS OIIGM RAS SD of N p. 122-130. Samarsky A.A., 1977, Theory of difference s published by Nauka of Moscow, 656 p. Zhange J. H., Hu Q., and Liu Z.H., 1999, Esti true formation resistivity and water satur time-lapse induction logging method", T

lyst, v. 40, no. 2, p.138-148.

ABOUT THE AUTORS Mikhail Epov is a deputy director of Inst

CONCLUSION The basic space-time features distribution of the hydrophysic characteristics of water- and water-oilsaturated sandstone reservoirs have been revealed based on the mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic processes in porous media filled with two-phase fluids. The system of inversion for high-frequency electromagnetic logging data has been developed on the base of as electromagnetic so hydrodynamic models. Applying this system for field VEMKZ logs allowed consistent geoelectrical and hydrodynamic models for reservoirs with different fluid saturation to be obtained. The estimates obtained agree well with geological data. Inversion and examination of time-lapse logging by the VIKIZ method allowed investigation of the spacetime evolution of the resistivity distribution. The basic peculiarities of the invaded zone structure correspond to those obtained in vertical boreholes. The main stages of migration of drilling mud and formation fluids have been determined. REFERENCES Allen D, et al, 1991, Invasion Revised, 1991, Oil field

Geophysics Russian Academy of Sciences, S Division (RAS SD), the head of Electromagn Department. He holds degree of Dr. of Scienc physics from Institute of Geophysics RAS SD sor. Now he heads Siberian school of electrom researches. Igor Yeltsov is a scientific secretary of In Geophysics RAS SD, a Senior Research Scie Electromagnetic Fields Department. He holds degree in geophysics from Institute of Geoph RAS. His area of expertise includes inverse p electromagnetic prospecting. Alexander Kashevarov is a Senior Resea tist of Filtration Department of Lavrent'ev Ins Hydrodynamics RAS SD. He holds PhD degr Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics RAS S works with mass transport modeling at uncon processes of dynamics of surface, soil and gro ter. Andrey Sobolev is the Postgraduate Stud stitute of Geophysics RAS SD. He holds MS geology from Geology and Geophysics depar Novosibirsk State University in 2000. Vladimir Uiyanov is a Junior Researcher tromagnetic Fields Department of Institute of ics RAS SD. He graduated from geology and ics department of Novosibirsk State Universit he is employed as a geophysicist engineer.

Review, Summer, p. 10-23.

Antontsev S.N., Domansky A.V., and Penkovsky V.I., ! 989, Filtration in the near borehole zone and problems of flow intensification, published by Institute of Hydrodynamics SD USSR ofNovosibirsk, 190 p.

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Page 7
SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium,
T = 2.5 hours

3.

i3.0

5:

o
0

a)

10

10:

Z 7 m-

15

/
0.5 r,m 1.0

Z, m:

15: 0 0.5

Fig. 1. Isolines of concentration C.

T = 2.5 hours 0

i\
6
/ 0, _

3.1

a) 5

5! i : --:oi loi

10

o.,
z, m 15 I 0 0'.5 r,m 1.0

z, m: 15 0

. , 0.5

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Fig. 2. Isolines of water-saturation S w.

Page 8
SPWLA 43 rd Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002
100

75

E cO 50

Sil - 0"9

a)

>:,
> 25
,__

2.5 hours ..... 25 hours

ffJ

.......... 35 hours n,,

0 ,,. , , , ,

0.5

E E
cO

oil = 0.80

b)

55

>:,
>

ffJ
ffJ

r
0 0 I , 0 0 0.5

0.5

Radial depth, m

Radial depth, m

Fig. 3. Radial distribution of resistivity.

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iiiiiiii!ili?iiiiiiii!!liiiii:iiiii

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ii:i
:?i:i::iii!i,!:::yi.i:i:i::iyli+x::::>:,,, :,.= .>>,,,..:x,<:: :: ....... .: :..... ...........

"'

Oi?::,:Y!i;!.'.::'::;i::4;Oi2 :: 0i:4.:.::, ....... :;Oi6iY..:.::::::'.0

::?,::@i!iiiii(/i:!

::}/I<!/Y:

i: .... ;:i!i?ii:iC:hi

, : :Radial deoth, m

Fig. 4. VEMKZ, SP logs and inversion results.

Page 9
SPWLA 43 ''Annual Logging Symposium,

:.,,::!:, .......
: :: :: : :: :: : :: :: :: : : :: :::::: : : ::: t ::::: : ::: : : :::: :::

, Oh'm
......... :::
: o.

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. . . . . . .

SP, mV ,::: : : : :

................

................... : .....................
. ............

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:.......: ........................................................................ :: ........ . ............................................

i
ii:,,::::,ii i:i'i', ................................

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:77 :' ,i ........ ' I..,,: . . . .

12!

:{{:,,::,.,i',{i',iI i',',ii':'',i '!',i'',{',{:,{'','!i}:,{'': i{i!ii::',:i',,::ii{iii ........................... / ....................... { ........ '{ili............................................................

!,.../:::::

'

{I
: :! :i[i<:i :: :. i

:[Reslst!vlty, 0hm'm
i I i..- ...........

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Time Evolution of the Near Borehole Zone in Sandstone Reservoir through the Time-L... Page 12 of 14

: :i

1!;;

;::i

;::Z

i:i:i,;;i : ;i[7.

iii"! :i ii

5f

...........

t ..........

""[

i::::::::::::::I ii:(":)':!,: :::t L!I : !i{ iil i I{{ i!:

:t;; :<?+??

ii {ii{:.ii,i ;.; I I ............. Invers. res { }::iU: b ......... -td ..........

##o,..,1

< <::: ::::::::::::::<::::::<::::: ................ y:iii : i!ili!:i!:iii?!:i:i::::ii i iiiiiiiii:Y:ili:iiiiii;i:iii:iii iii:i:i: iiii:i: iiii:i:% ,ii :::i;iii!i::ii::' a

..........................................

i ! 0

i;i?iiii;iiiiiiii!ii!iiiii!ii5?i!i!!!:!!ii;!iiii!ii;i!![!iii!ii:iiii!ii!i!i!ii!iiiiii iiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii:iiiii!i!iiiiiii!!!!ii!iiiii!!iii!iiiii!ii!iiii!iiiiii!i!!iiiiiii;iiiiiiiiii!iiii ii+iiiUiii+'i :i iUii:]i+i iili:!i iiiiiiii%:ili:i:iii!::'!i:ilil;iiiiiii<]iiiiii%iiiii!iiiiiiiiiiii:ii: !i iii:ii!iii!i:iiiii!i iii! iil !iii!iiiii!iiiiiiiiiiii:i!!i iiiiiiU/i:iiiiiii:i iiiil :!!;i /iUii<i :i!i 'ii:i :!!ii i!ii;!i:ii:iil !!i!!ii: i!iiii

Fig. 5. VEMKZ, SP logs and inversion results.

tl :?..{;
,,i.::.: ....... .. ..... _ :
................

:4

I :: .:.

i v.i.i)::v: i: :':il)ig=!ii.,[:'.:ie:O = ,...&:.<:7::ii171/.::.i:

i!i{:::iiilii{iiT; . . a . -

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d.O

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i: I t:Re;;;:iNil;',Ohm:J:m
" I VEMKZ

t:

:: I iI4::i.i:::::i:: 1313: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ill : :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::: : :i:

|;"[/ ......... Concentration

;::.::::::::;:

: :.

....

:7:;::!!7::::..::

i:

.....................

-"::. .......

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--;

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0::::: :i: .......... ':::0!2

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...... :::0i6: ::. ......... ::::::

Fig. 6. VEMKZ, SP logs and inversion results.

Page 10
SPWLA 43 r'Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5, 2002

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Time Evolution of the Near Borehole Zone in Sandstone Reservoir through the Time-L... Page 13 of 14

.:+#+?+::" .++++++.+!+m+:+:+++:::::+::-::-++- ....................... ++!++i+

.... ii{+i+ :: ..::,iii!{'i::i':: ::ii'{+!

.... i++!

190 h

OUl+

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+,++++ ++++++ ............ ..... +++ ..

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5

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70 h outs
:: .:++i::i+i::::::::::+ii+ii+'+.+++:.+ii';++::: !++:::):::++i . . . . . . . . ..++::i ,++

50 ou t8

:.:+,:,','i:i ..... .,+iii:iiiiii: +'' :: /'i;+'; "++'" ":++":' / ,/i',;i"":

.'+!!I!%+i ..,.,+ii . e"",?.

+ I ,+..lll,i++++++++++++++++:+/,+:+++++i+++++++:++++::+++

++/ i+++++(++++:

+!i+' i+++ :+

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Time Evolution of the Near Borehole Zone in Sandstone Reservoir through the Time-L... Page 14 of 14

10 60

1100

1140
Distance along borehole, m

1180

1220

Fig. 7. Invaded zone time evolution in a horizontal borehole.

I0

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