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cons: #3 final
are a classification of dental materials that are continually used in dentistry. The American Dental Association and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have teamed up to classify dental cements according to their properties and their intended uses in dentistry.
Classification OF Cements
Type I: Luting agents that include permanent and temporary cements. Type II: Restorative applications. Type III: Liner or base applications
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Also based on the physical and chemical of the material considered for use. Pulp response Is reversibly proportional to the thickness of remaining dentine. Cutting odontoblasts extension that have not been exposed to any irritating episodes of caries or tooth wear would lead to death of these cells and their extensionsDead Tracts.(if remaining dentine is 1.5 mm and more. If the cutting was atraumatic and coolant was used,replacement odontoblasts would not be formed hencefoth no reparative dentine would be produced.therefore base or liners are very important to seal those empty tubules. General Rule Its desirable to have at least 2mm dimension of bulk between the pulp and metallic restoration, this bulk may include remaining dentine, liner ,or base. Since composite is thermal insulator and passively inserted, a liner is indicated only if the excavation is judged to be within 0.5 mm of the pulp. (BW is important)
-Base and liners are materials placed between dentin (sometimes pulp) and the restoration to provide pulpal protection . 1. Chemical protection 2. Electrical protection 3. Thermal protection 4. Mechanical protection 5. Pulpal medication These functions differs as the depth of the restoration, and the type of restorative material .
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>>Liners
Are relatively thin layers of material(0.5mm) used primarily as barrier between the restoration and the remaining dentine following cavity preparation. Liner Functions Protective seal of exposed dentine Electrical insulation Thermal insolation ,which depends on remaining dentine. Pulpal medicament :zinc oxide eugenol ,Ca(OH)2 Pulpal protection against Residual reactants diffusing out of restoration(Chemical) Oral fluid Leakage(bacterial Influx)
Types of Liners Thin film liners(1-50m) Solution liners =5m(Varnish) Suspension Liners= 25m,Ca (OH)2 suspension
Thick Film Liners (cement Liners)= (0.2-1)mm Pulpal mediacation Thermal protection
Should not be used under restoration that have organic solvent that reduces its value as cavity varnish (commercial BIS-GMA composite ) dry rapidly The solvent has anti microbial and antiviral action Thermal insulating effect Several fluoride-containing varnishes available (examples: Duraphat, Colgate Oral ). reduction in caries ranging from 18% to 77%. When amalgam is first placed, the tooth/amalgam interface is not microscopically sealed. Eventually the varnish dissolves and is replaced with the corrosion products of the amalgam .
In these instances the base should be used in putty-like consistency ,so that less free acid ,and elimination of the rotary
>>Cavity Bases
Those cements commonly used in thicker dimensions beneath permanent restorations to provide for mechanical, chemical, thermal protection of the pulp. Bases can be considered as restorative substitutes for the dentin that was removed by caries and/or the cavity preparation. 1-Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 2-Zinc-Oxide Eugenol ZOE 3-Zinc Phosphate 4-Polycarboxylate 5-Zin-Silico-Phosphate 6-Glass Ionemer 7-Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) 8-Ca(OH)2+ZOE+MTA =Intermediary Bases
(1)Calcium Hydroxide
Has pH 11-13 therefore it can be used in deep cavity to neutralize the acids produced by bacteria,and as sub-base to neutralize the irritating acidic components of base or restoartive material Its supplied in two forms: * powder *Paste (Dycal) :chemically set, or light curee
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(2)Zinc-Oxide Eugenol
Zinc-Oxide has pharmacological action on pulpal tissue,while Eugenol has topical anesthetic property AS Intermediate restorative material provide an excellent seal of the cavity preparation ability of ZOE to reduce postoperative sensitivity Has long setting time:The clinician should allow approximately 24 hours to pass prior to placing amalgam above a ZOE base. Low compressive strength Eugenol interfers with polymerization of resin material therefore can,t be used beneath,and substituted with Ca(OH)2.
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(3)Reinforced ZOE chemical composition of ZOE is typically[3]: Zinc oxide, ~69.0% White rosin, ~29.3% Zinc acetate, ~1.0% (improves strength) Zinc stearate, ~0.7% (acts as accelerator) Liquid (Eugenol, ~85%, Olive oil ~15%)
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(4)Zinc-Phosphate Cement Powder:Zinc-Oxide Liquid Phosphoric acid Electrical and thermal insulator Stay acidic after application ,therefore should be above Ca(OH)2 or ZOE in deep cavity Has low linear of coefficient of thermal expansion Compressive strength 100mpa The material is acidic when placed (pH of approximately 3.5), but rises to a pH of 6.9 after a week.
-Note-harder materials are more likely to have lower thermal expansion The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature. Specifically, it measures the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at a constant pressure. Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric, area, and linear. Which is used depends on the particular application and which dimensions are considered important. For solids, one might only be concerned with the change along a length, or over some are
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Clinical consideration:. ZP release irritants while setting, therefore dentine should be protected with varnish
Cements that are able to bond to dentine should have direct contact with dentine, therefore varnish should not be used under GI or polycarboxylate cement or composite or cearmic restration. packages of ZOP contain 20% more liquid than is necessary to combine with the powder. This is because some of the liquid will evaporate during use. This specification applies to zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, and GI together since they all are water-based. This is important for the clinician to consider. Since the water can evaporate, these materials can become viscous, leading to difficulty in seating crowns. Furthermore, loss of water will result in a decrease in the pH of the liquid, making the cement less biocompatible
(5)Zinc polycarboxylate Cement Powder :Zinc Oxide Liquid:Polyacrylic acid As electrical and thermal insualtor Has low linear of coeffecient of thermal expansion Has adhesive bond to dentine only
(6)ZPC(Durelon ) Zinc polycarboxylate adheres to the tooth via an interaction be-tween the carboxylic acid and the calcium in the dentin Polyacrylic acid has a very low pH (1.7), but the pH approaches neutrality upon mixing with the powder the relatively large size of the polyacrylic acid molecule and/or its ability to combine with protein prevents it from diffusing into dentin tubule (7)Glass Ionomer Powder: ion leachable glasses Liquid;Copolymer of polyacrylic acids Has thermal and electrical insulation effect Compressive strength 120MPa Has adhesive bond to enamel and dentine 10 | P a g e
**Resin modified Glass Ionomer(Vitrebond) first is their ability to ionically bond to tooth structure (between the carboxylate groups in the GI and the calcium ions in the enamel and dentin) They release fluoride Reduction in the consequences of microleakage antimicrobial propertiesits ability to adhere to and seal the dentin GIs should not be used as pulp-capping agents.In a clinical study, GI was found in the pulp chamber, which triggered a persistent inflammatory response and appeared to prevent the formation of dentin bridges. They are extremely sensitive to moisture , when GI comes in contact with water, there is a decrease in its physical properties. In addition, resin-modified GIs expand after coming in contact with water.
caution is needed because certain materials are not compatible with each other. For example, Yang and Chan demonstrated that varnishes can reduce the surface hardness of glass ionomers.
(8)Zinc-Silico Phosphate Cement Powder: Acid soluble silicate +Zinc+magnisium Liquid:Phosphoric acids Translucent and superior to the opaque ZP cement Has flouride release ,this has caries inhibition effect Has the same clinical application of ZP High stength and translucency =cementation of ceramic restoration, but has been replaced by GI and resin cements
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Clinical Considerations :
Selection Base or Liner depends on: Thickness of remaining dentine Adhesive property of both liner and base Type of restoration placed above When Dentine >2mm ,no need for pulpal protection ,and varnish is used against microleakage at the intersurafce. When remaining dentine is < 2mm ,Ca(OH), ZOE as liner or base .Eugenol acts as seadtive to the pulp.ZOE contraindicated under resin restoration since it counteract polymeralization obtundent : 1. having the power to dull sensibility or to soothe pain. 2. a soothing or partially anesthetic agent. When remaining dentine is 0.5-1mm or near the pulp, use 1mm layer of Ca(OH)2 or MTA to encourage reparative dentine. Adhesive cement liners are used after removal of extensive carious dentine,GI bonds to Enamel and dentine while polycarboxylate bonds to dentine only .
Resin Cement
Bond strength > Zinc phosphate 10 times Retention Reinforced ceramic - base Crown Adhesive system (micromachanical bond-tooth) (chemical bond-porcelain,metal) Low solubility leakage
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Modified ZOE
Addition of Zinc Acetate to powder setting time to 5min Addition of 10% hydrogenated resin to powder strength (resin-bonded ZOE Addition of EBA (ethoxy benzoic acid) 62% to liquid strength
Cavit G, Coltosol
Temporary restoration of cavities for short time periods (1-2 weeks) Contraindicated incases of: Allergy to components Long temporization requirements Temporary filling of cavities which include multiple areas and extend up to or under the gingiva (subgingival)
Advantages: Non eugenol formulation offers non irritating properties Easy to use packs and carves with no stringiness. self-curing (light cure preparations are available) under humidity
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(9)Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) root-end filling, perforation repair, vital pulp therapy, apical barrier formation for teeth with necrotic pulps and open apexes. Hydroxyapatite crystals form over MTA when it comes in contact with tissue fluid. This can act as a nidus for the formation of calcified structures after the use of this material in endodontic treatments The compressive strength of MTA increased with time in presence of moisture. Radiopacity is given by Bismuth Oxide. MTA is less radiopaque than Super EBA, IRM, amalgam, and conventional gutta-percha, but in the same range as zinc oxideeugenol-based root canal sealers.
better marginal adaptation to the root end cavity wall than other materials, and thus preventing microleakage. has antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus sanguis. Biocompatible Direct Pulp Capping The formation, quality, and thickness of a calcified bridge. presence of inflammatory cells, preservation of the pulp are considered evaluation criteria after vital pulp therapy Chemical Composition of MTA 1.Dicalcium silicate 2.Tricalcium silicate 3.Tricalcium aluminate 4.Gypsum 5.Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 6.Bismuth oxide 7.Manganese 14 | P a g e
8.Strontium 9.Chromophores (iron oxide) 10.Aluminium 11.Potassium MTA Drawbacks long setting time High cost potential of discoloration Resin cements They are very versatile (generally being of high compressive and tensile strength. possess low solubility different viscosities and different shades When resins are used as a cavity liner, it is important to remember that it is the dentin bonding agent (examples: Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray America; Excite, Ivoclar Vivadent) that comes into contact with the dentin Clinical consideration Can,t be used for direct pulp cap(like GI)since they do not promote the formation of dentinal bridge,however they elicit a persistent mild inflammatory pulpal response adhesives placed below amalgam restorations reduce microleakage,thus supporting the current trend toward this practice of using resin as a liner. Lining cavities with copal varnish is faster and less technique-sensitive than using adhesive resin, and resins cost more and have a limited shelf life. Resin as liner It has been observed that some adhesives do not bond well to dentin in deep cavity preparations. This makes them more susceptible to polymerization shrinkage stress that develops in deep cavities.
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To overcome shrinkage associated with resin restoartion in deep cavity Sadwish Technique:in which the lining materials(Vitrebond) are brought to the cavosurface margin Advantage:Release F and the released flouride can be externally replaced light-cured GI have been shown to provide a better seal
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