Assessment of Wind Home System's Potential in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

Mujeebudin Memon, Khanji Harijan, and Mohammad Aslam Uqaili Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 941, 80 (2007); doi: 10.1063/1.2806075 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2806075 View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=941&Issue=1 Published by the AIP Publishing LLC.

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Assessment of Wind Home System's Potential in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

Mujeebudin Memon"'*, Khanji Harijan'' and M o h a m m a d Aslam Uqaili"
'^Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan Ph.D. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan '^Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan *Corresponding author Tel: +92-22-2772280; Fax: +92-22-2771382, E-mail address: muieeb63(a),hotmail. com Abstract. About 50 and 90 percent of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirements through kerosene and LPG. The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces is about 100-150 and 10-50 persons per km^ respectively. Extension of existing centralized grid system to rural areas with very low population density and small-scattered loads is economically and technically unfeasible. In this situation, decentralized renewable electricity especially wind power appears to be one of the viable option. This paper presents the assessment of potential of wind home systems (WHS) for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the wind speed data recorded by Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD) and power curve of a reference wind turbine. Pakistan has 1050 km long coastline, of which, 250 km is falling in Sindh and 800 km in Balochistan. A 150 Wp wind turbine could generate about 345 kWh and 250 kWh of electricity per year in coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan respectively, which would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a rural household. The average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan is about 2245 and 1800 FLH respectively. The total installed capacity and technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of the country has been estimated as 63.75 MW and 135 GWh/year respectively. Keywords: Wind power, rural electrification, coastal areas, Pakistan"

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is a vital input for the economic and social development of any coimtry. Electricity is the most versatile form of energy and is the key to the modem world. In Pakistan, only 55 percent population has access to electricity and per capita consumption is about 520 kWh. About 68 percent of the coimtry's population lives in rural areas and most of them have no access to electricity. About 50 and 90 percent of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirements through kerosene and LPG. Rural villages of Pakistan's coastal areas are scattered over a large area and located far from the main electric grids. They have low population density,

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about 100-150 and 10-50 persons per km^ in Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively, and requires small load. The need of electrification of entire country has become essential for our economic revival. In Pakistan, conventional electricity is generated from oil, gas, hydro, coal and nuclear energy. Thermal, hydel and nuclear energy has 66.8 percent, 30 percent and 3.2 percent share respectively in total conventional electricity generation in Pakistan during 2004-05. The indigenous reserves of oil and gas are limited and the coimtry heavily depends on imported oil. Power generation from imported oil increases the cost of electricity and over burdens the national economy. Though Pakistan has huge coal potential but has not been utihzed to its full potential due to various reasons. Nuclear power has not been developed according to expectation and further growth is imcertain due to high capital cost, safety and security concerns. Power generation from fossil fuels is also a major source of environmental degradation. Electricity demand in urban areas is also growing day by day due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, increase in per capita income, improvement in the standard of living etc. It has been projected that electricity demand in Pakistan will grow at 7-11 percent per annum. The conventional power is even not sufficient for meeting the growing demand of electricity from the existing customers. Further more the extension of existing centralized grid system to far away from grid line rural areas with very low population density and small-scattered loads are economically and technically unfeasible. Hence there are remote chances of getting grid connection to most of the rural population in the near future. This whole situation requires urgent measures on priority basis for the development of indigenous, environment friendly, renewable energy sources such as wind energy. This paper presents the assessment of potential of WHS for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the wind speed data recorded by PMD and power curve of a reference wind turbine.

2. DESCRIPTION OF DATA USED

Pakistan's coastline extends 1050 km, 250 km falling in Sindh and 800 km in Balochistan. The continental shelf of the Sindh coast extends to a distance of 150 km whereas that of Balochistan only measures 15-40 km. PMD has measured and recorded the wind speed and direction at 45 locations in the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan imder Wind Mapping Project fimded by Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Pakistan in 2002. Figure 1 and 2 shows the different locations in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively where the wind speed has been measured and recorded by PMD. At all theses locations, one minute average wind speed was recorded at 10m and 30 m heights.

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apur [

Tando Ada

M i r p u r Khas -. Tando Allahyar L j

Jamesabad

Naya Chor

25^

30'

R A N G E , 1 Tliano Bula Khan

Tonal)a

H''*, , j
Kotri

Umarkot

Hyderabad

Chachro

T H A R
Chailar Nohtun jo Goth ^Bhorila

D E S E R T

FIGURE 1. Wind mapping locations of coastal area of Sindh.

Hub Ghoki i

Karachi'^ i*

pmmmPmMt-pniMwiniMinnaSr

FIGURE 2. Wind mapping locations of coastal area of Balochistan.

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Average monthly wind speed at 10m height at all locations has been estimated from the recorded data by PMD. The wind duration availability in terms of numbers of hours the wind remained in a particular bin was also calculated by constructing the wind rose diagrams by PMD. In this study, 40 different locations have been selected and data provided by PMD have been used for the estimation of potential of WHS. Two years data was available with PMD for 37 locations but recording periods were different as shown in Table 1. For the remaining three locations i.e. Jamshoro, Thatta and Defense Housing Authority (DHA) Karachi, the data of one year was available.
TABLE 1. Data recording period for different locations. Sindh Balochistan Hawksbay, Hyderabad, Matli, Gharo, Ketibandar, Nooriabad, Mirpursakro, Badin, Chuhar Jamali, Shahbander, Sajwal, Talahar, Thanubolakhan Gharo, Kadhan, Jati, Baghan,

Data Period

Mar 2002 - Feb 2004

Hubchoki, Managi

June 2002 - May 2004 Sept 2002 - Aug 2004

Gawadar Gaddani, Liari Aghore, Basol, Hoshab, Ormara, Jiwani, Pasni, Mand, Phore, Pishukan, Tump, Winder Ramra, Turbat, Othal Makola Nalent

Apr 2002 - Mar 2004

Aug 2002 - July 2004 May 2002 - Apr 2004 Oct. 2002 - Sept. 2004 Sept 2002 - Aug 2003 Thatta, DHA Karachi, Jamshoro

The mean of wind duration availability in terms of numbers of hours the wind remained in a particular bin, of two years for 37 locations has been estimated and used in this study. However, for other three locations the same data provided by PMD has been used in this study. Two sample wind duration curves have been constructed for 12 locations and are shown in Figure 3 to 4. Wind duration curves are important to know the availability of wind speed in terms of number of hours the wind remained between certain wind speed intervals during the year.

3. ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL OF WHS IN COASTAL AREA OF PAKISTAN

Small wind turbines appear competitive only in areas far from the grid due to their relative high initial investment cost. The estimation of the potential of WHS is, therefore, practically the search for non-electrified households which situate in good wind regions. According to reports, about 50% and 90% of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan respectively have no access to electricity. 83

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The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces is about 100 - 150 and 10 - 50 persons per km^ respectively. Based on these figures, the number of non electrified rural households would be about 300 thousand and 125 thousand in coastline of Sindh and Balochistan respectively. A wind turbine of 150 Wp would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a rural household in Pakistan.

2000 Hawksbay Keti Bander Jamshoro ^ ^ Shahbander i Hyderabad

1 1500 o o Z 1000 -

\\ K-

-hX-

* Nooriabad

500

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

'~~r~*^

i i i i ( i i i i i i K i i

12 13

14 15

16 17

18 19 20 21

Wind Speed (ni/s)

FIGURE 3. Wind duration curves for different locations of Sindh coastal area.

2500 -

Gaddani Phore

Jiwani 1 Orniara

Liari Basol

2000 -

1500

1000

500 -

_ky^^^^^^^^V
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Wind Speed (ni/s)

FIGURE 4. Wind duration curves for different locations of Balochistan coastal area.

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The theoretical potential of WHS has been estimated by using a wind turbine model PD 170.6 (150 Wp) of the Research Center of Thermal Equipment and Renewable Energy Vietnam as reference turbine and the wind duration data, in terms of number of hours wind remained between certain wind speed intervals during the year. The technical data of this turbine is given in Table 2. Figure 5 shows the power curve of PD 170.6 wind turbine (Nguyen, 2005).

TABLE 2. Detailed Specifications of the wind turbine. Indicator Value Rotor diameter 1.7 m Swept area 2.27 m2 Rated Power 150 kW Starting wind speed 3 m/s Rated wind speed 8m/s Cut-out wind speed 16 m/s Number of blades 6 Tower height 10m

J
140

1
0 -

J i J

V"""";"""" \ \ \
wind Speed (m/s)

FIGURE 5. Power curve of wind turbine.

Theoretical electricity in kilowatt-hours, E(kWh) generated by PD 170.6 wind turbine per annum can be estimated using equation (Nguyen, 2005):

E{kWH) = Y: fiy)-P(y)

(1)

Where f(v) is the wind frequency distribution and P(v) is the turbine power at wind speed V. Theoretical potential in terms of full load hours can be estimated by dividing the theoretical electricity generated in kWh by rated power of the turbine. The energy output for each location has been calculated and presented in Table 3 in the form of kWh and hours of full power. Also, Turbine capacity factor has been estimated by dividing the theoretical electricity generated in kWh by 8760 and is also presented in Table 3.

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Sindh

TABLE 3. Theoretical Power Produced Using PD 170.6 Wind Turbine. Power generation Turbine Balochistan Power generation C.F (KWh) FLH (MWh) FLH

(%)

Turbine C.F

(%)
Ramra Ormara Jiwani Pasni Gawadar Turbat Aghore Basol Gaddani Hoshab Hubchoki Liari Makola Managi Mand Nalent Othal Phore Pishukan Winder Average 182.05 401.70 305.84 222.37 240.86 164.48 262.27 332.00 454.53 291.20 87.63 329.60 289.60 305.00 149.26 143.00 56.07 310.50 204.03 254.25 250.0 1213.6 2678.0 2038.9 1482.5 1605.7 1096.5 1748.5 2213.2 3030.2 1941.3 584.2 2197.3 1930.6 2033.2 995.1 953.2 373.8 2070.0 1360.2 1695.0 1662.0 13.9 30.6 23.3 16.9 18.3 12.5 20.0 25.3 34.6 22.2 6.7 25.1 22.0 23.2 11.4 10.9 4.3 23.6 15.5 19.3 19.0

Jamshoro Hyderabad Gharo Ketibander Nooriabad Shahbander Mirpursakro Jati Badin Baghan Chr. Jamali Golarchi Kadhan Matli Sajawal Talhar T.B Khan Thatta DHA Khi Hawksbay Average

524.77 492.90 452.91 572.05 648.57 501.48 330.63 248.22 173.34 167.05 236.55 156.62 141.63 613.11 178.18 81.28 366.84 182.93 328.10 531.15 346.5

3498.5 3286.0 3019.4 3813.6 4323.8 3343.2 2203.5 1654.8 1155.6 1113.7 1577.0 1044.1 944.2 408.7 1188.0 541.8 2445.6 1219.5 2187.4 3541.0 2125.5

40.0 37.5 34.5 43.5 49.4 38.2 25.2 18.9 13.2 12.7 18.0 11.9 10.8 4.7 13.6 6.2 27.9 13.9 25.0 40.4 24.3

The technical potential of WHS can be estimated using the equation: E = Y.RHHJ^.V^.FLH (2)

Where E is the wind energy output (kWh/y); RHHwe is the no. of rural households with out electricity; Tc is the turbine capacity (Wp); tja is the system efficiency (battery, charge controller, loss in the line, 67.5%) and FLH is the full-load hours. The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimated using eq. (2) and is given in Table 4.
TABLE 4. Technical potential of WHS in coastal areas of Pakistan. Province RHHwe Installed Average Technical (thousand) Capacity FLH Potential (MW) (hrs) (GWh/y) Sindh 300 45.00 2126 64.6 Balochistan 125 18.75 1662 21.1 Total 425 63.75 85.7

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The theoretical wind power potential at different locations has been estimated by using the power curve of a wind turbine model PD 170.6 (150 Wp) of the Research Center of Thermal Equipment and Renewable Energy (RECTERE) Vietnam and the wind duration data, in terms of number of hours wind remained between certain wind speed intervals during the year. The results show that the average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan has been estimated as 2126 and 1662 FLH respectively. In Sindh, high values of theoretical wind power are foimd at Noriabad, Ketibandar, Hawksbay and Jamshoro sites where as low values are foimd at Matli, Talhar, Kadhan and Golarchi. Similarly in Balochistan, high values of theoretical wind power are foimd at Gaddani, Ormara, Basol and Phore sites where as low values are foimd at Othal, Hubchoki, Mand and Nalent sites. The average wind turbine capacity factor in Sindh and Balochistan is 25% and 19% respectively, which shows that the coastal area of Pakistan is suitable for WHS. The installed capacity of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimated, considering about 300 thousand and 125 thousand households in coastline of Sindh and Balochistan respectively without electricity and assuming a wind turbine of 150 Wp would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a household, as 63.75 MW. The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimated as 86 GWh per year, which is about 0.4% of the total electricity consumption in the domestic sector of Pakistan.

5. CONCLUSION
Rural villages of Pakistan's coastal areas are scattered over a large area and located far from the main electric grids. Most of the villages have no access to electricity. The extension of existing centrahzed grid system is economically and technically unfeasible. Also due to increasing power demand from the existing customers, diminishing resources of thermal power generation, increase in the price of fossil fuels, environmental degradation due to fossil fuels use, there are remote chances of getting grid connection to most of the costline's rural population in the near future. WHS appears to be one of the viable options for electrification of rural households in the coastal areas of Pakistan. The average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan is about 2126 and 1662 FLH respectively. In Sindh, high values of theoretical wind power are found at Noriabad, Ketibandar, Hawksbay and Jamshoro sites and in Balochistan, high values of theoretical wind power are found at Gaddani, Ormara, Basol and Phore The total installed capacity of WHS has been estimated as 63.75 MW. The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimated as 86 GWh per year.

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Wind energy is indigenous, free of cost and environment friendly and should be developed for meeting growing power demand in Sindh. The development and utilization of this source for power generation would reduce the pressure on oil imports and deforestation, protect the environment from pollution and improve the socio-economic conditions of the people of Sindh.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge Prof S. Rehman, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia and Dr. Pallav Purohit, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Research Programme on International Climate Policy, Neuer Jimgfemstieg, Hamburg, Germany for their help and encouragement. The coauthor K. Harijan also greatly acknowledge the Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology, GOP for their financial support to carry out this research work.

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