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Diesel
a norme Euro 6, applicable aux voitures particulires, entrera en vigueur partir du 1er septembre 2014 en ce qui concerne la rception et du 1er septembre 2015 en ce qui concerne limmatriculation et la vente des nouveaux types de vhicules. Compares aux valeurs de lEuro 5, la modification majeure est labaissement de la limite des missions doxydes dazote (NOx) qui passe de 180 seulement 80 grammes par kilomtre sur le cycle NEDC. Par ailleurs, les constructeurs doivent garantir la durabilit des dispositifs de contrle de la pollution pour une distance de 160 000 km et la conformit en service doit pouvoir faire lobjet de vrifications pendant 5 ans ou 100 000 km. Aprs la svrisation de la limite des rejets des particules apparue avec lEuro 5, le moteur Diesel doit donc revoir nouveau ses missions brutes et sa post-dpollution, sans oublier que la pression sur le CO2 saccrot, de mme que sur les cots.
talytic Reduction) dj commercialise par une majorit de poids lourds. Son taux de traitement peut en effet atteindre 85 %. Il convertit en continu les NOx en azote (N) et en eau (H2O). Cette conversion est rendue possible par linjection dun agent rducteur appel AdBlue, un mlange deau et de 32,5 % dure synthtique (NH2-CO-NH2). Limplantation de ce dispositif pose cependant des contraintes dencombrement, de poids et de cot : il comprend un catalyseur avec injecteur, un module de dosage, un rservoir dAdBlue et
les limites sont infrieures lEurope et le contrle OBD plus svre. En Allemagne, Audi commercialise des A4 et Q7 en version SCR rpondant la norme Euro 6. La consommation en cycle mixte NEDC du Q7 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro (176 kW) avec bote de vitesses automatique Tiptronic est de 8,9 l/100 km alors que la mme version sans le SCR, homologue Euro 5, consomme 9,1 l/100 km. Le poids en ordre de marche de la clean diesel est suprieur de 50 kg (2345 kg) mais les performances sont identiques. Etonnamment, les Mercedes, de niveau Euro 6, vendues en France avec le moteur 350 BlueTEC
Le SCR videmment
Le systme le plus efficace pour traiter les rejets doxydes dazote est la rduction catalytique slective (SCR Selective Ca-
un contrle en boucle ralis par deux capteurs NOx, ainsi quune surveillance par des capteurs de pression et de temprature. Il faut galement ajouter un systme de chauffage pilot de la pompe de dosage et du rservoir car le point de conglation de la solution AdBlue est de -11 C. Cette technologie quipe aujourdhui essentiellement des voitures vendues aux USA o
(Classe E,ML, R et G), consomment entre 0,5 et 1,1 l/100 km en plus que leur version sans SCR en cycle extra-urbain ! Notons galement que Mazda distribue le CX-7 2.2 MZR-CD avec SCR. La consommation dAdBlue tant de 1 3 % du gazole, les 22,5 litres de lAudi A4
Diesel
he Euro 6 standard, which will apply to private cars, will come into force on 1st September 2014 for approval of new vehicle types, and on 1st September 2015 for their registration and sale. The main difference compared with the Euro 5 parameters is the lowering of the emission limits of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from 180 g/km to only 80 g/km on the NEDC cycle. Moreover, manufacturers must guarantee the durability of pollution control systems for at least 160,000 km and it must be possible to verify their operating conformity every 5 years or 100,000 km. So the Diesel engine, following the increasing severity of particle emission standards established in Euro 5, must once again review its raw emission levels and its post pollution control, without overlooking the fact that pressure on CO2 is increasing, as well as on costs. The SCR system: an obvious answer The most efficient system for handling nitrogen oxide emissions is SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction - already fitted on most heavy goods vehicles. Its treatment level can reach 85%. It converts NOx emissions
to nitrogen (N) and water (H2O) on a continuous basis. This conversion is made possible by the injection of a reducing agent called AdBlue, a mixture of water and 32.5% of synthetic urea (NH2-CO-NH2). However, this system has drawbacks in terms of its bulk, weight and cost. It comprises a catalytic converter with an injector, a dosing unit, an AdBlue tank and a loop monitoring system consisting of two NOx sensors, with two pressure and temperature sensors. As the freezing point of the AdBlue mixture is -11C, a managed heating system must also be added for the dosing pump and tank. Today this technology is mainly fitted to cars sold in the USA, where limits are lower than in Europe and OBD controls are more severe. In Germany Audi sells SCR versions of its A4 and Q7 vehicles which meet the Euro 6 standard. The consumption of the Q7 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro (176 kW) with the Tiptronic automatic gearbox in the NEDC mixed cycle is 8.9 litres/100 km, whereas the same version without SCR, approved for Euro 5, consumes 9.1 litres/km. The running weight of the clean diesel is 50 kg higher (2345 kg) but the performance is
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Diesel
Schma dimplantation des composants dun systme SCR sur la Mercedes Classe E BlueTEC
A terme, la gestion du SCR naura pas dincidence sur la consommation du moteur. Elle pourrait mme permettre aux motoristes dorienter le dveloppement de la combustion principalement vers le rendement et de laisser les polluants un arsenal de dispositifs de post-dpollution efficace. Nous verrons alors revenir des combustions plus chaudes et des rapports volumtriques remonter. Dr. Rolf Leonhard, Vice-prsident excutif des systmes Diesel chez Bosch a ainsi annonc : Si les missions doxydes dazote peuvent tre limites par un convertisseur catalytique SCR, une temprature de combustion plus leve sera permise dans le moteur. Cela augmentera le rendement du Diesel et abaissera la consommation.
Capteur de prsence dammoniaque propos par Delphi.
3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro et les 28 l de la Mercedes R 320 BlueTEC permettent de tenir environ 20 000 km. Mercedes indique que le plein est ralis par leur rseau dentretien, ce qui impose de ramener lintervalle de rvision ce kilomtrage. LAdBlue pourra galement tre disponible en bidon dans les stations-service dans le cas o le remplissage pourrait tre effectu par lutilisateur. La socit Albonair a prsent un systme optimis dinjection dure qui permet de pulvriser le produit sous forme de gouttelettes dun diamtre moyen de seulement 10 microns. Le mlange du
produit dans le catalyseur tant amlior, il est espr une rduction de la consommation dAdBlue. Cette consommation pourra tre galement mieux contrle par lemploi dun capteur dammoniaque en sortie de catalyseur qui apportera un contrle en boucle continu. Delphi fournira ce capteur partir de 2012.
identical. Surprisingly, the Euro 6-level Mercedes sold in France with the 350 BlueTec engine () consume between 0.5 and 1.1 litres/km more than their non-SCR versions in the extra-urban cycle! It should also be noted that Mazda distributes the CX-7 2.2 MZR-CD with SCR. As the consumption of AdBlue is from 1% to 3% of diesel fuel, the 22.5 litres of the Audi A4 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro and the 28 litres of the Mercedes R 320 BlueTEC allow them to run for about 20,000 km. Mercedes states that the system must be refilled by its servicing network, which means that servicing intervals must be reduced to the same mileage. If the user could carry out refilling, AdBlue could also be provided in cans at service stations. Albonair has presented an optimised urea injection system that would enable the product to be sprayed in drops with an average diameter of only 10 microns. As this would improve the mixing of the product in the catalytic converter, the consumption of AdBlue should be reduced. The consumption could also be better controlled by using an ammonium sensor at the outlet of the catalytic converter, which would provide continuous loop monitoring. This sensor will be supplied by Delphi in 2012. In the long term the management of the SCR will have no effect on engine consumption. It may even enable manufacturers to focus combustion development essentially on efficiency and leave pollutants to be handled
by an efficient battery of post-pollution control devices. We will then see the return of hotter combustions and higher compression ratios. Dr. Rolf Leonhard, Executive Vice President, Bosch Diesel Systems, has declared: If nitrogen oxide emissions can be limited by an SCR catalytic converter it will be possible to have a higher combustion temperature in the engine. This will increase the efficiency of the Diesel and reduce consumption. With that configuration and our Denoxtronic system we can reduce consumption from 5% to 7%. Urea-free SCR! A urea-free SCR system? The performance of SCR without its drawbacks! Honda revealed this product at the end of 2006, and then announced that it would be marketed by Acura on the American market in 2009, but we are still waiting for it. The system has a two-layer catalytic converter. The lower layer absorbs the NOx in exhaust gases. The engine then changes to rich mixture mode so that the hydrocarbons are converted to hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) is produced by a chemical reaction. The NH3 is stored in the upper layer. When the engine returns to weak mode, the reaction between the NH3 and the NOx in the exhaust gases produces nitrogen (N2). Moreover this system would improve the characteristics of nitrogen oxide reduction between 200C and 300C, i.e. at the usual temperatures found in the exhaust system. IFP has also published work on this subject, as well as Delphi (Ag HC-SCR catalytic converter followed
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Diesel
HC-SCR suivi dun second catalyseur NH3SCR) et Ford. Enfin, BASF a rcemment prsent sur le concept car Hyundai i-flow sa solution. Son intrt est de combiner 4 systmes de dpollution le catalyseur DeNox (LNT, lean-NOs trap), le catalyseur oxydation (DOC), le filtre particules (FAP) et le systme de rduction catalytique slective SCR en seulement deux dispositifs : un DOC/LNT avec substrat recouvert de mtaux prcieux et un catalyseur SCR intgr dans le substrat du FAP. Le catalyseur DOC/LNT est un monolithe en cramique avec un revtement catalyseur. Il retient les NOx lors des combustions pauvres et les relche lors des squences en combustion riche pour fournir du N2 (diazote). De lammoniaque est gnr dans le DOC/LNT et utilis par le catalyseur SCR pour retirer les excs de NOx alors que le FAP traite les suies grce monolithe en cramique effet de parois. La vritable innovation est que nous avons trouv un moyen de gnrer de lammoniaque dans le LNT en amont du SCR explique Marius Vaarkamp, responsable des produits de catalyse mobile chez BASF. Les voitures avec des moteurs de petite cylindre, qui nauront donc pas besoin dun haut niveau de conversion des NOx, ne feront pas appel au module SCR/FAP mais seulement la combinaison DOC/LNT prcise Thomas Droege, directeur marketing des produits de catalyse mobiles. Marius Vaarkamp : Satisfaire aux limites dmission de NOx sans exiger un rservoir dure lourd et encombrant, un injecteur, une unit de commande et de montages connexes offre aux constructeurs un avantage important sur la masse. Par
Avec cette configuration et notre systme Denoxtronic, nous pouvons rduire la consommation de 5 7 %.
NOx prsents dans les gaz dchappement. Le moteur passe ensuite en mlange riche afin que les hydrocarbures se transforment en hydrogne (H2) et quune raction chimique produise de lammoniaque (NH3). Le NH3 est stock dans la couche suprieure. Lorsque le moteur retourne en mode pauvre, la raction entre le NH3 et les NOx des gaz dchappement donne de lazote (N2). De plus, ce dispositif amliorerait les caractristiques de rduction des oxydes dazote entre 200 et 300 C, soit les tempratures courantes dans la ligne dchappement. LIFP a galement publi des travaux sur le sujet, de mme que Delphi (catalyseur Ag
Diesel
by a second NH3-SCR catalytic converter) and Ford. Finally, BASF recently presented its own solution on the Hyundai-i-flow concept car. Its interest resides in combining 4 pollution control systems - a DeNox catalytic converter (LNT, or lean NOx trap), a diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC), a particulate filter and the SCR - in only two devices: a DOC/LNT with a substrate covered with precious metals and an SCR catalyser integrated in the substrate of the particulate filter. The DOC/LNT catalyser is a ceramic block with a catalysing coating. It retains the NOx during weak combustion and releases them during rich combustion sequences to produce N2 (molecular nitrogen). Ammonia is generated in the DOC/LNT and used by the SCR catalyser to remove excess NOx while the particulate filter handles soot with the wall effect ceramic block. The real innovation is that we have found the way to generate ammonia in the LNT upstream of the SCR, explains Marius Vaarkamp, BASFs mobile catalysis product manager. Small cylinder capacity cars do not require a high level of NOx conversion and will therefore not need the SCR/particulate filter module, only the DOC/LNT combination, explains Thomas Droege, Marketing Director, mobile catalyst products. Marius Vaarkamp adds: Meeting NOx emission requirements without the need for a heavy, space-consuming urea tank, an injector, a control unit and the related fittings gives manufacturers a considerable advantage. Moreover, this concept considerably simplifies
the installation of post-treatment systems under the chassis and reduces the overall weight.
The EGR alternative All these NOx post-treatments therefore add cost to the Diesel option when it is already in an unfavourable position compared with the petrol engine. There is an alternative that interests all manufacturers because of its lower cost: exhaust gas recirculation (ERG). ERG is not a new idea: it arrived in the automobile industry with Euro 3, specifically to reduce the formation of nitrogen oxides at source. Gases burnt in the combustion chamber absorb heat and reduce the quantity of oxygen, which lowers the speed of combustion and the flames adiabatic temperature, all of which limits the formation of NOx molecules. In this way the temperature can fall below 2000C, the threshold where the formation of NOx is reduced. EGR systems currently in use are in high pressure loops: part of the gas under pressure leaving the cylinder head is deviated towards the intake circuit. To increase the recycling rate, the system operates jointly with the motorized intake butterfly valve, and since Euro 4, a gas/water exchanger is added, to lower the temperature. Although this system is quite efficient, it is insufficient to meet the Euro 6 standard: at best, the recycling rate does not exceed 20%, and it only operates under weak loads, whereas the NEDC cycle calls for higher
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Diesel
ailleurs, ce concept simplifie fortement lintgration des post-traitements sous le chssis et rduit le poids global .
Lalternative EGR
Tous ces post-traitements de NOx ajoutent donc un surcot au Diesel alors quil est dj en position dfavorable sur le sujet face au moteur essence. Il existe une alternative qui intresse tous les constructeurs en raison de son plus faible cot : le recyclage des gaz dchappement (EGR Exhaust Gaz Recirculation). LEGR nest pas un concept nouveau, il est arriv dans lautomobile avec lEuro 3 justement pour rduire la formation des oxydes dazote la source. Les gaz brls dans la chambre de combustion absorbent la chaleur et rduisent la quantit doxygne, ce qui abaisse la vitesse de combustion et la temprature adiabatique de flamme, autant de paramtres qui limitent lassemblage des molcules en NOx. La temprature peut ainsi passer sous les 2000C, seuil o la formation de NOx est rduite. Les EGR actuellement utiliss sont en boucle haute pression : une partie des gaz en sortie de culasse, donc sous pression, est drive vers ladmission. Afin daugmenter le taux de recyclage, le systme fonctionne de concert avec le papillon motoris du circuit dadmission et, depuis lEuro 4, un changeur gaz/eau est ajout pour abaisser la temprature.
Si ce systme est assez efficace, il est insuffisant pour rpondre la norme Euro 6 : le taux de recyclage ne dpasse pas 20 %
dans le meilleur des cas et il ne fonctionne que lors des faibles charges. Or, le cycle NEDC demande des charges plus leves en roulage extra-urbain. Si le rapport puissance du moteur / inertie du vhicule est faible, le moteur va alors travailler dans une zone o lEGR ne peut plus fonctionner. Cette zone est limite par le pompage du turbocompresseur (fort rapport de pression et faible dbit). Afin daccrotre le taux dEGR et sa plage de fonctionnement, il est ncessaire de dplacer le circuit EGR de la boucle haute pression vers une basse pression. Les gaz dchappement sont ainsi rcuprs aprs le filtre particules et aspirs par le compresseur ladmission. Etant donn que le circuit est plus long, la boucle basse pression est privilgie pour les charges les plus leves et la boucle haute pression, plus ractive, est maintenue pour les trs faibles charges.
Valeo a prsent une tude de moteur, ralise en collaboration avec FEV, qui maximise leffet de lEGR : un 4 cylindres 1.6 l de 174 ch, mont dans une Peugeot 407 break, est capable de passer lEuro 6 sans aucun post-traitement des oxydes dazote. Le moteur est quip dune double suralimentation squentielle qui permet, outre llargissement de la courbe de couple, dloigner le fonctionnement de lEGR de la limite de pompage. Les gaz dchappement de la boucle basse pression sont une premire fois refroidis aprs la FAP, puis une seconde fois par un changeur air-eau avant la culasse. Un intercooler est galement dispos entre les deux turbos. Le taux dEGR peut ainsi dpasser les 30 %. Il faut noter que le mlange des gaz lair est accru dans le long circuit et le passage dans chaque turbine de compresseur. Cependant, il est probable que ce concept conomique dgrade de quelques pourcents le rendement nergtique car la qualit de la combustion nest pas toujours optimale. Quant aux particules, un FAP efficace doit tre adjoint, ce qui permet de concentrer la combustion sur les NOx. Dans le poids lourds, Scania a dmontr que lEGR basse pression est efficace en passant la norme actuelle sans post-traitement jusqu la cylindre de 13 litres alors que ces concurrents emploient le SCR.
loads in extra-urban driving. If the engine power/vehicle inertia ratio is low, the engine will operate in an area where the EGR can no longer function. This area is limited by the turbocharger pump (high pressure ratio and low flow rate). To increase the EGR rate and its operating range, it is necessary to move the EGR circuit from the high pressure loop to a low pressure context. The exhaust gases are then recovered after the particulate filter, and drawn in by the intake compressor. As the circuit is longer, the low pressure loop is given priority for higher loads and the more reactive high pressure loop is maintained for very low loads. Valeo has presented an engine configuration, developed in cooperation with FEV, that maximises the effect of the EGR: a 1.6 litre 4-cylinder 174 hp engine fitted in a Peugeot 407 estate is able to comply with Euro 6 with no post-treatment of the nitrogen oxides. The engine is fitted with double sequential supercharging that as well as allowing the torque graph to be enlarged also enables the operation of the EGR to be separated from the pumping limit. The exhaust gases in the low pressure loop are first cooled after the particulate filter, then again by an air-water exchanger upstream of the cylinder head. An intercooler is also installed between the two turbos. The EGR rate can then exceed 30%. It should be noted that the mixing of gases with the air is increased in the long circuit and during the passage in each compressor turbine. However, this low cost concept probably deteriorates energy efficiency
by a few percentage points, because combustion is not always optimal. As far as particles are concerned, an efficient particulate filter must be connected, which allows combustion to be concentrated on the NOx. In heavy goods vehicles, Scania has demonstrated that low pressure EGR is effective by complying with the current standard without post-treatment up to a cylinder capacity of 13 litres, while its competitors use SCR. Injection and combustion The development of injection systems goes hand in hand with the reduction of both consumption and pollution. An injector with piezoelectric control is technically the most suitable because of its ability to tolerate high supply pressures without loss of its dynamic range. This dynamic range is a key characteristic for broadening the possibilities of engine development. Philippe Bercher, Assistant Technical Director at Delphi Diesel Systems in Blois, says: There is no general rule for the multiple injection scenario, because it depends a lot on the engine and the manufacturers specifications. Some engines call for a second pilot injection for the noise aspect, usually in low load areas or during idling. This is sometimes used to lower the emission of cold unburned hydrocarbons. On the other hand, post-injection is only used to reduce particulate emissions. In certain cases, several close post-injections can reduce the formation of smoke and if they are separated the quantity of
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Diesel
En termes de dynamique, Linjecteur pizolectrique commande directe DFI3 de Delphi est probablement le plus volu techniquement. Son module en cramique pizolectrique ne pilote pas une servocommande hydraulique mais directement laiguille, une premire mondiale produite dans lusine Delphi de Blois. La suppression de la servo-commande hydraulique permet de gagner environ 40 microsecondes louverture et la fermeture. La consommation dnergie hydraulique, estime jusqu environ 1 kW dans les systmes conventionnels concurrents, est aussi rduite. La buse dispose de trous de 100 microns de diamtre. Detlev Schppe, Directeur de dveloppement de Delphi Diesel Systems, apporte quelques prcisions : un diamtre de 100 microns est un compromis. Rduire le diamtre permet par exemple de baisser les missions de NOx. Nous avons fait des essais avec des trous de 70 microns, mais nous sommes confronts des problmes de dpt de suies sur les parois internes des trous (phnomne de coking). Il ny a pas que le diamtre ; nous travaillons aussi sur la forme du trou, aussi petit quil soit. Ils sont aujourdhui coniques, avec petit diamtre ct extrieur de linjecteur, pour amliorer la pulvrisation. En outre, nous contrlons ltat de surface qui a un impact sur la cavitation . Compar aux prcdents injecteurs de lquipementier, langle du sige de laiguille est pass de 60 90. Cela a pour effet de rduire le besoin de leve daiguille pour dcouvrir les trous. En outre, la pression hydrodynamique sur la face infrieure de laiguille plus leve augmente la force de leve. Ce
Injection et combustion
Le dveloppement des systmes dinjection accompagne les besoins de rduction la fois de la consommation et de la pollution. Linjecteur commande pizolectrique est techniquement le mieux plac en raison de sa capacit supporter des hautes pressions dalimentation sans perdre en dynamique. Cette dynamique est caractristique de grande importance pour largir les possibilits de mise au point des moteurs. Philippe Bercher, Directeur technique adjoint de Delphi Diesel Systems Blois, indique : Il ny a pas de rgle gnrale
pour le schma dinjection multiple, cela dpend pour beaucoup du moteur et du cahier des charges du constructeur. Certains moteurs demandent une deuxime injection pilote pour laspect bruit, plutt dans les zones de faibles charges ou au ralenti. Cette deuxime injection pilote est parfois utilise pour abaisser lmission dhydrocarbures imbrls froid. Par contre, la post-injection nest employe que pour rduire les missions de particules. Plusieurs post-injections rapproches peuvent dans certains cas rduire la formation de fume et, en les cartant, la quantit de suies peut tre abaisse. Nous pouvons aussi tre amens pratiquer 2 injections principales .
Diesel
soot can be reduced. We may also find it necessary to have 2 main injections.
In terms of dynamics, the Delphis DF13 direct control piezoelectric injector is probably the most technically advanced. Its piezoelectric ceramic module, produced in the Delphi factory in Blois, does not operate a hydraulic servo-control, but manages the needle directly, which is a world first in this field. The elimination of the hydraulic servo-control allows about 40 microseconds to be saved during opening and closing. The consumption of hydraulic energy, estimated to attain up to 1 kW in competitive conventional systems, is also reduced. The nozzle has holes with a diameter of 100 microns. Detlev Schppe, Development Director at Delphi Diesel Systems, gives more details: A 100 micron diameter is a compromise. For example, reducing the diameter allows NOx emissions to be reduced. We carried out trials with holes of 70 microns, but we encountered problems of soot deposits on the inner walls of the holes (the coking phenomenon). The diameter is not the only factor: we are also working on the shape of the hole, however small it may be. Today they are conical, with the small diameter on the outside of the injector, to improve spraying. We also monitor the surface condition, which has an effect on cavitation. The angle of the seat of the needle has been increased from 60 to 90 compared with Delphis previous injectors. This reduces the need for needle lift to
uncover the holes. Additionally, the higher hydrodynamic pressure on the inner face of the needle increases the lift force, which is moreover increased by the needles smaller contact diameter on its seating, which reduces the imbalance of axial forces. Delphi announces a needle opening duration of only 140 microseconds for the DF13, whereas an unbalanced servo-controlled solenoid injector requires 270 microseconds. A balanced valve solenoid injector reduces the opening time to about 190 microseconds. Marketed for some time by Delphi, Bosch has also just presented its product, the CRS2.5, capable of reaching 1800 bars. While their overall performance does not reach that of piezoelectric injectors, solenoid injectors are making technical progress for a lower cost. As for the new Bosch CRS5.1 piezoelectric injector, its manufacturer announces a maximum pressure of 2200 bars and a future development at 2500 bars. HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), enabling instant combustion of the diesel fuel/air mixture, represents another new route for injector development. Better distribution of fuel in the chamber, and colder combustion, make it a candidate with strong potential for Euro 6. A few engines are already on our roads with this type of operation, but only at low engine speeds and low loads. To increase the effective area of HCCI, a variable nozzle injector could feed the chamber by creating different levels of richness. To do so, an injector is required
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Diesel
dernier effet est, par ailleurs, accru par un plus petit diamtre du contact de laiguille sur son sige qui rduit le dsquilibre des forces axiales. Delphi annonce une dure douverture de laiguille du DFI3 de seulement 140 microsecondes, alors quun injecteur commande par solnode servo-commande non quilibr en demande 270. Linjecteur solnode vanne quilibre permet de passer le temps douverture environ 190 microsecondes. Commercialise depuis quelques temps par Delphi, Bosch vient galement de prsenter son produit, le CRS2.5, capable datteindre 1800 bars. Si leur performance globale natteint pas celle du pizolectrique, linjecteur solnode progresse techniquement tout en offrant un cot infrieur. Quant au nouvel injecteur pizolectrique Bosch CRS5.1, lquipementier annonce une pression maximale de 2200 bars et un futur dveloppement 2500 bars. Une nouvelle voie de dveloppement de linjecteur est lie au mode HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) qui permet une combustion instantane du mlange gazole/air. La meilleure rpartition du carburant dans la chambre et sa combustion plus froide fait de lui un candidat fort potentiel pour lEuro 6. Dj quelques moteurs sont sur nos routes avec ce type
de fonctionnement, mais seulement bas rgime et faible charge. Afin daccrotre la zone effective du HCCI, un injecteur buse variable pourra alimenter la chambre en crant diffrentes strates de richesse. Il faut pour cela un injecteur capable de fournir un jet multi-nappe gnr par le contrle de la leve de laiguille. Le dploiement du HCCI ncessite galement lemploi dun capteur de pression pour un contrle en boucle de la combus-
transitions entre les diffrents modes de fonctionnement. Enfin, le FAP pourrait devenir encore plus ncessaire, notamment si le travail des missions brutes met la priorit sur les NOx. Par ailleurs, si la limite de rejet de particules ne baissait pas au passage lEuro 6, il est possible que le contrle OBD soit plus svre en ce qui concerne les fuites. Ce niveau sera dcid en septembre 2010, mais certains constructeurs anticipent dj un niveau OBD gale 2 fois celui des missions, soit 9 mg/ km. La mesure de pression diffrentielle pourrait alors ne plus tre suffisamment prcise. Une solution serait dadjoindre un capteur de particules en aval du FAP. Electricfil Automotive propose ce type de capteur qui mesure la rsistivit des suies et qui est capable de sauto nettoyer grce une rsistance place sur la cramique.
tion, un pilotage prcis de lEGR et bientt une gestion de la quantit de lair admis par une distribution variable, par exemple le systme Multiair de Fiat actuellement utilis sur un moteur essence. Selon Delphi, un dphaseur darbre cames commande lectrique, utilis avec une leve variable de soupapes, permettrait un meilleur contrle du remplissage des cylindres charge partielle et faciliterait les
capable of supplying a multi-layer jet generated by the control of the lift of the needle. Use of HCCI also requires a pressure sensor for loop monitoring of combustion, accurate EGR management and management of the quality of air input by a variable distribution system, such as the Fiat Multiair system currently used on a petrol engine. According to Delphi, an electrically-controlled camshaft dephaser, used with variable valve lift, would enable better control of partial load cylinder filling and facilitate transitions between the different operating modes. Finally, the particulate filter could become even more necessary, especially if work on raw emissions gives priority to NOx. Moreover, if the particle emission limit is not lowered with Euro 6, the OBD control mayl become more severe regarding leaks. This level will be decided in September 2010, but some manufacturers are already anticipating an OBD level at twice that of emissions, i.e. 9 mg/km. In that case, the measurement of differential pressure may not be accurate enough. One solution would be to add a particle sensor downstream of the particulate filter. Electricfil Automotive markets this type of sensor, which measures the resistivity of soot and is capable of self-cleaning via a heating coil under the ceramic. Which technology will win the day? As described above, the efficiency of the dual loop EGR system will reach its limit above a given engine power/vehicle inertia ratio, and
depending on the adaptation of the engine to this type of combustion (injection, compression ratio, shape of the combustion chamber, etc). But the route taken by vehicle manufacturers will also depend on their industrial strategy and the markets in which they are present. Those who are present in North America, e.g. Mercedes, and have already developed the SCR on several vehicles, could then adapt their products to Europe, with the advantage of being able to focus the development of their engines on CO2 reduction (5% to 7%, according to Bosch). Without being in the USA, other manufacturers could also take this route solely to respond to the pressure on CO2, especially if they already have an efficient particulate filter. They may hope that the cost drawback of SCR, estimated today at between 300 and 600, will be lessened by a mass effect. It will also be necessary to manage user acceptance of filling up with Adblue while waiting for an additive-free SCR to have proved its worth and shown its effectiveness. Other manufacturers will give priority to reducing the extra cost of treating NOx, since the price of a dual loop EGR is estimated at about 200. For an engine to comply with the standard for several vehicle segments a multi-level system could be developed: dual loop EGR, several stage gas cooling and for more demanding applications, a more efficient injection system, or even fitting a DeNOx.
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Diesel
Etonnantes exemptions
a norme Euro 6 concerne les vhicules des catgories M1, M2, N1 et N2, dont la masse de rfrence ne dpasse pas 2610 kg. Cependant, ceux des catgories N1 (Vhicules affects au transport de marchandises) bnficient dun traitement particulier en ce qui concerne le CO et les NOx. Pour ce dernier polluant, si la limite est identique pour des masse de rfrence (MR) jusqu 1305 kg (80 g/km), elle passe 105 g/km pour une MR jusqu 1760 kg, puis 125 g/km au-del. Or, tout constructeur peut faire passer un vhicule dans la catgorie N1 tout en conservant 4 ou 5 places assises, notamment pour les avantages fiscaux dont peuvent bnficier les utilisateurs ! Par exemple sont dj homologus en N1 (mais galement en M1) : Audi Q7 5 places, BMW X5 et X6 et de nombreux modles Renault/Dacia (Megane, Scenic, Laguna, Espace, Kangoo, Trafic Passenger, Logan MCV et Sandero).
volumtrique, forme de la chambre de combustion, etc.). Mais la voie prise par les constructeurs dpendra galement de leur stratgie industrielle et de leur prsence dans les marchs. Ceux qui sont prsents sur le continent nord-amricain, par exemple Mercedes, et qui ont dj dvelopp le SCR sur plusieurs vhicules, pourraient alors adapter leurs produits lEurope avec lavantage de pouvoir orienter le dveloppement de leurs moteurs vers la rduction du CO2 (5 7 % selon Bosch). Sans tre prsent aux USA, dautres constructeurs pourraient galement prendre cette voie uniquement pour rpondre la pression du CO2, surtout sils disposent dun FAP efficace. Ils peuvent esprer que linconvnient du cot du SCR, aujourdhui estim entre 300 et 600 euros, sera attnu par un effet de masse. Il faudra galement grer lacceptation de
lutilisateur au plein dAdBlue, en attendant quun SCR sans additif ait fait ses preuves et montrer son efficacit. Dautres constructeurs privilgieront la rduction du surcot du traitement des NOx, le prix dun EGR double boucle tant estim environ 200 euros. Pour quun moteur puisse satisfaire la norme sur plusieurs segments de vhicules, ils pourront dvelopper un systme tiroir : EGR double boucle, refroidissements tage des gaz et, pour des applications plus svres, injection plus performante, voire implantation dun DeNox. Yvonnick Gazeau
Diesel
Surprising exemptions
he Euro 6 standard applies to vehicles in categories M1, M2, N1 and N2, whose reference mass does not exceed 2610 kg. However, those in categories N1 (goods vehicles) enjoy special treatment regarding CO and NOx. For NOx, while the limit is identical for reference masses (RM) up to 1305 kg (80 g/km), it is increased to 105 g/km for an MR up to 1760 kg and 125 g/km beyond that. But any manufacturer can register a vehicle in the N1 category while retaining 4 or 5 seats, especially for the tax advantages from which users can benefit! For example, the following are already approved in N1 (and also in M1): 5-seat Audi Q7, BMW X5 et X6 and numerous Renault/Dacia (Megane, Scenic, Laguna, Espace, Kangoo, Trafic Passenger, Logan MCV and Sandero) models.
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Diesel
prparation du mlange en adaptant linjection, mais galement la turbulence, pour que le moteur accepte des taux de 20, 30, 40, voire 50 %. Un vhicule peut-il rpondre la norme Euro 6 uniquement avec les nouveaux EGR ? Il faut regarder linertie du vhicule par rapport la performance du moteur. En caricaturant, un gros moteur dans une petite voiture passera plus facilement la norme quun petit moteur dans une grosse voiture car ce dernier sera plus souvent en pleine charge o la dpollution est plus difficile. Donc certaines voitures passeront la norme
Ces deux systmes augmentent-ils la contre-pression lchappement ? Dun point de vue thermodynamique, partir du moment o il y a un substrat supplmentaire dans la ligne dchappement, il y a une augmentation de la contre pression. Il y a des solutions pour intgrer ces systmes dans un catalyseur oxydation ou un filtre particules, ce qui rduit cet inconvnient. Il est tonnant de voir encore PSA continuer avec le FAP additiv alors que les autres constructeurs emploient gnralement un FAP couche imprgne. Le FAP mtaux prcieux bnficie dun effet de masse qui a contribu amliorer
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Diesel
Roland Lismonde: Bosch France, PSA Diesel Sales and Applications Director
What are your lines of development for your injectors? One of the aims is to help to meet the future Euro 6 standard, but we are also seeking to improve other aspects such as noise or consumption. We are also working on the shape of the nozzle for the preparation of the mixture, which has a positive effect on raw engine emissions. Of course, we are working on the increase in injection pressure, both in piezoelectric and solenoid control. The future piezoelectric injectors should reach 2500 bars, and a little less for the magnetic types. sa performance. De son ct, PSA a acquis une grosse exprience sur leur technologie et ont montr quil est efficace. Si son montage est plus contraignant (pompe/rservoir pour ladditif), il est par contre probable quil va apporter une intgration plus avantageuse du systme de post-traitement des NOx en vue de lEuro 6. Quelques moteurs ont dj des fonctionnements partiels en HCCI. Ce type de combustion va-t-il samplifier ? En fonctionnement stationnaire, le HCCI apporte des baisses en NOx intressantes, mais le fonctionnement du moteur en mode dynamique pose encore des problmes, mme sur les moteurs de recherche, ce qui explique que les moteurs ne basculent pas dans ce mode de combustion. Avec lEuro 5, pour diffrents constructeurs, certains moteurs actuels et venir bnficient partiellement des recherches sur le HCCI. En fait le moteur garde un concept de combustion conventionnel mais intgre des zones de fonctionnement en HCCI. Pour les constructeurs, ce sont des choix technologiques assez long terme. Les moteurs des futures voitures europennes se dirigent vers des cylindres de plus en plus petites. Ny-a-til pas des limites techniques ? Nous allons effectivement voir des trois cylindres Diesel et galement des bicylindres. Dun point de vue combustion, il y a des proportions de chambre de combustion qui fonctionnent bien, ce qui est une des explications de la rduction du nombre de cylindres. Par exemple, un alsage ne peut pas tre rduit trop fortement car la prparation du mlange peut tre dgrade. Propos recueillis par Yvonnick Gazeau How do you explain the difference in maximum pressure between these two technologies? It is not a technical problem. Piezoelectric injectors, which are more efficient but more costly, are usually intended for high performance vehicles. Their design allows an increase in pressure with no loss of dynamics. Nevertheless, a lot of development work has been done on magnetic injectors, which has enabled their maximum pressure and dynamics to be increased. This last point is very important for the quality of combustion because it allows a larger number of injections, closer together, in the same engine cycle. Today their performance is quite close to that of piezoelectric injectors: we could produce a 2500 bar magnetic injector, but there is no market for it today. For example, PSA chose a piezo injector for the DW12 (2.2 HDI) engine and a 1600 bar solenoid injector for the DV4 (1.4 HDI). Are you working on variable nozzle systems? The nozzle is a key point both for the preparation of the mixture and resistance to clogging. The concept of a variable nozzle is being used today in pre-development. Are vehicle manufacturers going to have to reduce the compression ratio to comply with the Euro 6 standard? There are different thoughts on this. Either manufacturers continue the approach initiated for Euro 3, 4 and 5 engines by reducing raw emissions, or they invest in post-treatment systems. In the first case they must control the costs of combustion development, while in the second the prices of precious metals are likely to increase. However, adding post-treatment enables the combustion concept to be reconsidered so that it is more focussed on low consumption. Some manufacturers are working in this direction, and in that event it is probable that some compression ratios will increase. Is low pressure loop EGR an easy solution to apply? The aim of the low pressure loop is not just to increase the recycling rate, but also to recycle cooler exhaust gases and enlarge the operating zone under EGR. It is possible to reach a rate of 50%, but this must not be to the detriment of combustion quality. The preparation of the mixture must be optimized by adapting the injection, and also the turbulence, so that the engine can accept rates of 20%, 30%, 40% and even 50%. Can a vehicle meet the Euro 6 standard only with the new EGRs? It depends on the inertia of the vehicle compared with the engine performance. To caricaturise the situation, a big engine in a small car will satisfy the standard more easily than a small engine in a big car which will more often be at full load, when pollution control is more difficult. So certain cars will meet the standard with no NOx post-treatment, simply by optimizing injection and the EGR. Will a system using an NOx trap attain the performance level of an SCR? This system has made enormous progress in recent years. The drawback to the early systems was that they deteriorated fairly quickly with age. Today their performance is stabilised up to 200,000 km. On the other hand their NOx treatment rate is still several dozen percentage points below the SCR. From a cost point of view, their operation calls for precious metals, but their size can be defined according to the performance level of the engine. The SCR, on the contrary, may be more efficient, but requires a heavier initial investment that varies very little from one type of engine to another. view, once there is an additional substrate in the exhaust system there will be an increase in the counter-pressure. There are solution for integrating these systems into an oxidation catalytic converter or a particulate filter, which reduces this drawback. It is surprising to see that PSA continues to use the doped particulate filter when the other manufacturers usually use a particulate filter with an impregnated layer. Precious metal based particulate filters benefit from a mass effect that contributes to improving their performance. PSA has acquired enormous experience in their technology and have shown that they are efficient. Although their installation is more restrictive (pump/tank for the additive), it is probable that they will provide a more beneficial integration of the NOx post-treatment system in preparation for Euro 6. Some engines already have partial HCCI functions. Is the use of this kind of combustion going to increase? In stationary operation, HCCI brings interesting reductions in NOx, but the operation of an engine in dynamic mode still poses some problems, even on research engines, which explains why engines are not switching to this type of combustion. For different manufacturers, some engines already in production and in preparation have partially benefited from research into HCCI for the Euro 5 standard. In fact these engines retain a conventional combustion design but include areas of operation in HCCI. For manufacturers, these are fairly long term technological choices.
The engines for future European cars are moving towards smaller and smaller cylinder capacities. Are there no technical limits? Indeed, we are going to see threecylinder Diesel engines and also twin cylinder engines. From the combustion viewpoint, there are combustion chamber proportions that work well, which is one explanation for the reduction in the number of cylinders. For example, Do these two systems increase a bore cannot be reduced too the exhaust counter-pressure? much because the preparation From a thermodynamic point of of the mixture may deteriorate.
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