Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Project Presentation

Intracranial Hematoma
Detection
G.K.I. Abayarathna : 050001A
Gartheeban Ganeshapillai : 050131V
E.D.R. Kumara : 050234N
W.M.D. Soysa : 050440R

Supervised By: Dr. A. A. Pasqual

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

What – Whom - How

 Intracranial Hematoma (IH) is a highly fatal,

albeit treatable, secondary injury.
 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), the most prevailing
cause of fatality in an accident, is one of the prime
causes of IH.
 Post-surgery complications is another prominent
cause for IH, which requires continuous
monitoring.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Incidence
In USA, on average 2 out of 1000 people
suffer by IH.
In Sri Lanka, on average 10 patients undergo
surgery for IH, daily at National Hospital,
Colombo alone, most of them transferred from
peripheries only after showing external
symptoms.
There are only 4 teaching hospitals with the
facilities to treat IH, in Sri Lanka.
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Solution!
 Affordable,
 Portable,
 Safety abiding,
device to assist in
 on-site detection,
 continuous
monitoring, and
 prioritizing the CT
scan
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Objective
Indicating the existence of extra-cerebral hematomas

Deliverables
Indication
Visual imaging
Comparison and analysis

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Problem

Multiple claims address the problem with

disparate technologies, and we set
out to find the most viable!

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Tasks
1. Research to understand the problem and
background
2. Experiment to find viable methods for detection,
ascertainment and visualization
3. Development of a prototype – proof of concept
4. Design of semi-automatic algorithms
5. Enhance the accuracy, performance and implement
machine-learning on the availability of adequate
data
6. Field test
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Intracranial Hematoma (IH)

Intracranial bleeding occurs when a blood
vessel within the skull is ruptured or leaks.
Leads to increases in intracranial pressure.
Severe increases in intracranial pressure can cause
potentially deadly brain.
Early identification, prior to neurological
deterioration, is the key to successful surgical
treatment.
Continuous monitoring and serial scans are used
to detect delayed hematomas.
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Types of IH
 Extra-cerebral.
 Epidural hematoma
 Subdural hematoma
 Subarachnoid
hematoma
 Intra-cerebral.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Near Infra-red (NIR)

Between 750 – 850 nm
wavelength
Water has a low absorption
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb)
have detectable
absorption.
Greater concentration of
hemoglobin in an acute
hematoma
 Extra vascular blood
absorbs NIR light more than
normal brain tissue due to
greater hemoglobin
concentration.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM)

 A recurrent neural
network.
 Used to establish
hetero-association.
 Popular for recognizing
predetermined patterns
such as characters.
 Adopted for post
detection integration –
to identify and filter out
improbable detections.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Others
 Optical Density
o ▲OD = log (I1/I2)
o ▲ OD
= log Io/Il - log Io/Ih
= log Il/Ih

 Threshold detection
 Pre-detection
integration

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

iHD Terminal
 Sensor & Data
Acquisition Subsystem
 Processing &
Controlling Subsystem
 Input Output
Subsystem
 Power Management
Subsystem
 Communication
Subsystem
 Firmware
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

iHD Mobile Application

 Data collection and
Management
 Normalization
 OD Calculation
 Threshold detection
 Post detection
integration
 Visualization

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Continuous scan
 Continuous scan
over injured side
and healthy side.
 Approximately,
200 x 400 samples
in 7 seconds
over 16cm.
 Automatically
stopped after 10
seconds
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Localized scan
 On four predefined
locations on the head.
 A : Frontal area
 B : Temporal area
 C : Parietal area
 D : Occipital area
 First on the left side,
followed by the right side.
 400 samples per scan.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Sampling

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Transfer
 Over any media
supporting serial
profile.
 Eg: RS232, Bluetooth.
 Layered
Communication
architecture.
 Communication
protocol specification.
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Data management
 Additional data such
as Record ID, MO
ID, etc are stored.
 Data is stored in
XML.
 Maximum
compatibility and
extensibility.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Analysis
 Normalization -
used to account for
unequal number of
samples.
 Threshold based
semi-automatic
detection
 BAM based filtering

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Design - algorithms
 Direct visual comparison with reference scans
 Optical Density (OD) calculations
 Adopting radar system principles
 Instead of few localize scans, continuous scan over whole length
 For each subject scan calculate corresponding reference value
from reference scans by averaging
 Variable threshold to detect a hematoma for a given probability of
error.
 Post detection integration to eliminate improbable cases
 Threshold detection to identify hematomas semi-
automatically
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Visualization
 Intensity based color
maps.
 Semi-automatic
detection and
visualization.
 Approximate
estimation of the
location of
hematoma.
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Safety
 Following FDA regulations
 Heating
 Cell damage is probable above 41˚C.
 Cerebrum temperature is 35˚C, which gives 6˚C buffer.
 NIR of 50 mW/sq cm contributes to 0.5˚C (sunlight 50mW/sq cm).
 LED Output
 Light output of an LED is 30% of the input
 850 nm LED uses 50 mA continuously. Around 40mW per LED.
 Use of PWM
 50 mW/sq cm applied for 0.5 s will be able to penetrate more than
25 mW/sq cm applied for the full 1 second.
 However it generates the same amount of heat.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Best practices followed …

 Modular design in hardware
Isolated sensor, LED, communication and I/O subsystems
 Rapid prototyping for enclosure
Elegant, user-friendly design
 Design of communication protocol and abstraction
To structure the communication
 Use of .Net 3.5 platform
For broader availability, usability, and code reuse
 Use of OOP
Code reuse, organization, and maintainability
 Hosted at http://fyp.theebgar.net
Project repository, Knowledge base, Public Gateway
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Results
 700 mV through healthy side on reception, with the
noise floor at 50 mV, maximum of 1.2 OD can be
identified.
 Hair absorption is high, needs higher power
transmission
 5 minutes for complete scan:
Each scan takes 10 seconds, and data-transfer is
instantaneous
 Analysis in iHDMA is almost instantaneous taking less
than 2 seconds for calculations on 400 samples.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Clinical Trials
 To assess the efficacy of the iHD
 To obtain the statistical data of the area and
concentration of hemoglobin

 Subjects : patients undergoing surgery due to IH.

 Scheduled on 23rd May, at National Hospital, accident ward
 Testing duration : 5 minutes
 Procedure: Scanning before undergoing the surgery and a
follow up trial after the surgery is conducted with a duration of
another 5 minutes, when possible. 2 areal scans done in each
side of the head of the patient, and another 8 single scans on
specific locations.

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Financial Statement
Prototype cost Total R&D cost

Item Cost Item Cost

Bluetooth module 7000 Components 5000
Microcontroller 500 Enclosure 25000
Sensor and LED 2000 Imported components 20000
Components 300 Optical filters 55000
PCB 300 Miscellaneous 5000
Dual cell 1500 110000
Enclosure 16000
Miscellaneous 1000
28600
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Problems faced
Power and safety
FDA regulations
Hair absorption
Ambient noise
Compactness of the device
Detection and false alarm
Field testing

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Future directions
2D solution : Using an array of LEDs
and sensors
Compact design : Using surface mount
components and aluminum body
Modulated signal and matched filter :
To improve accuracy
Quick results : Performing basic
calculations in the microcontroller
Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009
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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Glimpses

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

DISCUSSION

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa

THANK YOU

Final Year Project Presentation – Y05 May 22, 2009

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