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OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK Post-Graduate Research On IMPACT OF RECOOMONDED PRODUCTION TECHENOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN NASHIK DISTRIC Submitted by Mr. DONDE JAGDISH PRAKASH Reg. No: 12/221 Research Guide . DR. R. R. SURYAWANSHI Professor of Agricultural Economics Division of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. 2012-2013

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, KOLHAPUR-416004 DIVISION OF AGRIL. ECONOMICS. OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK 1. Name of Student : Mr Donde Jagdish Prakash

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2. Registration Number 3. Degree 4. Centre of PG Education 5. Department & Discipline Major Field Minor Field 6. Name of Research Guide & Chairman, SAC .

: : : : : :

12/221 M.Sc. (Agri.) College of Agriculture, Kolhapur Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Economics. Agril. Extension Education, Statistics and Mathematics. Dr. R. R. Suryawanshi Assistant Professor, Agril. Economics, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

7. Title of Research Work

: Impact of recommended production techenology of production of wheat in Nashik distric

8. Objectives: 1. To study extent of adoption of production technologies of farmers field. 2. To study economics of production of wheat under different level of adoption. 3. To study the contribution of recommended technology in yield

9. Introduction: Wheat (Triticum spp.), the worlds most widely cultivated agronomic crop, in 2000, world wheat production was approximately 572 million metric tons on 205 million hectares. Of the cereal crops, wheat accounts for the greatest volume of international trade. Wheat is the staple food for about 40% of the worlds population. Common bread wheat (T. aestivum,L.) and durum wheat (T . durum Des f.) make up 90% of the worlds wheat crop. Commercially

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cultivated wheat is basically of two types i.e durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) that differ in their genetic complexity, adaptation as well as use. A wide range of products are now made and consumed worldwide from both types of wheat. Wheat is further classified as winter or spring, hard or soft, red or white, and by protein content. The majority of wheat produced is used for human consumption. Bread wheats are used in making bread, rolls, cakes, cookies, and pastries. Durum wheats are used for making pasta products. Wheat Scenario in India Wheat is one of the most important staple food grains of human race. India produces about 70 million tones of wheat per year or about 12 percent of world production. It is now the second largest producer of wheat in the world. Being the second largest in population, it is also the second largest in wheat consumption after China, with a huge and growing wheat demand. Production and productivity of wheat crop were quite low in India become independent in 1947. The production of wheat was only 6.46 million ton and productivity was merely 663 kg /ha during 1950 to 51, which was not sufficient to feed Indian population. Country used to import in large quantity for fulfilling need of our people from many countries Introduction of new technology during the fourth five year plan (1969-74) had changed share of Indian agriculture. The government of India appointed a commission in 1961 to assess feasibility of increasing the crop productivity under prevailing Indian ecological condition. The commission consisted of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan , Dr. N. E. Bourlaug and many others and concluded that production level of wheat would be increase , if suitable and superior germplasm / varites were available in country. The dwarf wheat decide having stiffer and shorter staw , were relatively photo insensitive and were capable of give high yield at high doses of fertilizer , irrigation other inputs harvest index {ie grain , starw ratio} was also more favorable in term of grain production. India achieved remarkable progress in wheat production during the last 4 decades and is the second largest wheat producer in the world. In India, scientific plant breeding probably began in the first decade of the 20th Century. To meet the growing demands under the constrains of depleting natural resources, environmental fluctuation and increased risk of epidemic outbreak, the task of increasing wheat production has become daunting. The euphoria generated by first green revolution is very quickly subsiding and the second generation problems are becoming more intense with each passing year. The factors responsible for first green revolution seem to be exhausting rapidly and there is

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immediate need to develop the technologies which can not only increase the wheat production but also sustain at higher level without adversely affecting the natural resources. More investment on germplasm improvement, conservation agriculture including breeding for varieties adaptive to conservation agriculture, hybrid wheats, broadening the genetic base of the varieties at farmers level, wide scale utilization of alien translocations in the breeding programme along with integration of marker assisted selection and other innovative approaches with traditional breeding methods are some of the technologies which can yield dividend in the coming years Despite remarkable growth in food production, the risks were exposed by food crisis in the recent years. Therefore, wheat production must continue to increase by 2% annually, more particularly in developing world including southeast Asia until 2020 to meet future demands imposed by population and prosperity growth Wheat is one of the most important staple food grains of human race. India produces about 70 million tones of wheat per year or about 12 per cent of world production. It is now the second largest producer of wheat in the world. Being the second largest in population, it is also the second largest in wheat consumption after China, with a huge and growing wheat demand. Geographical Area under Wheat Cultivation It is cultivated from a sea level up to even 10,000 feet. More than 95 percent of the wheat area in India is situated north of a line drawn from Mumbai to kolkatt a and also in Mysore and Madras in small amounts. The Major Wheat producing st ates in India is placed in the Northern hemisphere of the country with UP, Punjab a nd Haryana contributing to nearly 80% of the total wheat production India has 121.33 million ha area under wheat crop with production 218.11 million ton. And productivity 1798 kg\ha. In India Uttar Pradesh rank first regarding to area and production of 19.32 million ha and 43.20 million ton respectively and Punjab have productivity 4144kg\ha. (Source: Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation)

Minimum supporting price for wheat 1285 per quintal dated on 25-10-2011 (Source: www.agricoop.nic.in)

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Wheat scenario of Maharshtra With an Area12.11 million ha, production 12.59 miilion ton, yield 1730 kg\ha area under high yielding variities is 1253000 ha. Maharshtra is one the important state of production of wheat. (Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation ) in Maharshtra Nashik, Pune, Ahemadnagar, Hingoli, Parbhani, Nagpur are main distric as concern with wheat production. Wheat scenario of Nashik Area under total wheat crop is 45872 ha on which 35051 ha is irrigated. production 67976 metric ton while productivity 1886 kg\ha.in Nashik district Yeola taluka rank first followed by Niphad, Dindori, Baglan taukas. (source: Distric wise statistic, Nashik distric, Maharshtra gov. 2011)

10. Review of literature: The literature closely related to present study is briefly presented as below. Anonymous (2007) Studied on impact of crop production technology of major food grain on farm productivity and income in western Maharashtra he observed that Per ha. Cost C of wheat was ranged from Rs. 16111.16 for up to 50 percent to rs 18398.14 for above 51 percent level of adoption. The productivity, gross return and net farm income were higher by 5.68 qtl/ha, Rs. 6121.82 and 3834.84 for above 51 percent adoption. The per at cost of production decline from Rs 647.59 to Rs 591.93 with adoption of above 51 percent technology, the increased productivity from 23.72 to 29.40 qt/ha the production cost declined by 55.66 per qtl. Therefore the B:C ratio showed an improvement from 1.37 to 15.53 with increase in technology

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(Minten and Barrett, 2008) One effective way to increase agricultural productivity is through wider adoption of new farming technologies (Matuschke et al.2007) He analyzes the adoption and impact of

hybrid wheat in India. Based on survey data show that farmers can benefit significantly from the proprietary technology. Neither farm size nor the subsistence level influence the adoption decision, but access to information and credit matters. Hybrid seed production is not economical, their adoption by the farmers due to higher seed cost pose a great challenge to the scientific community. Hybrid seeds should be made cost-effective by decreasing the seeding rate, increasing the yield levels and alteration in planting technologies. Hybrid wheats may be adopted even in less-favorable, semi-subsistence environments provided there are efficiency gains in seed production and distribution systems Moreover, willingness-to-pay analysis reveals that adoption levels would be higher if seed prices were reduced. Given decreasing public support to agricultural research, policies should be targeted at reducing institutional constraints, to ensure that resource-poor farmers are not by passed by private sector innovations

Anonymous (2007) studied on impact of crop production technology of major food grain on farm productivity and income in western Maharashtra he observed that at overall level cent percent adoption of requisite soil , harrowing and irrigation followed by nitrogenous fertilizers (99 percent), deed use (88 percent), phosphorus fertilizer (83 percent), intercultureing (82 percent) and potassic fertilizer (79 percent). More than 75 percent of sample farm adopted timely sowing of wheat , 75 percent followed deep ploughing and 72 percent used

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seed drill for sowing . all wheat grower used improved varities of which 69 percent used HD-2189 remaining used MACS-2496, Lokwon Engale , Narmada , Nirmal, western 496 etc. it was notice that use of N and P as per recommendation was followed by 20 percent and 25 percent growers respectively , but nobody has followed adoption of K as per recommendation uniform adoption of prerequisite soil and irrigation by all farm size groups followed by slight variation for nitrogenous fertilizer (97 to 80 percent) was observed. Singh (2006) the cost of wheat production depends largely upon cash operational expenses since it constitute nearly 46% of total cost. The variable cost is largely determined by farmers managerial ability and efficiency of production technologies. As revealed from the study, the cost of wheat production was well below the Minimum Support Price (MSP) announced by the government but the farmers margin obtained by adding the value of family labours and rental value of owned land to the net return was only Rs. 18199/ha which was hardly sufficient to sustain a family for six months in cotton-wheat region of Punjab state. The figure for rice-wheat region was Rs.18853/ha making no significant difference from cotton-wheat system. Comparative economics of wheat cultivation in both these systems showed that cost of production was less in cotton- wheat system but ricewheat system was more efficient. The yield of crops was affected significantly by operational holding, seed and land preparation. Analysis of variability and cost structure revealed that threshing, harvesting and land preparation were the variables which affected the working cost and in turn cost of cultivation the most. So these variables should be chosen as policy objects for the purpose of devising new technologies and to reduce the cost of production. The required evolution, dissemination and adoption of farm mechanization need huge amounts of private and public investment. But the low farmer margin does not support the case for

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private investment. Better price incentives and reduced cost of production could improve the farmers margin. Hence, efforts should be directed to evolve technologies which could reduce the cost of wheat cultivation by reduced the expenses on threshing, harvesting and land preparation (Dubey, A.K 2007) Conducted to ascertain the level of knowledge and adoption behavior of the farmers with respect to wheat production technologies due to training imparted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Allahabad. Twenty-five trainees and equal number of non-trainees were randomly selected making the sample size of 50 farmers. It was found that trainees had high level of knowledge (100 %) whereas in case of non-trainees, 52% high level, 44 % medium level and only 4 % with low level of knowledge. There was a significant difference between trainees and non-trainees regarding the knowledge about the package of practices of wheat crop. The study also revealed that most of the trainees (84 %) had higher level of adoption followed by medium level (16 %) whereas, most of the nontrainees had medium level of adoption (64 %) followed by low level of adoption (32 %). This indicates that there had been a significant difference between trainees and non-trainees regarding the extent of adoption of package of practices of wheat crop. Trainees had higher level of adoption of recommended package of practices as also higher mean scores than the non- trainees. Thus, it could be concluded that the trainees had more knowledge and extent of adoption of package of practices of wheat crop than non-trainees. The KVK should organize more number of training programmers for maximum benefit of the farmers

Gaokar (2000) Attempted the study on extent of technology adoption by farmer and also threw light on the factor affecting the use technology in

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canacona

taluka of south goa . She found that there was direct relationship

between education and technology adoption by farmer. The study further reveled that credit was important factor which influencing the technology adoption. Srivasrava et al., (2003) Have suggested that educational status of the farmers was also found to be an important factor in the adoption of improved cultural practices and high yielding varieties Vidya Sagar (1978) studied contribution of individual technological factor in agricultural growth for study area i.e. Rajasthan and concluded that out of the total increase in the overall level of agricultural productivity 97 per cent increase is contributed by the yield increase alone and very large part of yield growth in crops i.e. per cent change was by three technological factors viz. fertilizer irrigation and high yielding varieties Anonymous (1995) Study on constrains in cultivation of major crops on tribal farm in Dhule district show that the lack of awareness regarding improved varities, seed treatment, use of fertilizer to a greater extent in case of both the crops viz, paddy and rab jowar . The poor economic condition, high cost of certain input like FYM, fertilizer and insecticide and pesticide were major constrains pointed out by farmer in adoption of improved technology in area under study. Rajesh R. and S. Varadarajan (2000) Assess the extent of adoption of new dry land farm technology. An attempt was made to quantity and measure technology adoption with the help of the technology adoption index which was a summary measure of adoption of technology. The study found that the average level of adoption of technology was 51.29 per cent and the largest number of 102

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farms (33.33%) was seen in the class intervals of 51-66 per cent adoption. Faith in traditional farming, non-awareness and lack of knowledge were The major constraints in adopting recommended level of technologies in case of low technology adopters Hugar et al. (1992) Studied the extent of adoption of new technology in different crops. The study has been undertaken in North-Eastern transitional and North-Eastern dry zones of Karnataka state. Data was collected from 181 farms. The degree of adoption of various recommended practices was worked out using a six point scoring pattern. The study revealed that the recommended sowing time was the only practice followed by all the farmers. The extent of adoption of practices like sowing method, seed treatment was moderate in case of groundnut and sunflower. The extent of adoption was relatively higher with respect to time of sowing manual weeding, improved variety, method of sowing and plant protection measures.

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11. Programme of research work : Sr.no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Work to be done Review of literature Formulation and Testing of questionnaire Selection of sample and collection of data Compilation and analysis of data Interpretation of results and completion of thesis Submission of thesis Date August ----Sept -----Oct-Nov ----Jan -----Feb-April--------

6.

May --------

12. Methodology:MATERIAL AND METHODS This chapter discussed in brief the Materials and Methods adopted for the study. It deals with the procedure used for selection of sample, method of data collection, type of data collected, source of data and analytical procedure used to obtained the results as per the objectives of the study. Selection of area Nashik district was selected purposively for the study From the Nashik district two tahsils were selected viz., Niphad villages was1. Ware darna 2. Lalpadi 3.chandori

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.and Dindori villages was 1. Vadner bhairav 2. Mohadi . Fifty farmers from each tahsils Ten farmers from each villages on the basis of highest area under the crops was selected in all 100 farmers were selected for the study (Table 1). Table 1. Tahsilwise number of selected farmers Name of tahsil No. of farmers 1) Niphad 50 2) Dinori 50 Total 100

Table 1. Tahsilwise number of selected farmers Name of tehsil Niphad Dindori Total No. of farmers 50 50 100

1 2

3.1 Collection of data An interview schedule consisting various questions concerned with objectives of the study was developed. Data pertaining to the year 2011-12 on various aspects of wheat cultivation, economics of production and other relevant information were collected. The data on following aspects were collected, tabulated and subjected to various tools of statistical analysis. 1. General information about farmers. 2. Details of farm size 3. Details on land utilization pattern.

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4. Various operations carried out for the cultivation of soybean through human labour and bullock labour. 5. Details of various input used along with their quantities and prices. 6. Package of practices used for the cultivation of soybean. 7. Constraints faced by respondents for adopting recommended technologies 8. Yield obtained 9. Cost and returns. 3.2 Classification of farmers on the basis of size of holding Table 2. Distribution of selected farmers on the basis of land holding Sr. No. 1 2 3 Size group Small Medium Large Size limit (ha) Upto 2 2 to 8 8 and above Number of cultivators

The selected 100 farmers were under sequently classified as small (upto 2), medium (2 to 8 ha) and large 8 and above ha). 3.3 Adoption technology In the present study, Adoption of Technology refers to actual practices adopted by farmers for the cultivation of soybean. The information on practices adopted by the selected farmers was collected.

3.4 Recommended technology The term recommended technology refers to the cultivation practices recommended by MPKV, Rahuri for wheat crop. The university has made

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recommendations about soil type, varieties, tillage practices, spacing, seed rate, time of sowing, level of fertilizer, intercultural practices, irrigation, plant protection measures, etc. for soybean crop. Table 3. The recommended technology developed by MPKV, Rahuri for soybean Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Technology Type of soil Number of ploughings Number of harrowing Manures (CL/ha) Nitrogen(kg/ha) Phosphorus(kg/ha) potassium Seed rate(kg/ha) Variety Time of sowing Number of weeding Recommendation well drain deep black soil One ploughing in two year is sufficient After one ploughing two cross harrowing 2o-25 CL FYM before ploughing 120 kg nitrogen in split doses 60 kg phosphorus after first weeding 40 kg potassium after first wedding For drilling 120-25 kg seed is sufficient for optimum plant population NIPHAD 34(late) , NIAW-301 (Trambak) NIAW (Tapowan), NIAW 295 (Godawari) 15 October 15 November Weed free condition needed two weeding in 30 days interval after sowing

3.6 Analytical Techniques: The components of recommended technology recommended by the University for Soybean were identified and thereafter, the level of technology adopted by farmers was assessed. The adoption score was developed for those components, whose value could not be measured in terms of unit. Adoption index for each technology was developed by using given formula.

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Methods used for estimating Adoption index: a.The adoption index of ith technology: TAIJ= (ATIJ/Rti) Where, TAij =Adoption index of Ith component for the jth object ATij =ith component technology level adopted by jth farmer RTi =the recommended level of ith component

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Table 4. Technologywise extent of adoption Sr.No. Practices 1 Ploughing Extent of adoption No. of ploughing actually done EA = --------------------------------------Recommended ploughing No. of harrowing actually done EA = --------------------------------------Recommended harrowing
Qty. of FYM applied EA = --------------------------------------Recommended FYM Nutrient applied by cultivator (N&P) EA = --------------------------------------Recommended nutrients Seed rate used by cultivator EA = --------------------------------------Recommended seed rate Soybean variety sown by cultivator EA = -------------------------------------------Variety recommended by Agril. Univ. No. of days delayed for sowing EA = 1- -------------------------------------------Recommended time for sowing No. of weeding actually done EA = --------------------------------------Recommended weeding

Harrowing

Farm yard manure

Fertilizer

Seed rate

Selection of variety

Time of sowing

Intercultural operation

b.Factor share analysis: For estimating the contribution of each factor in yield, the multiple linear regression analysis was carried out by using the following equation Y= x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7+x8+x9 Y=a+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3+b4x4+b5x5+b6x6+b7x7+b8x8+b9x9+u

sai Where, Y is the dependent variables, X1 to X9 are the independent variables, b1 to b9 are the regression coefficients, a is constant and U is a random term. The specification of the selected variables is as follows, Y=Dependent variable X1 to x9=Technology b1 to b9=Regression coefficient a=Constant u=a random term After estimating the contribution of each factor, the same was used as a weight for estimating the composite index of technology. 3.7 Composite index of adoption: Composite index was developed to study the extent of adoption of technology by farmers .The index developed is as follows: PTAj = (WiTAij)/100 Where, PTAj = the composite adoption index package by j th farmer Wi = the weight assigned to ith technology component TAij = Adoption index of ith component of technology adopted jth farmer After estimating the composite index of adoption of technology by the farmers, then the farmers were stratified into three groups viz., low, medium and high having up to 0.30, 0.31, to 0.50 and 0.50 and above composite adoption index respectively. After estimating composite index, for estimating the effect of composite index on yield, different production functions were tried.

sai Functional Analysis: Following different production function were tried. 1) Linear production function Y=a+bx+u Where, Y=Dependent variable X= Independent variable a =Intercept b =Regression coefficient u =Error term 2) Quadratic function Y=a+bx+cx2 Where, Y=yield of Soybean /ha in qtl X=Composite adoption index 3) Cobb douglas production function Y=axb In linear form Logy=Loga+nLogx Where, Y=yield of Soybean /ha in qtl X=input (composite index) a =Efficiency parameter n =Efficiency of parameter with respect to x Economics of production Economics of production of soybean was worked out on the basis

sai of different level of technologies by using standard cost concept . 3.8 Cost concept: Cost concept viz, Cost A, Cost B, and Cost C, which are commonly used in farm management research are used in the present study, to estimate per hectare cost of cultivation of soybean. These cost concepts are described in brief . Cost A: It is actual paid out cost by cultivator. This cost approximates the expenditure incurred by the farmers in cash and kind in cultivation of crop and include the following items. 1. Hired human labour. 2. Owned and hired bullock labour 3. Seed. 4. Manures 5. Fertilizers. 6. Depreciation and machinery charges 7. Plant protection. 8. Land revenue. 9. Interest on working capital Cost B: Cost A +Rental value of land + Interest on fixed capital. Cost C: Cost B+ Imputed value of family human labour. Evolution of inputs Human labour: 1. Casual labour was charged was at the rate of actual wages paid in cash and kind from time to time 2. Family male and female labour was charged at the prevailing wage rates in the locality for casual labour from time to time. Bullock labour: 1. The owned bullock labour was evaluated on the basis of the hiring out rates prevailing in the village for the bullock pair from time to time. 2. In case of hired bullock labour, the actual rates paid from time to time were

sai considered. Seed: 1. For purchased seed the actual cost paid and expenditure incurred on procurement were taken into account. 2. For the own farm produced seed, the prices prevailing in the locality at the time of sowing of the crop were considered. .Manures: The cost of farm yard manure produced on the own farm was estimated at the prevailing rates in the locality. In case of purchased farm yard manure the actual prices paid were taken into account. Fertilizer: The actual prices paid for fertilizers and there procurement costs were considered. Plant Protection: This includes the actual cost incurred on purchase of insecticides, fungicides, and hiring charges of appliances used. Land revenue: It included land revenue and others cesses paid along with land revenue Implements: Owned implements used for the crop were charged at the hiring rates prevailing in the locality from time to time. The marketing charges includes transporting charges, marketcess octroi weighing charges, hamali dalali etc. Incurred by the cultivator in marketing of the produce . Interest on working capital: The interest of working capital was worked out on cost A (excluding land revenue) for the period of six month i.e. duration of crop

sai Rental value of land: Rental values of own land was calculated at 1/6 th of the value of gross produce (main and by-produce)

Evolution of output: The main and by-products of soybean were evaluated at the prices prevailing at time of harvest

13. References (Literature cited)

Anonymous, (1995) A study on constrain in output in adoption of recommended crop production of pigeonpea agresco report. Anonymous (2006) Impact of production technology of major food grain on farm productivity and income in western Maharshtra, Research review committee Department of Economics, MPKV, Rahuri Dubey, A.K. Srivastava J.P.(2007) Effect of Training Programmed on Knowledge and Adoption Behavior of Farmers on Wheat Production Technologies Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 7 (2&3), May & September 2007(page 41) Gaonkar, R. 2000. Technology adoption and agril. Productivity. a case study indian journal of agrilcultural economics, 55 (3) : 551 Hugar, L.V., K.B. Umesh and S. Suryaprakash, 1992. Extent of adoption of new technology in different crops. Agril. Situation in India. 64:15-19

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Matuschke, I., Mishra, R. R. & Qaim, M. (2007). Adoption and Impact of Hybrid Wheat in India. World Development, 35,1422-1435 Minten B, Barrett BC (2008). Agricultural technology, productivity, and poverty in Madagascar. World Dev., 36(5): 797-822 Rajesh, R. and S. Varadarajan, 2000. Constraints in diffusion at new farm technology in dry farming region. Indian J. Agril. Econ. 35(3):563-564

Singh Ajmer, 2006.Economic analysis of wheat production across cropping system in north west India, Indian J. Agric. Res., 40 (3) : 171 - 177 Srivasrava RK, Singh AK, Kalra A, Tomar VK-S, Bansal RP, Sushil-Kumar (2003). Influence of age and literacy level of farmers on adoption of mint based crop rotations in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow - 226 015, India. Journal-of-Medicinal-and-Aromatic-Plant-Sci., 25(3): 689-697

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14. Facilities required and their availability All required facilities like computer for analysis, journals and periodicals for references available at section of Agricultural Economics and central library of College of Agriculture, Kolhapur will be used. 15. Place of research work The research work will be conducted at the Section of Agricultural Economics College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

Place: Kolhapur Date : / /2013

Signature of Student ( DONDE J. P.)

PROPOSED BY THE STUDENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE Name 1.Chairman . : Signature Dr. R. R. Suryawanshi Professor of Agril, Economics College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. : Prof. B. B. Gawade Assistant Professor of Agril, Economics College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

2.Member

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3.Member Mathematics

Prof. M. R.Shewale Assistant Professor of Statistics and

College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

4.Member

Prof. A. B. Mohite Assistant Professor of Agr onomy. College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

Recommended by: Professor of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.

This ORW has been approved by the Board of studies in Agril. Economics and Statistics in its ----- meeting held on-- .----.2013 at MPKV, Rahuri. Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, MPKV, Rahuri Approved by : Associate dean College of Agriculture, Kolhapur.