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Heat exchangers, general

Page 5

Heat exchangers (coils) are designed mainly for the heating and cooling of air and other gases. Typical heating mediums used in coils include hot water, oil, liquid from industrial processes or steam; typical cooling mediums are cold water, evaporative refrigerant, oil or other types of liquids. The coils are available in versions for e.g. installation in the ducting or in air handling units, different materials and fin pitches, and in different tightness classes on the air side.

In ordinary applications, design charts for the various types of coil are used for sizing. If demands are made on high sizing accuracy, ABB Coiltech has developed a computer programme for this purpose. The heat exchangers are produced as standard in sizes up to 8 2.4 m and for air flows up to 96 m3/s. They are designed for horizontal or vertical air flow.

Heat exchangers, general


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DESIGN MATERIAL DIFFERENT MODES OF CONNECTION


Design The coils are primarily designed for heating and cooling air. Some types of coils are specially built for heat recovery. A coil consists of a number of staggered tubes arranged in one or more rows in the direction of air flow. The tubes are interconnected in loops with the lengths adapted to the different types of coil. The heating or cooling medium passes through the tubes while the air flows around the external surfaces. The tubes are provided with fins to achieve a sufficiently large heating and cooling area and thus, compensate for the low heat transfer coefficient on the air side. The tubes are connected to headers which have either threaded or plain connections intended for welding, depending on the size of the connection. The headers have nipples and plugs for venting and draining. The nipple for draining can be fitted with the sensor of an anti-freeze thermostat. The coils are incorporated in a casing with slip-clamp or flanged joints for connection on the air side. The coils with slip-clamp joints are designed for installation in ducting, those with flanged joints for installation in plant rooms or ducts. The coil casing is available in two different tightness classes depending on application. Cooling coils for installation in ducting are supplied with a drip tray for collecting the condensate. Material The materials tabulated below are used for normal comfort ventilation.
Coil part Casing Fins Tubes/loops Headers Material Galvanized steel Aluminium Copper Steel or copper

For particulars of coils made of materials other than those tabulated above, please get in touch with our nearest sales office. Different modes of connection Different modes of connecting the tubes may be adopted to vary the flow relationship between the heating or cooling medium and the air flow as seen in the figures below. CROSS-FLOW CONNECTION is used for condensing steam and on heating coils with low output. COUNTER-FLOW CONNECTION is most common and is used for cooling coils and heating coils with high output. This mode of connection affords the highest output for this application. PARALLEL-FLOW CONNECTION is sometimes used for heating coils when the possibility of fitting the sensor of an anti-freeze thermostat to the coil is given priority. The cooling and recovery coils connected in this mode must be installed correctly, otherwise the output may be reduced by as much as 5 and 10% respectively. In cases in which the direction of air flow or the direction of heating/cooling medium flow is crucial for achieving the design output of the coil, this direction is marked on the coil.

Casing Fins Finned tube Nipple Header Connection

Korsstrm Cross-flow nga (vatten) Steam (water)

Motstrm Counter-flow

Medstrm Parallell-flow

Air Luft

Air Luft

Air Luft

Water Vatten

Water Vatten

Heat exchangers, general


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COILS FOR EVAPORATIVE REFRIGERANT SIZING QUALITY


Coils for evaporative refrigerant output stages Coils used for evaporative refrigerants can be supplied with the total output broken down into two or more stages (depending on the height of the coil). Coils with 2 output stages are normally connected so that every other loop belongs to output stage 1, and the intervening loops belong to output stage 2. This is known as interlace connection.
1. 2.

Sizing Use the appropriate sizing chart for each type of coil. The charts enable the size to be determined quickly with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. A computer programme is available for simple and optimum coil sizing. If computer-aided sizing is required, get in touch with our nearest sales office. Normal velocities for coils.

Expansion valve (not included) Air velocity Water velocity

Cooling coil, m/s 2 3 1) 0,2 2) 2 3)

Heating coil, m/s 25 0,2 2) 1,5 3)

1) A droplet eliminator should be fitted if the air velocity is above 3 m/s. 2) Min. water velocity for preventing venting problems and laminar flow. Air flow
1. 2.

3) Max. water velocity due to the risk of erosion. For coils with steel tube loops, the water velocity should not exceed 3 m/s.

Quality Accuracy and precision are important ingredients in the manufacture of our coils. To ensure the high quality and output of our coils, we employ a documented quality system which conforms to the provisions of SS-EN ISO 9001:1994.

Coils with 3 or more output stages are normally split up vertically.

1.

Expansion valve (not included)

2. 1. 3. 2.

Air flow

3.

Heat exchangers, general


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MOLLIER CHART FOR MOIST AIR (XH-CHART)


Air temperature 25 to +40C
h kJ x kg 0,000 t
=

x 0,005
0

0,010

0,015

kg kg

C 35

0,1

0, 30
0, 40

30

0,2

25

0,5

0
70

0,6

0
65

0,7
20

0
60

16

0,8

0
0 0,9 ,00 =1
45 55 50

15

14

15

13 12

11

40 kJ /k g
10

35
9k ca

10
25
6

20

30
7

l/k g

20

5
15

5 4

10

15
3
2

5
-5
h= 0
-5
0 1

10
bme ulo er b eltb rm mu ette t dob W m v etre ta cdo la-g ee c

2,5

I isb

5
2,0

ter

-10

-1

tv -5

0 =
1,5 SYMBOLS BETECKNINGAR h = entalpi per kg torr luft, kJ/kg, kcal/kg h = enthalpy per kg of dry air, kJ/kg, kcal/kg x ==moisture vatteninnehll per kg kg torr x content per ofluft, dry kg/kg air, kg/kg = = relative relativ fuktighet humidity tt == dry-bulb temperature, C torra termometerns temperatur, C tt = wet-bulb temperature. C v v = vta termometerns temperatur, C Diagrammet hnfrt This chart refers to a till barometric pressure of barometertryck = 760 mm Hg = 101,3 kPa 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa.

-1 0
-2

-15

-10
1,0 kPa

-1 5
-20

-15

0,5

-25

Variations in output for units: dry air P = cp r q moist air P = h q

where P = output in kW = 1.2 kg/m3 at 20C cp = 1.0 kJ/kg, C

t = temperature differential in C h = enthalpy differential in kJ/kg q = air flow in m3/s

Heat exchangers, general


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FORMULAS AIR
Heating coils Output: P = q (m3/s) t (C) 1,2 P (kW) t (C) 1,2 (kW) (m3/s) WATER Output: P = qr (l/s) tr (C) 4,2 Water flow: qr = P (kW) tr (C) 4,2 P (kW) qr (l/s) 4,2 (kW)

Air flow: q =

(l/s)

P (kW) Temp. differential: t = q (m3/s) 1,2 tu ti tri ti

(C)

Temp. differential: tr =

(C)

Efficiency: =

q (l/s) pr (kPa) Power required, pump: P = r 0,75 () 1000

(kW)

Cooling coils Output: P = q (m3/s) i (kJ/kg) 1,2 P (kW) i (kJ/kg) 1,2 P (kW) q (m3/s) 1,2 (kW) (m3/s)

HEAT RECOVERY

Air flow: q =

Enthalpy differential: i =

(kJ/kg)

Output required: P =

q (m3/s) p (Pa) 0,65 () 1000

(kW)

Air mixture Mixing temperature: t= q1 (m3/s) t1 (C) + q2 (m3/s) t2 (C) C qtot

t Temperature efficiency: t = 2 t3

t1 t1

q (m3/s) + q2 (m3/s) Optimum brine flow: qr 1 (l/s) 23

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