There are a number of mathematical curves that produced heart shapes, some of which are illustrated above.

The first curve is a rotated cardioid (whose name means "heart-shaped") given by the polar equation

(1) The second is obtained by taking the giving the order-6 algebraic equation cross section of the heart surface and relabeling the -coordinates as ,

(2) The third curve is given by the parametric equations

(3) (4) where (H. Dascanio, pers. comm., June 21, 2003). The fourth curve is given by

(5)

(P. Kuriscak, pers. comm., Feb. 12, 2006). Each half of this heart curve is a portion of an algebraic curve of order 6. And the fifth curve is the polar curve

(6)

due to an anonymous source and obtained from the log files of Wolfram|Alpha in early February 2010.

Each half of this heart curve is a portion of an algebraic curve of order 12, so the entire curve is a portion of an algebraic curve of order 24. A sixth heart curve can be defined parametrically as

(7) (8) The areas of these hearts are

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) where can be given in closed form as a complicated combination of hypergeometric functions, inverse tangents, and gamma functions.

The Bonne projection is a map projection that maps the surface of a sphere onto a heart-shaped region as illustrated above.

A heart-shaped surface given by the sextic equation

(Taubin 1993, 1994). The figures above show a ray-traced rendering (left) and the surface. A slight variation of the same surface is given by

cross section (right) of the

(Nordstrand, Kuska 2004).

Heart Curve
What is the Heart Curve? Drawn Heart Curves Calculated Heart Curves Winword Hearts Pupils' Hearts Heart Curve Contents of this Page The Broken Heart The Woven Heart Tesselation of Hearts Rosettes of Heart Figures References The Heart on the Internet..

To the Main Page What is the Heart Curve?

"Mathematische Basteleien"

The heart curve is a closed curve, which has the shape of a heart. The heart is well known as a figure on playings cards besides diamonds, cross and spades. If you speak about a heart, you rather mean the heart figure than the heart shaped curve.

... In the simplest case, a heart is formed by a square standing on its point and two semi-circles sitting on the sides. Characteristics of the heart figure obviously are a groove above and a point below. ... A heart figure develops also if you set two semi-circles upon a triangle. But here you get two unpleasant corners. Obviously you expect that these sides are rounded. ...

... ...

If the point below is missing then don't speak of a heart but rather of a heart shaped figure. This form, however, is more similar to the human heart. The figure on the left is formed by three semi-circles.

...

Drawn Heart Curves top Method 1 ... 1 Draw an isosceles triangle. 2 Draw the perpendiculars to the legs. They produce a second isosceles triangle. 3 Draw two semi-circles upon the legs of the (now yellow) triangle.

... Method 2

... ...

1 Draw two touching equal circles. 2 Draw the common tangent. 3 Draw two further (outer) tangents from one point of the tangent.

Method 3 1 Draw a square. 2 Draw four equal circles. The centres are the corners of the square and the common radius is "half square side".

... ... Method 4

... Method 5 ...

...

1 Draw an ellipse. 2 Turn it about 45. 3 Reflect it. 4 Form two hearts.

... Method 6 ...

1 Draw the graph of f(x)=sin(x), 0<x<pi/2. 2 Turn the curve 90. Reflect this curve. 3 Form a triangle of these two curves and a straight line. 4 Set two semi-circles upon the triangle.

...

1 Draw the graph of f(x)=sin(x), pi/2<x<pi/2. 2 Turn the curve 90. Reflect this curve. 3 Form a triangle of these two curves and a straight line. 4 Set two semi-circles upon the triangle.

Calculated Heart Curves top It is a challenge to find formulas which produce hearts.

You can describe method 4 by formulas. The black ellipse has the formula 2x-2xy+y-1=0.The domain is {x| x>=0}. The red ellipse has the formula 2x+2xy+y-1=0. The domain is {x| x<=0}. You can leave out the domain, if you isolate y and use the function f(x)=|x|. Then y=|x|+sqrt(1-x) and y=|x|-sqrt(1-x) describe a heart curve [(7)].

The formulas y=sqr(|x|)+sqrt(1-x) /\ y=sqrt(|x|)-sqrt(1-x) are even better. More curves

Sources: (Picture 1) Book 8, Eugen Beutel (1901) (2) Buch 4, Aufgabe 8.5.5., (3) MathWorld (simplified formulas), (4) H.-J. Caspar's web site (URL below), (6) Jurjen N.E. Bos From the desk of Torsten Sillke

Threedimensional

If you choose y=0 respectively x=0, you get the equation of the 2D heart above on the left.

Source: Gabriel Taubin [for example MathWorld (URL below)]

The graphs were made by the freeware program "winplot" (Version 23.05.2000, URL below).

Winword Hearts top And how do artists design a heart? The heart appears as a well known figure in character sets of programs under MS Windows. There it is a figure of playings cards besides diamonds, cross and spades.

Here is a choice of well known character sets. The sets are Normaler Text, Arial, Courier New, Estrangelo Edessa, Lucida Console, Symbol, Times New Roman, Webdings. If you increase the letters from 12 to 72 you recognize the shapes.

The originally black colour is replaced by the heart colour red. The upper part of the heart figure is formed by curves similar to arcs. The lower lines do not approach linearly to the point but usually are at first inward and then outward curved. That gives the heart a special sweep.

Found at Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 1 BLACK HEART SUIT 2665 2 WHITE HEART SUIT 2664 3 HEAVY BLACK HEART 2764

Heart Curve or Cardioid top How to produce it ... Draw a circle (on the left, yellow) and roll an equal circle on it. Fix one point on the moving circle line and follow this point. It describes the heart curve or cardioid (on the right). ... ...

... Another way of producing a heart A cardioid can also be seen as the envelope of circles. Draw a (yellow) circle and a fixed point P on the circle line. All circles that pass through the fixed point P and have their centres on the (yellow) circle have a cardioid as an envelope.

... ...

Area and perimeter of the heart curve Use the polar form r=2a[1+cos (t)] as the simplest equation for calculating the area A and the perimeter U. The origin of a coordinate system lies in the point of the cardioid.

The perimeter is a rational number. A square with the side 4a has the same one.

Mandelbrot Set and Cardioid ...

The "main figure" of the Mandelbrot set has the form of the cardioid. The German name Apfelmnnchen (apple man) uses this shape. Actually the main figure is a cardioid. The points of the Mandelbrot set, which have convergent sequences, lie inside a cardioid.

Source: (5), page 208ff. There you find a proof and more ... references. The picture was taken from my page Mandelbrot Set. Catacaustic and Cardioid ... ... If light is falling on a spheric mirror (wedding ring in the sun light), the reflecting rays form a special surface, the catacaustic. It isn't a cardioid but a nephroid. A cardioid develops as an envelope, if the rays start at a point on the circle and are reflected at the circle (drawing on the right). ... You find more on my German page Ringe. Characteristic Curve of a Microphone Microphones have a certain characteristic curve. In the plane it is a circle for ... the "sound-pressure-receiver" and similar to a lying eight figure for the

...

"sound-velocity-receiver". Special receivers like condenser microphones have both capacities. Their characteristic curve develops by overlaying to a cardioid. ... Source: (6), page 550

The Broken Heart top The broken heart (Das gebrochene Herz) is a tangram game. ... Lay inside a square two circles and draw some lines. ... A heart develops, which is divided in nine pieces. The fun is to lay a heart with the pieces or to discover new figures like those on the right.

...

...

Source: (1) page 22, (2) page 140-145

The Woven Heart top

1 Draw a square and two half circles sitting on it. 2 Cut it in along the red line. 3 Copy it. Paint the paper in two different colours or start with coloured paper. 4 Insert the blue piece in the green piece. 5,6 The heart works fine with a larger number of slits as well.

If you like have a look at the heart basket page made by Christopher Hamkins.

Tesselation of Hearts top 1 Give a spiral. 2 Reflect the spiral on the end point. 3 Connect both spirals to get a double spiral. 4 Reflect the double spiral. It forms a heart together with the first double spiral. ... ... Many hearts lead to a tesselation (on the right). ... ...

The idea for this drawing came from a window grill in Venice (June 2004):

Venice is rich with heart grills.

Rosettes of Heart Figures top

four-leaf clover Once again a Venice photo- brightened up with some red. Six waffles

A pair of swans during the courtship display Photos on the web site fotocommunity (URL below)

References top (1) Pieter van Delft, Jack Botermans: Denkspiele der Welt, Mnchen 1998 ISBN 3-88034-87-0] (2) Karl-Heinz Koch: ...lege Spiele, Kln 1987 (dumont taschenbuch1480) [ISBN 3-7701-2097-3] (3) Heinz Nickel u.a: Algebra und Geometrie fr Ingenieur- und Fachschulen, Frankfurt / Zrich 1966 (4) Hans Schupp, Heinz Dabrock: Hhere Kurven, BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1995 [ISBN 3-41117221-5] x^2 + 2( 3/5 (x^2)^(1/3) - y )^2 = 1 (5) Herbert Zeitler: ber die Hauptkrper spezieller Funktionen, MNU, Jg.52, 1999, Heft4 (6) Bergmann-Schaefer: Lehrbuch der Expermentalphysik, Berlin, NewYork 1975 [ISBN 3 11 004861 2] (7) Norbert Herrmann: Mathematik ist berall, Oldenbourg Verlag 2004 [ISBN 3-486-57583-X] y = |x| +- sqrt(1 - x^2) y = 2/3 ( (x^2 + |x| - 6)/(x^2 + |x| + 2) +- sqrt(36 - x^2) ) (siehe auch Webseite von Thomas Jahre) (8) Eugen Beutel: Algebraische Kurven, G.J. Gschen, Leipzig 1909-11 (x^2 + y^2 - 1)^3 = 4x^2y^3 (9) Ulrich Graf: Kabarett der Mathematik, Dresden: L. Ehlermann, 1942 Hardcover, 1.Auflage. (1943 Hardcover. 2. Auflage.) (10) Michael Zettler: Und noch ein Herz. PM 6/99 Seite 274 y = sqrt(1 - (|x|-1)^2), y = arccos(1 - |x|) - pi

(11) Thomas Hechinger: ... und noch ein weiteres Herz. PM 2/00 Seite 67 y = sqrt(1 - (|x|-1)^2), y = -3 sqrt(1 - sqrt(|x|/2)) (12) Mitteilung von Torsten Sillke: x^2 + 2 (y - p*|x|^q)^2 = 1 (siehe Schupp / Eisemann) r = 2 sin^2(phi/4) = 1 - cos(phi/2) mit |phi| <= pi (nach Eisemann) r = |phi|/pi mit |phi| <= pi. (Archimedische Spirale) r = (1 - |phi|)(1 + 3|phi|) mit |phi| <= 1. (nach Caspar) (13) El-Milick, Elements d'Algebre Ornementale, Paris, 1936:

y=(x)^(2/3)+(a-x)^(1/2) und y=x^(2/3)-(a-x)^(1/2) and a=2

Heart Curves on the Internet top German Armin Dietz Das Herzsymbol Christian Ucke und Christian Engelhardt Kaustik in der Kaffeetasse [auch erschienen in: Physik in unserer Zeit, 29 (1998), Seite 120 bis 122] luther.de Die Lutherrose Dies ist die Formel des Randes des "Herzkartenentwurf von StabiusWerner" X= t sin( 3.14 sin(t)/t ) Y = - abs(t) cos( 3.14 sin(t)/t ) -pi <= t <= pi (Mitteilung von Torsten Sillke)

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitt Greifswald Herzkartenentwurf von Stabius-Werner (Mathematik und Kunst)

Fotocommunity Frhlingsgefhle (Thomas Th.) NRW)

Zeichen der Liebe (Heidi Zimmerli), verliebt (Erhard aus

Hans-Jrgen (Matroids Matheplanet) Herzkurven Hans-Jrgen Caspar Kurven x = a (-phi + 40 phi +1200) sin(pi*phi/180) y = a (-phi + 40 phi +1200) cos(pi*phi/180) Jan Schormann u.a. Bzierkurven Friedrich Krause y = sqrt(|x|) +- sqrt(1 - x^2)

Klaus Rohwer Fraktale

Michael Holzapfel Herzkurve aus zwei Funktionsteilen y = sqrt(1 - (|x|-1)^2), y = arccos(1 - |x|) - pi (x^2 + y^2)(x^2 + y^2 - 2ax) - a^2y^2 = 0 (Kardioide) NN (Matheplanet) Geometrie in der Teetasse

Thomas Jahre (Chemnitzer Schulmodell) Ein Herz fr die Mathematik Torsten Sillke Herzkurven Wikipedia Kardioide, Herz (Symbol), Herz (Heraldik), Herz (Farbe)

English Alex Bogomolny (Cut The Knot!)

Hearty Munching on Cardioids Eric W. Weisstein (MathWorld) Cardioid Heart Curve (x+y-1)-xy (siehe Beutel) x=sin(t)cos(t)ln|t| ; y=|t|0.3[cos(t)]0.5 mit 0<=t<=1 Circle Catacaustic graphicssoft.about.com Four Ways to 3D Hearts: Part 1 Ivars Peterson (MathTrek) Algebraic Hearts Jan Wassenaar cardioid JOC/EFR (School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland) Cardioid Kurt Eisemann: x^2 + (y - 3/4 (x^2)^(1/3))^2 = 1 (Footnote) r = sin^2( pi/8 - phi/4 ) (Footnote) Pavel Boytchev Mathematics ... loves you (Video) Richard Parris (peanut Software) Program WINPLOT Wikipedia Cardioid, Heart (symbol) Xah Lee Cardioid Bonne Projection Heart Surface [x+(9/4)y+z]-xz-(8/90)yz=0 (2x+2y+z-1)-(1/10)xz-yz=0

French Robert FERROL (mathcurve) CARDIOIDE, DOUBLE-COEUR Coeur de Raphal Laporte Japanisch Nobuo YAMAMOTO x=sin3 t y=cos t -sin4 t

Heart Curves, Heart Curves II

Thanks to Torsten Sillke for several hints. Gail from Oregon Coast - thank you for supporting me in my translation. Found on the Internet ;-): the nerdy way of drawing a heart. http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/heart.htm Must they do EVERYTHING in math? ><;; lol.

Feedback: Email address on my main page This page is also available in German. URL of my Homepage:
http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/

Jrgen Kller 2004 top