t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 1

t0dZÆm rS 0dZÆm odkY

qlemrD q&mawmf
OD;Owårom& \
ax½kyÜwåd

(odkY)

tewå(oknw-½kyfemrfESpfyg;)uajymwJh
tewåtaMumif;
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 2

]]0,"r®m ocFg&m tyÜrma'e or®ma'x}}

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wu,f r [k w f w J h tcsnf ; ED S ; oabmav;? toH k ; ruswmav;
jzpfaewm/ wpfckck ? wpfa,mufa,muf ? wpfcsdefcsdef ?
wpf a e&m&m jzpf a ewm r[k w f b l ; /
tqH k ; r&d S w J h bma&;-nma&;awG ta&;BuD ; raeawmh b J ?

tJ'DtrSefw&m;udk tNrJodaewJh tNrJ,HkMunf ESvHk;oGif;aewJh

owd y nmjzpf z d k U ta&;ud k o m rarh r avsmh BuD ; aeyg/}}

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tdyfaysmfaecsdefrSwpfyg; ]igçigpdwf} eJYao&if

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jyKvkyfawmh &&Sd ?
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]ig}omcHMuayawmh/
w&m; tm;xkwfvdkY r&aom
igqdkwJh 'd|drjyKwfvdkY
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tcsdefudk ttm;vHk;0 tyg,fav;yg;qif;&wm/
igpGJjyKwfatmif 0dyóem
rxm;bJ w&m; ESvHk;oGif;yg
tvkyfvkyfMu? rvkyf&if
pHk;pHk;jrKyfMuvdrfhr,f/
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 3

t0dZÆm rS 0dZÆmodkY

pmpOf- (45-3 ESifh 45-4)

]ig? ighb0}[laom ]txifrSm; t0dZÆm}aMumifh

ay:ayguf v maom
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trSm;t,Gif;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmtwGuf
0dZÆmÓPfjzifh &Sif;vif;csufrsm;
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 4

ESvHk;om;\ rajymif;vJaom ypöKyÜefopömpum;

bk&m;&Sif &SmazGazmfxkwf ay;cJUaom
opömav;yg; trSefw&m;rS vGJvQif
tm;vHk;udk t<uif;rJU pGefhvTwfí
opömw&m;udkomvQif jrwfEdk;wefzdk;xm;yg\/
,HkMunftm;udk;yg\/ aygif;oif;tazmfjyKyg\/

opö m w&m;jzif h o mvQif trsm;tusd K ;tygt0if

t&m&mwd k i f ; ud k a qmif & G u f y g\/
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 5

t0dZÆm rS 0dZÆmodkY
qlemrDq&mawmf OD;Owårom&
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 6

(26-10-1969) oDwif;uRwfvjynfhaeYn
(9)em&D (10)rdepfwGif ppfudkif;wdkif;? uomNrdKUü zcif
OD;wifarmif? rdcif a':cifcifjrifh wdkYrS zGm;jrifcJh\/
om;(3)a,muf t euf tBuD ; qH k ; jzpf N yD ; avmuD
atmifjrifrlrsm; &&dSap&ef &nf&G,fí ta':jzpfolu
atmifudkudk [k trnfay;\/

(1) w&m;tm;rxkwfcif(29)ESpft&G,ftxdbmoma&;,HkMunfrI
Ak'b ¨ mom0if jzpfaomfvnf; rdbrsm;enf;wl bk&m;?w&m;?oHCm&wem
oH;k yg;tay:wGif omru rnfonfb h moma&;udrk Q i,fpOfuyifpw d 0f ifpm;rI
vH;k 0r&dcS /hJ bmoma&;ESihf rdrEd iS hf bmrSrqdik [
f yk ifxifrwS cf \ hJ /oHCmawmfrsm;
ESiahf jymqd?k qufqzH ;l jcif;vnf;r&d?S oHCmawmfrsm;\b0udv k nf; pdwrf 0ifpm;?
udk,fcsif;vnf; vHk;0rpmemwwfcJh? uomNrdKY&dS OD;av;ta':rsm;ESifh twl
aepOfrdrd(9)ESpfom;t&G,fcefYu nDtvwf udk&if0wfaomfvnf; pdwf
r0ifpm;ojzifh r0wfcJhyHk? tv,fwef;ausmif;om;b0u awGUBuHK&aom
rlqvif bmom0if oli,fcsif;wpfOD;\ txl; BudK;pm;*½kpdkufNyD; OykofoDv
apmifhxdef;yHkESifh wuúodkvfwGif ygVdudk (Minor) bmomtjzpf oif,l&pOfu
vH;k 0pdwrf 0ifpm;ojzifh ygVdaMumifh pmar;yGu J srvdk jzpfc&hJ jcif;aMumifh aemuf
ESpfwGif ordkif;bmomudkajymif;,lcJhjcif;rsm;om bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufí
rSwfrSwf&& &dScJh\/

(2) ausmif;om;b0
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cufcufccJ pJ Of;pm;wGucf suf tajzxkw&f aomocsmyF pk mä rsm;udk i,fpOfuyif
ausmif;om;csi;f jyefoifjyay;&avmufatmif uRr;f usio f avmuf rSwÓ f Pf
oHk;í tvGwfusufrSwf&aom usufpmrsm;udkrl pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;vGef;\/
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 7

pmzwf0goemygvGef;jcif;? abmvHk;uef? jcif;vHk;cwfponfh upm;

rufvGef;jcif;wdkYaMumifh q,fwef;ra&mufrDtcsdeftxd ynma&;wGif pdwf
0ifpm;rI? BudK;pm;rItm;enf;cJhonf/ q&m0efjzpf&rnf [laom,HkMunfcsuf
tjynfjh zifh txl;BuKd ;pm;aomfvnf; &nfreS ;f xm;ovdk pdww f ikd ;f us rajzqdEk ikd f
aom 1985q,fwef; pmar;yGJudk aemufqHk;aeYwGifqufrajzjzpfcJh/ rdcif\
Edik if o
H m;rSwyf w kH ifr&Edik af o;ojzifq
h &m0efjzpf&efraocsmrnft h wlwl b0wl
oli,fcsif;tcsif;csif;udkom t"duxm; pmjyay;&if;ajzqdkaom 1986
q,fwef;pmar;yGJwGif t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? "mwk½ly? EdkifiHordkif; av;bmom
*kPfxl; (pkpkaygif; 493rSwf)jzifh atmifjrifcJh\/ pD;yGm;a&; tqifrajyvQif
rdrd0goemygaom usK&Sifjypm;í &onf[laom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t*Fvdyfpm
ar*sm,l\/
wuúodkvfpwufNyD; wpfESpfausmfMumrS rdcif
jref r mEd k i f i H o m; jzpf o G m ;\/ pD ; yG m ;a&;wpf z uf
vkyfudkif&if; 1994wGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS (BA.
English.Honours) bGUJ &\/ rdrt d xl;arQmv f ihf txif
BuD; tm;uscJhaom avmuDynma&;onf [dkvdkvdk?
'DvdkvdkESifhyif bGJUvufrSwfwpfck&jcif;jzifhtqHk;owf
oGm;\/
(3) pD;yGm;a&;orm;b0/ BuD;us,fzdkY ao;odrf&ovdk? ao;odrfzdkY
BuD;us,f&\/
ukodkvfvnf;&?0rf;vnf;0onf[k txifBuD;cJhaom q&m0efb0jzifh
at;at;aq;aq;toufarG;csiaf omfvnf; b,fvrkd S tajctaeray;ojzifh
jzpfcsifwmvkyfvdkYr&&if? tajctaeay;wm? &wmvkyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsuf
csum (16)ESpt f ½G,rf pS í ynma&;wpfzufEiS hf pD;yGm;a&;avmuxJ pwif0if
a&muf&mrS pD;yGm;a&;rdiI ;f rd oGm;Ny;D wjznf;jznf;ESihf avmbtvGeBf u;D vm\/
rdbESifhom;orD;(vlBuD;ESifhvli,f)Mum;b,fvdkrSnd§EdIif;ír&aom
pd;k &dryf yl efpw
d Ef iS hf pl;prf;avhvmpGepYf m;vdpk w
d w
f \
Ykd (7)ESpMf um tdrw
f iG ;f jyóem
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 8

rsm;udktqHk;owfonfhtaejzifh (23)ESpft&G,f 1992wGif b,fawmhrS

aemufjyefrvSnfh[k ,wdjywf qHk;jzwfcsufcsum tdrfrS tNyD;xGufvmcJh\/
tdrfrS xGufzdkYta&; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmcsDwHkcswHk jzpfaecJhNyD;rS aemuf
wpfEpS Mf umvQif wu,fxu G af wmhrnf[k acgif;at;at;xm;Ny;D wpfEpS Bf uKd wif
qH;k jzwfcsucf sjyifqifcjhJ cif;aMumifh txajrmuf atmifjrifjcif;jzpf\/ BuKd wif
jyifqifrrl sm;xJwiG f pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd vf Ykd b,fvrkd S tqifrajycJv h Qif oGm;ae&ef
awmif'*Hük ay20_60 ajruGuw f pfuu G u f kd ajcmufaomif; oH;k axmifusyjf zifh
0,f,ljcif;vnf;yg0if\/ (xdkajruGufudk 126(3)vTm?38vrf;tcef; 0,f,l
aomtcgwGifrS jyefa&mif;vdkuf\/)
txufyZk eG af wmifvrf;rBu;D ay:wGit f cef; wpfcef;BuKd wifimS ;&rf;um
tdrrf x S uG vf Qix
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jzifh tdrfqdkifav; pzGifhc\ hJ / vdktyfaomaiGtcsdKYudk nD0rf;uGJwpfa,mufxHrS
acs;,l\?rcHcsifpdwfjzifhtpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;jcif;aMumifhvkyfwdkif;jzpfaeaom
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wGi(f 1)vMumoGm;a&mufaexdik &f ao;\/ vlu &Jpcef;a&mufaeaomfvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;udk b,fvdka&SUquf vkyfudkif&rnfudkom pdwfuawG;aerd\/
rdr\
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vH;k 0r&onft h jyif &Jpcef;rSjyefa&mufvmaomtcg rcHcsipf w d jf zifh pD;yGm;a&;udk
ydkNyD; BudK;pm;vkyfudkif\/ &Jpcef;wGif aecJh&aom xdkwpfvonf aiGaMu;ESifh
tcsdef qHk;½HI;epfemrIrsm;pGm jzpfcJhaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfbufwGifrl b0wl
'kuo © nf rsm;udk ud, k cf si;f pmemwwfrt I jyifaiGaMu;jzifh b,fvrkd S ay;0,fí
r&Edkifaom? wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifonfh b0tawGUtBuHKrsm;pGm &cJh\/
(owfrSwfxm;aom Oya'? owfrSwfxm;aom tjypf'Pf
jzifh avmb? a'go? arm[pdwfudk qHk;rí r&rSef; odojzifh
vnf; w&m;&dyfomrsm; zGifhaomtcg vlaygif;pHk vufcHNyD;
w&m;jzifh pdwfudk jyKjyifay;jcif; jzpf\/)
rdrd\b0wpfck &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf w&m;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 9

tjyif ; txef pD ; yG m ;a&;wd k u f y G J 0 if & mrS pD ; yG m ;a&;orm;b0

1996wGif trSw(f 126)? (3vTm)? (38)vrf; pwdk;qdkif0efxrf;rsm;
tcef;udk BudKyGdKifh (t&pfus aiGay;acs
pepf)jzifh 0,f,l\/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;
ododomomatmifjrifvmjcif;ESifhtwl
tpk&S,f,m&Sifrsm;yg wjznf; jznf; yg0if
vmrIaMumifh(1999)wGif pwdk;qdkif-3-qdkif?
0efxrf; (100)eD;yg;txd vkyif ef; Bu;D rm;vm\/ vlUavmuwGif wdu k ef YJ um;eJY
udk,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfcsifaom rlv&nfrSef;csuf jynfhpHkvmNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; auseyf a&mifh&JrI &dSrvmonfhtjyif ukefxkwfvkyfief;&Sif
jzpfcsifvmjcif;aMumifh ukefypönf;jzefYcsda&; vkyfief;udkyg csJUxGifvkyfudkif\/
pD;yGm;a&; atmifjrifvmoavmuf avmbu ydkydkBuD;vmaomfvnf;
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmtay: ,HkMunfrIESifh ywfoufírl bk&m;yif yHkrSef r&dScdk;
jzpfawmhyg/ 29ESpft&G,f w&m;ESifh rawGUrD vydkif;tvdktxd? (38)vrf;
tcef;wGif bk&m;pif oD;oefYr&dScJhyg/
(4) pD;yGm;a&;atmifycJG t
H &nftcsi;f rsm;ESihf ud,
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&nfrSef;csuf BuD;rm;vGef;aom rdrdb0twGufawmh pdwfwdkif;rusrI
qdkwm tNrJ&dSaeojzifh r&yfrem;aom BudK;yrf;rItopfrsm;ESifh twl jyóem
qdkwm a&SmifvGJr&Edkifjcif;aMumifh taumif;qHk;ausmfjzwfzdkYudkom tNrJ
pOf;pm;\/
rdrd vdkcsif? jzpfcsifonfhtwdkif;&udk&&rnf? jzpfudk jzpf&rnf [laom
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avmu\ t½IyftaxG;aygif;pHk? 0efxrf;jyóemaygif;pHkudk udk,fhtm;
udk,fudk;NyD; (7)ESpf qufwdkuftpGrf;ukef &ifqdkifajz&Sif;\/
ypöKyeÜ t
f csed t
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f rSeu f efaom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 10

vmjcif;ESifhtwl pD;yGm;a&; wpf&dSefxdk; atmifjrifvm\/ xdktawmtwGif;

zcifbufrS OD;av;? ta':wdkY\ jyefvnfaphpyfay;rIaMumifh rdbrsm;ESifh
jyefvnfoifjh rwfomG ;\/ odUk aomf avmuom;wdYk t½l;trl;? tirf;r& tvGef
trif; txifBuD;tm;usaeaom ½kyf0w¬Kypönf;ydkifqdkifrI? aiGaMu; csrf;omrI?
xifay:ausmMf um;rI? ud,k phf w
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jzpfaeaom tjynfht0 vGwfvyfrI paomavmuDt&nftcsif;rsm;wGifyg
,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI? cdkifcefYwnfNrJrI? pdwfcsrf;omrI? auseyfa&mifh&JrIESifh
avmu"gPfukd rwkerf vIyf cHEikd &f nf&rSd rI sm; rawGU&aomtcgwGirf l pD;yGm;a&;
orm;b0\ t"dyÜm,f? tESpfom& ESifh csrf;omtppfqdkonfrSm bmrSef;
rodatmif vrf;paysmufoGm;\/
(5) uHqdk;jcif;aMumifh rmefrmeus (uHaumif;) \/
pD;yGm;a&;avmuxJwiG f ]ig} [laom txifrmS ;jzifh ½ke;f uefwu kd yf 0JG if&f if;
tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfjzwfí atmifjrifrIrsm; &,lEdkifavav? igh
ÓPfpGrf;? igh0D&d,tm;[k wigigjzifh rmefrme ykdydkwufavavjzpf\/
vkyo f rQjzpfavav? bmvky&f rSmudrk S raMumufawmh/ xdt k m;Bu;D aom
avmb? a'go? arm[rsm;aMumifh atmifpwd;k trSw(f 3)udk zGiv hf pS &f ef qdik cf ef;
iSm;&rf;&if; ydwfxm;aom xdktcef;xJ&dS ydk;[yfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk
jcifaq;Al;Bu;D ESpAf ;l ukeaf tmif jzef;í &uf&ufpufpuf owfcrhJ \ d / jcif? ,if?
jc? yk&Gufqdwf? ydk;[yf? <uufpaom wd&dpämefrsm;onf vlom;rsm;twGuf
tEÅ&m,f[k ,lqum tusifhygaeonfhtwdkif; wpfaumifp? ESpfaumifp
qdkovdk tNrJvdkvdk owfjzwfvmcJhojzifh ,ckvdk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; owfzdkUvnf;
0efrav;jcif;jzpf\/ ydk;rGm;rsm;tm; owfjcif;onf tjypf&dSonf[k rod
em;rvnfí owfrdjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; aoapvdkaomapwemu tjynfh
t0ygae\/
avmuu owfrSwfxm;aomw&m;Oya't& tjypfr&dS
ojzifh ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif; rcH&ygaomfvnf; tNrJ&dSaeaom
obm0w&m; Oya't&rl tjypfjzpfaeygojzifh xdt k m;Bu;D aom
rdrd\ tukodkvfuHonf csufcsif;vufiif;tusdK;ay;\/
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 11

qdkifopfrzGifhrD tcef;jyifaeqJrSmyif rDwmjzwfcH&ojzifh rD;jyef&zdkY

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xdkjyóemaMumifh rdrdem;rvnf rajz&Sif;EdkifwmawG avmuBuD;rSm
&dSao;ygvm;[k rmefrme tBuD;tus,fus&\/ b,fvdkyif tpGrf;ukef
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r,HkEdkifp&m BuHKawGU&\/
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'½dik b
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um;i,fav;udk qdik rf efae*smESpaf ,mufEiS t hf wl (LiteAcePickUp) um;Bu;D ESihf
urm&GwfrS ykZGefawmiftxd nOfheufoef;acgifausmf oGm;qGJydkY&onfh 'ku©
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raumif;usdK;ay;jcif;[k ÓPf&Sif;oGm;\/
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[laom udk,fhtpGJESifhudk,f toufwdkrnfudkvnf; odem;vnfvm\/
(w&m;tm;xkwí f cE¨mig;yg;? ocFg&w&m;wdUk \ wlnaD om tedp?ö 'ku?©
tewå trSefw&m;wdkUudk ydkydkodvmavav owå0gtm;vHk;vdkvdkudk wpfwef;
wnf; xm;vmEdkifjcif;aMumifh oDvvHkvmavav jzpf\? olwpfyg;touf
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 12

tEÅ&m,frxdcukd af tmif apmifx

h ed ;f vmEdik o f jzifh rdrt
d ouftEÅ&m,ftwGuf
vnf; ylp&mr&djS zpfum i,fi,f&,G &f , G Ef iS hf raoEdik af wmhonfuykd g em;vnf
vm\/)
(6) 29-ESpfwGif opömw&m;ESifh pawGUjcif;
tukodkvfuHrsm;\tBu;D tus,f zdpD;EdSyfpuf
tudsK;ay;jcif;udk cHae&qJwiG f t½HI;ay:aeaom
xdq k ikd cf ef; qufimS ;? riSm;udpt ö wGuf ukeaf ps;wef;
vrf;&dS tcef;&Sif a':rlrlESifh pum;ajymqdk&if;
rxifrSwfbJ awGU&aom yxrqkH; "r®rdwfaqG
a':aomif;aomif; (a':rlrlY tr)\ zdwfac:csuf
t& rdrt d csed af y;Edik o
f avmuf tcsed yf ikd ;f tm;xkwf
í &onfqakd om tif;pdef (10)rdik f ½GmrBu;D ausmif;
&Sd(5)&ufw&m;pcef;av;odkY refae*sm wpfa,mufESifhtwl (16-3-99) wGif
pa&muf oGm;\/
oufawmf(80)eD;yg;&dS q&mawmfBu;D OD;em&' a[mMum;aom &J&aJ wmuf
opömw&m;udk yxrqHk;tBudrfemMum;&&mrS vl ewf jA[®m yk*¾dKvf owå0g?
a,musfm; rdef;r[k trsdK;rsdK; wu,fuGJjym;aejcif; r[kwfbJ wlnDonfh
pdwf-apwoduf-½kyf? oabm y&rwfcE¨mig;yg; csnf;yJ [laomtod0if
vm\/
xdt k odukd ydNk y;D ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f odvpkd w
d jf zifh (5)&uf qufwu kd f reufwikd ;f
w&m;oGm;xdik \ f /
(b0wl vlwef;pm;rsm;udk udk,fcsif;pmpdwfjzifh 45vrf;&dyfomwGif
rnfolYudkrqdk tcsdefra&G; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf w&m;vmxdkifcGifhay;xm;jcif;
jzpf\/)
xdkifNyD; - pdwfeJUvkyf&wJh tvkyfjzpfí bmrS rcuf[k tjriftm;jzifh
xifp&m&daS omfvnf; yxrqH;k &ufwiG f 10rdepfyif Nird Nf ird f xdik í f r&/ eif;uef
tvdv k u kd x f m;aom pdwu f b,fvrkd S xde;f r&atmif a,muf,ufcwfae\/
ud, k cf E¨mudk tvdv k u kd if n
hJ m§ wm tusiyhf gaeojzifh a0'emu rsm;vnf;rsm;?
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 13

jyif;vnf; jyif;\/ bmrqdkigvkyf&ifjzpfr,fxifaom rmefrmeonf yxr

wpfBudrfw&m;xdkifonfESifhyif tawmfavsmhoGm;\/
(5)&ufajrmufaeUwGif 0ifavxGuaf vudk wpf?ESp?f oH;k ?av; a&wGu&f if;
orm"d ydkydkwnfMunfvmonfhaemuf ('ku©)a0'emqdkwmudk,fxifxm;ovdk
twHk;vdkuf-twpfvdkufr[kwfbJ jzpfpOfwpfck? wpfckpDrSef;ESifh xdkjzpfpOf
wd k i f ; onf ud k , f h o abm-twå vH k ; 0uif ; rS e f ; od v m\/ xdkrSwpfqifh
a0'em wpfc\ k jzpfpOfonf ydyk jkd refvmNy;D aemufq;kH wGif wpfckckyJ (a0'emyJ?
odpdwfyJ)[k qdkp&mr&dSawmhonfh jzpf½Hkav;-jzpfaeonfh opömw&m;
udk rdepfyikd ;f cefMY umonftxd qufqufov d m\/ xdt k cdu
k w
f iG f a0'emcsKyf
oGm;rnf[k arQmfvifhaom udavompdwfMum;xdk;vmjcif;aMumifh a0'em
wdk;vmjyef\? xdkodkU ÓPfxufvmvdkuf arQmfvifhcsuf udavom Mum;0if
xdk;vdkufESifh awmfawmfMumoGm;\/
a0'emcsKyfrSmyJ [laom arQmfvifhcsuf vHk;0 ukefqHk;oGm;onfhpkpkaygif;
w&m;xdkifcsdef ESpfem&DeD;yg;tMum b,fvdkrSrarQmfvifhxm;aomtcsdefwGifrS
('ku©)a0'em\ taMumif; vufonftppfjzpfonfh a0'em&dSonf[k xif
aeaom rdrd\t,lrSm;?trSwfrSm;?todrSm; (a0'emedp)ö tpGjJ yKwf oGm;jcif;
ESit hf wl rnfonfh avmuD tod? avmuD atmifjrifru I rS ray; pGr;f Edik af om
pdw\ f vGwv f yfrI ?Nird ;f at;rItppfukd ud, k af wG(Y ÓPfawGU) BuKH & jcif;aMumifh
vlUavmuxJrS bk&m;?w&m;?oHCmtay:üyg yxrqHk;tBudrf av;av;
eufeuf pdwf0ifpm;vm\/
pD;yGm;a&; vkyu f ikd af e&if;yg yk*Kd¾ v?f owå0g? ig?
ol(wpfa,mufa,muf)u pD;yGm;a&; (wpfckckudk)
vkyjf cif;r[kw?f taMumif;tusK;d rSe;f ÓPf&iS ;f ae\/
xif&Sm;aom 'ku©a0'em ay:wdkif;vnf; csufcsif;
qdkovdk a0'em\ jzpf ½ H k o uf o uf u av;rQom
jzpfjcif;? wpfckckyJ? a0'emyJ[k qdkp&m r&dSjcif;
tewåtrSefw&m; todÓPftvdkvdkay:aejcif;aMumifh 1999oBuFefü
xdkausmif;wGifyif yxrtBudrf'kv’b &[ef;cH&if;yxrtBudrf tcsdefjynfh
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 14

(5)&uf w&m;pcef;0ifjzpfoGm;\/
pcef;&uftwGif; wpfck? wpfa,muf? wpfcsdef? wpfae&mqdkonfh
owfrSwfcsuf ynwfrsm; vHk;0uif;onfh 0dyóemÓPf qufwdkufjyef
jzpfatmif tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;\/ av;&ufajrmufaeYrSpí 0dyóemÓPf
tppfoabmudak umif;aumif; odomG ;ovdk aemufyikd ;f tm;xkw&f mwGiv f nf;
0dyóemÓPfrsm;rsm;jzpfzdkY vrf;yGifhoGm;\/
,cif tm;xkwpf Ofu ÓPfjzpfomG ;aomfvnf; ÓPftaMumif; &Si;f &Si;f
vif;vif; rodao;yg/
(w&m;tawGYtBuHKrsm;&Sif;jy&mwGif a0'em[laom wlnDonfh ynwf
pum;omoH k ; pG J a omf v nf ; aemuf y d k i f ; usav a0'em[l a om ynwf
aemufuG,fu y&rwf trSefw&m;u ydkrdk odrfarGUavjzpfav\/)
(7) aeYpOf yHrk eS f rjzpfrae w&m;xdik jf cif;
5&ufpcef;yGJtNyD;wGif 38vrf;tcef;ü aeYpOf eHeufwdkif; (pD;yGm;a&;
rvkyrf )D wpf&uf(1)em&D yHrk eS w f &m;xdik \ f / wpf&ufwpfem&D ud, k Bf uKd uw f m
rvkyfbJ udk,fhpdwfudkqefYusif? udk,fhudavomudk rjzpfraeowfjcif;jzpf\/
avmuDtvkyf rsm;vGe;f í w&m;xdik f ysuo f mG ;vQif aemuf&uf tpm;xd;k
jyefxikd \
f /
aeYpOf w&m;xdkif&mwGif tudsK;ocFg& (tjzpfaemuf? vdkufr½IbJ? tod
aemufrvdu k b f )J ... tpGjJ zKwNf y;D jyKvyk rf t
I aMumif; ocFg& (ypöKyeÜ f ,HMk unfrI
oabm y&rwfcE¨m)\ wpfck?wpfa,muf?wpfcsdef?wpfae&mr[kwfbJ
jzpf½Hkav;jzpf (,HkMunf½Hkav;,HkMunf) aeonfh trSefw&m;udk odaezdkY om
t"duxm;\?
y&rwfcE¨mu a[maomw&m;udk b,fvdkrSemr&aomtcgrsdK;? w&m;
ESv;kH oGi;f csipf w
d f vH;k 0r&daS omtcgrsKd ;rSom rd;k ukwq f &mawmfBu;D \ wdu k w f eG ;f
w&m;acGrsm;udk zGifhemjcif;jzifh pdwf"mwftiftm; tultnD,l\/ q&m
awmfBuD;\ tqHk;trtwdkif;oGm;vm? vkyfudkif&if;yg ypöKyÜef taMumif;
ocFg&\ tedpö? 'ku©? tewåtrSefw&m;udk rjywfodaeatmifBudK;pm;\/
xdktoduvGJvQif tm;udk;p&mr&dSjcif;-trSefw&m;udkvnf; ausaus
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 15

eyfeyfvufrcH?cHEdkifatmif BudK;pm;\/
ÓPfrsufvHk; yGifhvmonfESifhtrQ tESpfom& vHk;0r&dSrSef; &dyfrd
vmaomavmuD (ig? ighOpömjzpfzdkY)tvkyfrsm;udkwjznf;jznf;csif; avQmhvm
Edkif\/ w&m;ESifhrawGUrD reufwdkif; xajy;aomtusifhonfyifvQif yHkrSef
w&m;xdkifvmonfESifhtrQ ajy;p&mrvdkawmhbJ aevdkY aumif;ae\/
wpfoHo&mvHk;vkyfvmcJhojzifh rvkyf& raeEdkifatmif t½l;trl; pGJvrf;
aeaom avmuDtvkyt f udik rf sm;udk avQmv
h yk af vav avmb?a'go?arm[
ydyk ekd nf;vmNy;D y&rwåopömw&m;ESihf ywfoufaom todÓPfyx kd ufavav
jzpf\/
(8) w&m;tvSLawmfvkyfief; pwif zGifhvSpfjcif;
aeYpOf yHrk eS w
f &m;xdik af e&if; vrf;-50 qnf;qm w&m;acG tiSm;qdik rf S
tvkyaf y;w&m;acGrsm; iSm;&rf;í yHrk eS w f &m;emjzpf\/ ig;&ufw&m;pcef; av;?
ig;Burd cf efY ud,
k w
f ikd v
f nf;0if&if; w&m;xdik vf o
kd rl sm;udv
k nf; tif;pdef (10)rdik f
&dyfomodkYac:oGm;ay;\/ w&m;ESifhpawGUNyD; wpfESpfESifh oHk;vMumaomf
(1-6-2000)wGifrSom w&m;acGrsm;omiSm;onfh qnf;qm\ vdktyfcsufudk
jznfah omtaejzifh t0dZmÆ rS0Zd mÆ odYk trSew f &m;tvSLawmfvyk if ef; zGiv hf pS \
f /
w&m;&dyfomrsm;rS xkwfaom w&m;pmtkyfrsm;udk aiGusyfoHk;aomif;cefYjzifh
vdkufvH0,f,lNyD; tcrJh iSm;&rf;ay;jcif;jzpf\/ iSm;&rf;aom pmtkyfrsm;
qHk;csifvnf;qHk; [laompdwf"mwfjzifhpGefYpm; vkyfudkifcJh\?w&m;acGrsm;? pD'D?
ADpD'Drsm;udkaemufrS vdktyfovdk wdk;csJU jzefYcsdjcif;jzpf\/
w&m;tvSLawmf vkyfief;zGifhNyD;aemuf "r®rdwfaqG
rsm;u vmvSLaom oJtif;*lq&mawmf\ w&m;acGrsm;
em&&mrS pdwfpifMu,fjcif;tqifhqifhudk &dyfrdvmovdk
oJtif;q&mawmf\0D&d,tm; tultnDudkyg&\/
(udk,fwdkifw&m;a[m&mwGiftvkyfay;w&m;rsm;udkom a[mMum;NyD;
vufawGU w&m;xdkifcdkif;jcif;onf 0dyóemw&m;ppfppf tm;xkwf&ef cufcJ
aomxdkjyóemudkrdrd\oDv?orm"d?ynmtm;jzifhtpGrf;ukef ulnDajz&Sif;
ay;jcif;jzpf\/)
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 16

(9) yxrtBudrf 10-&uf w&m;pcef;0ifjcif;

w&m;tvSLawmfvyk if ef;wGif tcrJih mS ;&rf;ay;&eftwGuf w&m;pmtkyf
rsm;udk &dyo
f mrsm;odYk ud, k wf ikd o
f mG ;a&muf0,f,&l mrS w&m;&dyo f mtrsm;pkoYkd
pwif a&mufzl;oGm;\/ OD;bcif&dyfomodkY yxrqHk; tBudrfpa&mufonfESifh
&dyfom\ NidrfoufwdwfqdwfrIaMumifh w&m;xdkifvdkpdwf ay:vm\/ pHkprf;
Munfh&m wpfOD;pm ae&musefaMumif;od&í aemufwpf&ufwGif pm&if;oGm;
ay;NyD; w&m;pcef;0ifjzpfoGm;\/
10-&ufpvHk; yHkrSefw&m;xdkifcsdefrsm; tygt0if tcsdef&Snf (4)em&D
qufwu kd f aeYpOf w&m;xdik \ f / ud, k w
f ikd af rG;jrLcJo
h nft
h m; Bu;D jyif;xefaom
udavomrD;udk udk,fwdkif cufcufcJcJ jyefvnfNidrf;owf&jcif;jzpf\/
a0'em\tcsnf;EDS; tewå trSefw&m;udk rsm;rsm;odav a0'emudk
t[kwfxifNyD;NidwG,faeaom tpGJavsmhvmjcif;aMumifh a0'emcH&rIvnf;
oufomvmavjzpf\/ (7)&ufajrmufaeY av;em&D qufwdkufw&m;xdkifpOf
twGi;f a0'empGv J ;kH 0csKyaf ysmufomG ;jcif;ESit hf wl tewåÓPf ay:vmjyef\/
w&m;jzKwfvdkufaomfvnf; ypöKyÜefpdwfrSeforQudk rqdkifrSef;odonfhÓPf u
tcsdefwdkif; OD;pD;vsuf&dS\? bmyJvkyfaeaewu,f&dSwmu oabm y&rwf
cE¨mig;yg;topftopf? xdktrSefw&m;udkodonfh ÓPfuvnf;tcsdefwdkif;
topf? igr[kwaf wmh jym,mcwfp&m r&d?S ylp&mvnf;r&d?S csr;f omvdu k w
f mrS
ajymp&mpum;r&dS/ xdkcsrf;omaMumifha&SUqufNyD; w&m;tm;xkwfvdkufvQif
vlUb0jzifh qufraeEdkifawmhbJ bkef;BuD;0wfcsifpdwfjzpfvmrvm; [laom
tawG;0ifvm\/ pD;yGm;a&;t½IyfawGwpfzufESifh bkef;BuD;0wfcsifpdwfr&dS
ojzifvh nf; xdt k awG;0ifvmjcif;jzpf\/ wu,f&Sd y&rwfÓPfMum;xJ wu,f
r&dSonfh yk*¾dKvf? owå0gtxifrSm;tawG; udavom Mum;0if EdSyfpufjcif;udk
tawmfav;cHvdkuf&\/
rarQmfvifhxm;aom jyóemaMumifh bmqufvkyf&rSef;rodbJ acwå
awGa0aerdNy;D rS vuf&Sd BuKH awGUae&aom w&m;csr;f omaMumifh jzpfcsi&f mjzpf
aemufrqkwaf wmhb;l [k qH;k jzwfum (8)&ufajrmufaeYwiG f xdik af eus(4)em&D
tpm; (7em&Dc)JG qufwu kd f w&m;xdik &f efq;kH jzwf\/ udavomMum;0ifomG ;Ny;D
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 17

rScsrSwfaomqHk;jzwfcsuf jzpfaomaMumifhvdkcsifrI ygaeonfudk r&dyfrdbJ

tcsdefxyf wdk;xdkifjcif;aMumifh ajcmufem&DMum w&m;xdkiftNyD;b,fvdkrS rcH
r&yfEdkifaoma0'emqdk;jzifh w&m;jzKwfvdkuf&\/
&dyfomrSxGufvmNyD;aemuf aeYpOfyHkrSef w&m;xdkifcsdefESifh oGm;vm
aexdkif&if; w&m;ESvHk;oGif;rdcsdef ydkrsm;vmonfESifhtrQ avmuDtvkyfrsm;\
tjypfudk ydkem;vnfvm jcif;aMumifhw&m;ESifhrawGUrDu ig[laomtxifrSm;
jzifh q,fwef;ajzNyD;csdefrS wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0txd t½l;x a&;om;
cJhaom aeYpOfrSwfwrf;'dkif,m&Dpmtkyfrsm;? "mwfyHkt,fvfbrfrsm;tm;vHk;udk
(jyefjrifae&vQif t½l;emjyefjyefxvmojzif)h aemufvnf; b,fawmhrS jyefa&;
awmhrnfr[kwf[k qHk;jzwfum ykZGefawmifacsmif;xJ vHk;0 pGefYypfvdkuf\/
,ckuo hJ Ykd w&m;oabmjzihf cufcufccJ ?J tcsed rf sm;pGm tukecf NH y;D jyef a&;jyjcif;rSm
trsm;tusdK;twGuf oufoufjzpf\/
(10) 'kwd,tBudrf-10 &uf w&m;pcef;0ifjcif;
bmawG? nmawG? b,fob l ,f0g? b,fae&m b,ftcsed t f cg [laom
owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk pdwfu vufcHavav? jzpf½Hkav;jzpfaeonfh pdwf\
y&rwf trSew f &m; uG,af ysmufavav jzpfjcif;aMumifrh rd \ d vdck sirf ?I jzpfcsirf ?I
ylyefrI? igxifrIrsm;uom y&rwfomoemudk zsufaeonfh &efoltppf
jzpfaMumif; &dyfrdvm\/ avmuDudk rsm;rsm;tm½HkjyKavav avmukwå&m
csrf;omESifh a0;avavjzpfí w&m;xdkif&mwGif taESmifht,Sufenf;ap&ef
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkif&if;yg vkyfoligvnf;r&dS?vkyfp&mvnf; r&dS?tvkyfNyD;NyD;
rNyD;NyD;? ½HI;½HI;jrwfjrwf bmrSwu,fr[kwfwJhtwGuf b,fvdkjzpfjzpf [laom
trSew f &m;udk a&SUwef;wif vkyv f mEdik o
f nfEiS t
hf rQ rvkyrf jzpfaom avmuD
tvkyfrsm;[k xif&atmif r&yfrem;taMumif; trsdK;rsdK;jyvSnfhpm; cdkif;ap
aeonfh w&m;cHonfvnf; rdr\ d tpGJ (avmb?a'go?arm[) omjzpfaMumif;
yd&k iS ;f vm\/ udavomowf&ef &dyo f m0ifNy;D jyif;jyif;xefxef w&m;tm;xkwf
csiyf gaomfvnf; vkycf sipf w d jf zifv
h yk v
f Qif avmbruif;ojzifh xdpk w d af y:wdik ;f
EdkifatmifpGefY\/
 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 18

OD;bcif&yd o f mrS xGuv f mNy;D (8)vtMumü OD;*dt k ifum&dyo f m bke;f Bu;D

w&m;ywfrS xGuv f maomOD;yOÆi;f wpfyg;\ wdu k w f eG ;f csut f & 'kw, d tBurd f
(10)&uf w&m;pcef;tjzpf OD;*dt k ifum&dyo f m0ifí f aeYpOftcsed &f n S f (8)em&D
wpfqufwnf; w&m;xdkifjcif; tygt0if puúefYrvyf txl;BudK;pm;\/
udk,fwdkif tygt0if w&m;tm;udk;olwdkif; &ifqdkifBuHKawGYae&aom w&m;½I
rSwef nf;ESihf ywfoufonfh em;vnfrv I rJG mS ;p&m? oHo,jzpfp&mrsm;uvnf;
trsm;udk ulnDvdkaom rdrd\ yifudk,ft&if;cHpdwfudk EdI;qGay;jcif;aMumifh
BudK;BudK;pm;pm; w&m;tm;xkwfjzpfjcif;jzpf\/
yxraeY reufyikd ;f w&m;prxdik rf D bk&m;&dcS ;kd vdu k Nf y;D rS w&m;xdik cf ef;r
twGif;ü bmbk&m;qif;wkawmf yHkawmfrS r&dSonfudk owdjyKrd\/ w&m;
em;vnfvmcsed rf pS ípdwu f zefqif;xm;aom yHo k @mefukd tpGaJ vQmv h mojzifh
bk&m;&Scd ;kd vnf; yHak wmfukd tm½Hrk jyKawmhbJ ypöKyeÜ pf w d t f pOfü twå uif;Edik f
orQuif;aezdkYom BudK;pm;avh &dSaomfvnf; ae&mopf jzpfojzifhom *½kpdkuf
rdjcif; jzpf\/ xdak eY wpfreufcif;vH;k w&m;xdik &f mwGif pdwu f taESmuft,Suf
ruif;? tewåaumif;aumif; rpdkufjzpfae\/ &dyfomodkYa&mufp nae
wpfOD;wnf; w&m;xdkifpOfuyif yHkrSeftewåpdwftajctae jzpfao;ojzifh
,ckrS bmjzpfrSef; tajz&Smr&atmifjzpf&\/
aeYqrG ;f pm;Ny;D aomtcg &dyo f mxJ vSnv hf n S f Munf½h &I if; oD;jcm;tcef;
av;wGif bk&m;qif;wkawmfudk zl;awGU&\/ OD;cs&dScdk;NyD;bk&m;a&SUwGifw&m;
xdkifaomtcgrS jzpfaeus tewåpdwfjyefjzpf\?xdktcgrS w&m;&dyfomjzpfNyD;
bk&m;qif;wkawmfawmif r&d[ S k xifrjd cif;ESit hf wl yHrk eS f jzpfaeustewåpw d f
tpOfMum;wGifjzpfrSef;yif rodbJ jzpfay:aeaom tvdkruspdwftpOfrsm;u
wpfpdwfcsKyfvdkufaemuf pdwftpm;xdk;vdkufESifh Mum;xdk; wm;qD;aejcif;
jzpfaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odvdkuf&\/
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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 19

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 20

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 21

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vkyfEdkifzdkYom) t"dujzpf\/
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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 22

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 23

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 24

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 25

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 27

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 28

tvdkvdk em;vnfvm\/
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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 29

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 30

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 t0dZÆmrS0dZÆmokdY 31

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(usd K uf a cguf bk & m;a&S U )
zkef;-724056? -09 5085212

(www.realenlightenment.org & www.mtsm45an.multiply.com)

email: mtsm45@gmail.com
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