International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

ISSN: 2229-3701

_________________________________________Research Article

In vivo and In vitro Phytochemical Evaluation and Quantification of Primary Metabolites from Sesamum indicum
Sharma Priyanka and Sarin Renu* Laboratory of bioactive compounds and algal biotechnology (Lab no. 9), Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. __________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Sesamum indicum Linn. is an important medicinal plant and belongs to family pedaliaceae. It is commonly known as Teel. The present investigation was aimed to investigate primary metabolites present in S. indicum. In the present study, in vivo plant parts (leaves and stem) and in vitro (calli) of S. indicum were investigated for their biochemical estimation of primary metabolites viz. total soluble sugar, starch, lipid, protein and phenol. Results showed that plant parts varied in composition of their selective metabolites. Key Words: Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals, Primary metabolites, Sesamum indicum. INTRODUCTION Traditional medicines are widespread throughout the world and comprises of those practices based on beliefs that were in existence for hundreds of years, before the development and spread of modern scientific medicines and they are still in use even today. An important feature of traditional therapy is the preference of practitioner for compound prescriptions over single substance/drug as it is being held that some constituents are effective only in the presence of others. In India, earlier the medicines used in indigenous systems of medicines were generally prepared by the practicing physicians by themselves, but now this practice has been largely replaced by the establishment of organised indigenous drug industries. The primary metabolites, in contrast, such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein and phenol are found in all plants and perform metabolic roles that are essential for plant growth and development. Primary metabolites are generally distributed within all living organism and are intimately connected with essential life processes and include ubiquitous compounds, such sugars, amino acids, or organic acid. These are involved in primary metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, respiration, or phytosynthesis. Sesamum indicum is an erect tropical annual plant growing up to 100 cm tall. It is an ancient cultigen. Today, it is mostly grown in India and the Far East (China, Korea), but its origin is probably tropic Africa although some other sources seem to favour an Indian origin. Sesame seeds have been used as a medicine since antiquity. They are considered to be antioxidant, anticancer, demulcent, emollient and laxative properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sesamum indicum plants were collected from Rajasthan University Campus, Jaipur from August to September. Then Specimen was deposited to the Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur for authentification (RUBL NO. 20628). For in vitro studies callus developed by tissue culture technique. The dried calli of 8 weeks old tissues were powdered and used for further bio chemical estimation. The quantitative estimation of primary metabolites was carried out using different protocols. The dried plant materials stem, leaf and callus (50 gm each) were homogenized separately in a mortar and pestle and was used for estimation of estimation of sugar and starch (Dubois et al., 1956), protein (Lowry et al., 1951), lipid (Jayaraman,1981), and Phenol (Bray and Thorpe,1954) respectively. All experiment repeated in triplicate and means ( SD) were calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present study carried out on the plant samples revealed the presence of primary metabolites. Primary metabolites viz, total soluble sugar, starch, lipid, protein and phenol of S. indicum investigated are summarized in Table 1. In the present investigation, among all the samples higher soluble sugar, lipid and phenol level was observed in leaves of S. indicum (40.11.37mg/g.dw; 62.11.53mg/g.dw; 43.10.39mg/g.dw) and minimum in calli (27.80.13mg/g.dw; 31.01.64mg/g.dw; 29.71.43mg/g.dw). The maximum content of starch and protein was observed in stem of S. indicum (58.020.49 mg/gdw and 49.61.34 mg/gdw) while minimum

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

ISSN: 2229-3701

was in calli of S. indicum (23.80.36mg/g.dw and 26.170.63 mg/g.dw) (Table 1) (Fig.1). Higher content of total soluble sugar was reported in leaves of Madhuca indica (Vijayvergia and Shekhawat, 2009) and plant parts of two species of verbenaceae family viz. Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum phlomidis (Chahal et.al., 2011) . Starch can represent 50-80% of the total nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in sugar maple. Trees with depleted starch reserves are more prone to die back and decline from various biotic and abiotic stressors (Gregory R. A. 1986). In similar studies carried out protein content was in leaves of M.indica (Vijayvergia and Shekhawat, 2009). Plant lipid have developed products that work with diverse requirements, be it culinary, medicinal or cosmetic (Yadav and Tyagi, 2006). Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant is very useful for determination of the active constituents in different solvents and their yields. Most of the active principles are found in alcoholic and aqueous extracts. Our results were in

agreement of previous reported results. Many primary metabolites lie in their impact as precursors or pharmacologically active metabolites in pharmaceutical compounds. Plant synthesizes primary metabolites (lipid, protein, starch, sugars, phenol etc.) for the normal growth and development of itself. Many polysaccharides purified from Chinese medicinal herbs and phenols are bioactive and possess immuno-modulating, anti-tumor and antibacterial activities. It may be concluded from this study that the leaves of S. indicum are highly rich in lipid content. In addition, the results confirm the use of the plant in traditional medicine. The plant parts varied in composition of their primary metabolites. The quantitative estimation of the primary metabolites yields of chemical constituents of the plants studies showed that the leaves and stems were rich in soluble sugar, starch, protein, lipid and phenol. The investigation can be subjected to the therapeutic uses and carry out further pharmacological evaluation.

Table 1: Estimation of primary metabolites (mg/gdw) in S. indicum

Primary metabolites (mg/gdw) Plant Plant parts Sugar Starch Lipids Proteins Phenols

Leaf

40.11.37

48.01.47

62.11.53

36.80.45

43.10.39

S. indicum

Stem

39.50.88

58.020.49

52.31.24

49.61.34

38.00.81

Callus

27.80.13

23.80.36

31.01.64

26.170.63

29.71.43

mg/gdw = mili g per g dry weight of tissues Values represent treatment of three replicates SE

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

ISSN: 2229-3701

ACKNOWLEGEMENT The authors would like to acknowledge with thanks to Head, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur for providing all the facilities in the department to carry out the present research work, REFERENCES 1. Bray, H.G. and Thorpe, W.V., 1954. Analysis of Phenolic compounds of intrest in metabolism. Meth. Biochem. Anal. 1: 27-52. 2. Chahal, J.K., Sarin, R. And Malwal, M., 2011. Biochemical estimation of selective metabolites of two plants of verbenaceae family. J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 90 (3&4) : 302-305. 3. Dubois, M.K., Gilles, J.K., Hamilton, P.A., Rebers, and Smith, F., 1951. A colorimetric method for the determination of sugar, Nature 168, 167.

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Gregory, R. A., 1986. Timing of defoliation and its effect on bud development, starch reserves and sap sugar concentration in sugar maple. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1017. Jayaraman, J., 1981: Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Limited. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol Reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275. Vijayavergia, R. and Shekhawat, N. 2009. Biochemical estimation of primary metabolites of Madhuca indica GMEL. The Bioscan. 2(3): 203-206. Yadav, P. R. and Tyagi, R. 2006. Lipid Biotechnology.1Discovery publishing house-New Delhi.

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