6 6 6 6 Topic Topic Topic Topic: Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms

LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION OF SOME OTHER USEFUL
FUNCTIONS

Unit Step Function (or Heavisides Unit Function):
In engineering, we come across such fractions of which the inverse transform
cannot be determined from the formulae so far derived. In order to cover such cases, we
introduce the unit step function (or Heavisides unit function*).
* Named after the British Electrical Engineer Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925).
Definition: The unit step function u(t a) is defined as
<
=
a for t 1,
a for t , 0
) a t ( u where 0 a .

6 66 6
th th th th
Topic Topic Topic Topic
Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms
Laplace Transformation of some other useful functions
Unit Step Function,
Laplace Transformation of Unit Step Function
Second Shifting Theorem
Unit Impulse Function
Laplace Transformation of Unit Impulse function

Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 25-10-2007)

t
u(t-a)
1
O
a
Laplace Transforms: Laplace Transformation of some other useful functions:
Unit step fn., Unit impulse fn. Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2
As a particular case (when a = 0)
<
=
0 for t 1,
0 for t , 0
) t ( u
The product ( )
<
= +
a for t f(t),
a for t , 0
) a t ( u . t f
The function ( ) ( ) a t u . a t f represents the graph of f(t) shifted through a distance a to
the right.
Laplace Transform of Unit Step Function:
{ } ( )dt a t u e a t ( u L
st
0
=
as
0
st
st
0
st
0
e
s
1
s
e
0 dt 1 . e dt 0 . e

=
(
(
+ = + =

.
In particular, ( ) { } .
s
1
t u L =
Second Shifting Theorem (Second Shifting property):
Statement: If ( ) { } ( ) s f t f L = , then { } ) s ( f e ) a t ( u ). a t ( f L
as
= .
Proof: { } dt ) a t ( u ). a t ( f e ) a t ( u ). a t ( f L
st
0
=

( ) ( )dt 1 ) a t ( f e dt 0 ) a t ( f e
st
a
st
a
0
+ =

du ) u ( f e
) a u ( s
0
+
= (where a t u = )
) s ( f e du ) u ( f e e
as su
0
as
= =
.
Important results:
1. ( ) { } ( ) ( ) a t u . a t f s f e L
as 1
=

.
2. If a = 0, { } ( ) ( ) { } t f L s f ) t ( u ). t ( f L = = .

3
Unit Impulse Function (or Dirac-delta Function*):
In mechanics, we come across problems where a very large force acts for a very
small time. In the study of bending of beams, we have point loads, which is equivalent to
large pressure acting over a very small area. To deal with such problems, we introduce
the unit impulse function.
* After the English Physicist Paul Dirac (1902-1984), who was awarded Nobel Prize in 1933 for his
work in Quantum Mechanics)
Unit impulse function is considered as the limiting form of the function
( )
>
+
<
=
a for t 0,
a t a for ,
1
a for t , 0
a t

Integrating this function, we get
( ) ( ) 1 a a
1
dt
1
dt a t
a
0 0
= +
=

+
.
As 0 , the function ( ) a t
tends to be infinite at x = a and zero elsewhere, with the

characteristic property that its integral across t = a is unity.
If ( ) a t represents a force acting for short duration at time t = a, then the integral
( ) 1 dt a t Lt
a
0
0
=
+

,
represents unit impulse at t = a.
O a a+
t
1/
( ) a t

4
Hence, the limiting form of ( ) a t
as 0 is expressed as unit impulse function

denoted by ( ) a t .
Thus, the unit impulse function ( ) a t is defined as follows:
( )
=
=
a for t 0,
a for t ,
a t
such that ( ) 1 dt a t
0
=
.
Laplace Transform of Unit Impulse Function:
If f(t) be a function of t continuous at t = a, then
( ) ( ) dt
1
). t ( f dt a t t f
a
0

=

+
( ) ) c ( f
1
). c ( f a a =
+ = where + < < a c a

(by mean value theorem for integrals)
As 0 , we get ( ) ( ) ) a ( f dt a t t f
0
=
.
Important results:
1. ( ) [ ] ( )
sa st
0
e dt a t e a t L

= =
.
2. ( ) { } 1 e e t L
0 s
= = =

.

Now let find Laplace Transforms of Unit Step Functions:

Q.No.1.: Find the Laplace transforms of
(i). ( ) ( ) 1 t u 1 t
2
(ii). ) t ( tu sin (iii). ( ) 2 t u e
t 3
.
Sol.: (i). Comparing ( ) ( ) 1 t u 1 t
2
with ( ) ( ) a t u a t f , we have
a = 1 and ( )
2
t t f = .
( ) ( ) { }
2
s
2
t L s f = = .
5
( ) ( ) { } ( ) s f e 1 t u 1 t L
s 2
= [By second shifting property]

3
s
s
e 2

= .
(ii). Expressing t sin as a function of ( ) t , we have
( ) [ ] ( ) = + = t sin t sin t sin
Comparing ( ) ( ) t u . t sin with ( ) ( ) a t u a t f , we get
= a and ( ) t sin t f = .
( ) ( ) { }
1 s
1
t f L s f
2
+
= =
( ) { } ( ) ( ) { } = t u t sin L t sin L
( ) s f e
s
= [By second shifting property]

1 s
e
2
s
+
=

.
(iii). Expressing
t 3
e
as a function of ( ) a t , we have
( ) [ ] ( ) 2 t 3 6 2 2 t 3 t 3
e , e e e
+
= =
( )
( )
( ) 2 t u e . e 2 t u e
2 t 3 6 t 3
=

Comparing
( )
( ) 2 t u . e
2 t 3

with ( ) ( ) a t u a t f , we get
a = 2 and ( )
t 3
e t f

=
{ }
3 s
1
) t ( f L ) s ( f
+
= = .
( ) { }
( )
( ) { } ( )
( )
3 s
e
s f e . e 2 t u e L e 2 t u e L
3 s 2
s 2 6 2 t 3 6 t 3
+
= = =
+

.
Q.No.2.: Find the Laplace transform of:
(i).
( )
< <
< <
=
3 t (2 t 3
2 t 1 1 t
) t ( f (ii). ( ) [ ] 2 t u 1 e
t

.
Sol.: (i). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 3 t u 2 t u t 3 2 t u 1 t u 1 t t f + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 t u 3 t 2 t u 2 t 2 1 t u 1 t + = .
6
Since ( ) ( ) { } ( ) s f e a t u a t f L
as
=
( ) [ ]
( )
2
s 3 s 2 s
2
s 3
2
s 2
2
s
s
e e 2 e
s
1
. e
s
1
. e 2
s
1
. e t f L

+
= + = ( ) [ ] t t f = Q
(ii). ( ) [ ] { } ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) [ ] 2 t u e L e
1 s
1
2 t u e L e L 2 t u 1 e L
2 t 2 t t t

+
= =

Taking ( )
t
e t f

= , ( )
1 s
1
s f
+
= and using the equation.
( ) ( ) { } ( ) s f e a t u a t f L
as
= .
( )
( ) { }
1 s
1
. e 2 t u e L
s 2 2 t
+
=

.
Hence, ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) 1 s
e 1
2 t u 1 Le
1 s 2
t
+
=
+
.
Q.No.3.: Find the Laplace transform of
(i) ( ) 2 t u e
2 t
, (ii) ) 3 t ( u t
2
, (iii) ) t ( tu 2 sin , (iv) ) 3 t ( u t
t 2
.
Sol.: (i) Compare ( ) 2 t u e
2 t
with ) a t ( u ) a t ( f
Here a = 2,
t 2 t
e ) t ( f e ) 2 t ( f = =

.
Now by second shifting property,
we know ) s ( f e )] a t ( u ) a t ( f [ L
as
= , where ) s ( f )) t ( f ( L = .
Hence, ( ) ( )
1 s
1
. e 2 t u e L
s 2 2 t
=

. ( ) ( ) ( )
(
= = =
1 s
1
e L ) t ( f L s f Here
t

(ii). We first express
2
t in terms of 3 t
Now ( ) ( ) ) 3 t ( 6 9 3 t 3 3 t t
2 2 2
+ + = + = ( ) ( ) 9 3 t 6 3 t
2
+ + =
Therefore ) 3 t ( u t
2
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) 3 t u 9 3 t 6 3 t
2
+ + =
) 3 t ( u 9 ) 3 t ( u ) 3 t ( 6 ) 3 t ( u ) 3 t (
2
+ + =
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] )] 3 t ( u [ L 9 ) 3 t ( u 3 t L 6 3 t ( u 3 t L 3 t u t L
2 2
+ + = . (i)
Now consider ( ) [ ] 3 t ( u 3 t L
2
.
Here a = 3,
2
) 3 t ( ) 3 t ( f = ,
2
t ) t ( f = and
2
s
2
) t ( Lf ) s ( f = =
7
Therefore ( ) ( ) [ ]
3
s 3 2
s
2
. e 3 t u 3 t L

= [Using 2
nd
shifting theorem]
Also ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
s 3
s
1
. e 3 t u 3 t L

= and ( ) [ ]
s
1
. e 3 t u L
s 3
= .
Hence from (i), ( ) [ ]
s
1
. e 9
s
1
. e 6
s
2
. e 3 t u t L
s 3
2
s 3
3
s 3 2
+ + = [ ]
2
3
s 3
s 9 s 6 2
s
e
+ + =
.
(iii). We express t 2 sin in terms of t
Here ( ) ( ) ( ) + = + = 2 t 2 sin t sin t 2 sin ) t ( 2 sin = .
Now [ ] [ ] ) a t ( u ) a t ( 2 sin L ) t ( tu 2 sin L = .
Compare ) a t ( u ) a t ( 2 sin with ) a t ( u ) a t ( f .
Here = a , ( ) = t 2 sin ) t ( f
( ) ) s ( f
4 s
2
) t ( Lf t 2 sin t f
2
=
+
= =
Using 2
nd
shifting theorem,
[ ] [ ]
4 s
2
. e ) t ( u ) t ( 2 sin L ) t ( tu 2 sin L
2
s
+
= =

.
(iv) [ ] [ ] ) 3 t ( u e L ) 3 t ( u e L
) 3 3 t ( 2 t 2
=
+

Compare
( )
) 3 t ( u e
3 t 2
with ) a t ( u ) a t ( f (i)
Here a = 3,
( )
( )
t 2 3 t 2
e t f e ) 3 t ( f = =

Also ( )
2 s
1
e L ) t ( f ( L ) s ( f
t 2
= = = .
From (i), using 2
nd
shifting theorem,
[ ] [ ]
( )
2 s
1
. e
2 s
1
. e . e ) 3 t ( u e L e ) 3 t ( u e L
2 s 3 s 3 6 ) 3 t ( 2 6 t 2
= =

.
Q.No.4.: Find the inverse Laplace transform of:
(i).
3 s
e
s 2
(ii).
2 2
as
w s
se
, a > 0 (iii).
2 2
8 2 / s
s
e se
+
+

.
Sol.: By second shifting theorem,
( ) { } ( ) ( ) a t u . a t f s f e L
as 1
=
.
8
(i). Let ( )
3 a
1
s f
= , then ( )
t 3
e t f = .
( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) 2 t u . e 2 t u . 2 t u . 2 t f s f e L
3 s
e
L
2 t 3 s 2 1
s 2
1
= = =
.
(ii). Let ( )
2 2
w s
s
s f
= , then ( )
2
w cosh t f =
( ) { } ) a t ( u ). a t ( w cosh ) a t ( u ). a t ( f s f e L
w s
se
L
as 1
2 2
as
1
= = =
.
(iii). Since t cos
s
s
L
2 2
1
=
)
`
and t sin
s
L
2 2
1
=
)
`
+
=
+
+
2 2
8
1
2 2
2 / s
1
2 2
8 2 / s
1
s
e
L
s
se
L
s
e se
L
( ) ( ) 1 t u . 1 t sin
2
1
t u .
2
1
t cos + |
\
|
|
\
|
=
( ) ( ) 1 t u . t sin
2
1
t u .
2
t cos + |
\
|
|
\
|
=
( ) 1 t u . t sin
2
1
t u . t sin |
\
|
= ( )
(
\
|
= 1 t u
2
1
t u t sin .
Q.No.5.: Find inverse Laplace transform of:
( ) a s s
e
2
cs
+
(c > 0).
Sol.:
( )
( )
)
`
|
|
\
|
+
+ + =
a s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
e L
a s s
e
L
2 2 2
cs 1
2
cs
1

Using equation ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) a t u . a t f s f e L
as 1
=

, we get
( )
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] ) c t ( u . e
a
1
c t u . c t
a
1
c t u . 1
a
1
a s s
e
L
) c t /( a
2 2 2
cs
1
+ + =
+

( )
( )
{ } ( ) c t u e 1 c t a
a
1
c t a
2
+ =

.
Q.No.6.: Find the Inverse Laplaces transform of
1 s
e
s
+
.
9
Sol.: Let
1 s
1
) s ( F
+
= so that
( ) ( ) { }
( )
)
+
= =

2 / 1
1 1
1 s
1
L s F L t f
=
)
`

2
1
t
2 / 1
1 t
t
. e
s
1
L e .
Using t-shift
( ) { } ( ) ( ) 1 t u . 1 t f s F . e L
1 s
e
L
s 1
s
1
= =
( )
( )
( ) 1 t u
1 t
. e
2
1
1 t

=
( )
( )
< <
>

1 t 0 0,
1 t ,
1 t
. e
2
1
1 t

( )
s
e 2 e 3 5
s 7 s 3

.
Sol.:
( )
s
e 2 e 3 5
L
s 7 s 3
1
)
`
)
`
)
`
=

s
1
. e L 2
s
1
e L 3
s
1
L 5
s 7 1 s 3 1 1

Applying the second shifting theorem
( ) ( ) 7 t u 2 3 t u . 3 1 . 5 =
Since 1
s
1
L
1
=
)
`
.
Also 0 ) 3 t ( u = 3 t 0 < <
=1 t > 3
and 0 ) 7 t ( u = 7 t 0 < <
=1 t > 7
Therefore
( )
s
e 2 e 3 5
L
s 7 s 3
1
>
< <
< <
=
7 t 2.1, 3.1 5
7 t 3 2.0, 3.1 5
3 t 0 , 0 . 2 0 . 3 5
>
< <
< <
=
7 t 0,
7 t 3 2,
3 t 0 , 5
.
( )
( )
s 4 2
e s
s 5 2 +
.
10
Sol.: Take
s
5
s
2
s
s 5 2
) s ( F
2 2
+ =
+
= . Then
( ) { }
)
`
+ = =

s
5
s
2
L s F L ) t ( f
2
1 1
5 t 2
s
1
L 5
s
1
L 2
1
2
1
+ =
)
`
+
)
`
=

.
Using result { } ) a t ( u ) a t ( f ) s ( F e L
as 1
=

.
We get (with a = 4)
) 4 t ( u ). 4 t ( f
s
5
s
2
e L
2
s 4 1
=
)
`
|
|
\
|
+

>
< <
=
4 t 4), f(t
4 t 0 , 0

Since ( ) 5 t 2 t f + = ; so 3 t 2 5 ) 4 t ( 2 ) 4 t ( f = + =
>
< <
=
)
`
|
|
\
|
+

4 t 3, 2t
4 t 0 , 0
s
5
s
2
e L
2
s 4 1

as 2
e s
1
.
Sol.:
as 2
e s
1
n
2
as
0 n
2
1
2
as
2
s
e
s
1
s
e
1
s
1
|
|
\
|
=
(
(
=

=
( ) 1 1 n 2
ans
0 n
2 n 2
ans
0 n
s
e
s
e
+ +

=
+

=

= =
Since
( )
( )! 1 n 2
t
s
1
L
1 n 2
1 1 n 2
1
+
=
)
`
+
+ +
.
)
`
as 2
1
e s
1
L
=
+
=
+

=

2 n 2
ans
1
0 n
2 n 2
ans
0 n
1
s
e
L
s
e
L
( )
( )
( ) an t u
! 1 n 2
an t
1 n 2
0 n
=
+
=
.
Q.No.10.: Find the Inverse Laplace transform of
(i)
1 s
e
2
s
+

(ii)
2
s
s
e

(iii)
1 s
se
2
s 2
(iv)
( ) a s s
e
2
cs
+
, c > 0.
Sol.: (i) By second shifting theorem, we know
) a t ( u ) a t ( f )) s ( f e ( L
as 1
=

Comparing,
1 s
1
. e
2
s
+

with ) s ( f . e
as

Here = a ,
1 s
1
) s ( f
2
+
=
11
( ) t sin ) s ( f L ) t ( f
1
= =

Hence ( ) ( ) = |
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+

t u t sin
1 s
1
. e L
1 s
e
L
2
s 1
2
s
1

( ) = t t sin ( ) [ ] t sin ) t sin( , t sin t sin = =
(ii) |
\
|

2
s 1
s
1
e L
Comparing
2
s
s
1
e

with ) s ( f . e
as
, we have
Here = a ,
2
s
1
) s ( f = and ( ) ( ) t
s
1
L ) s ( f L t f
2
1 1
= |
\
|
= =

Therefore by second shifting theorem, we know
( ) ( ) = |
\
|

t u . t
s
1
e L
2
s 1
. ( ) ( ) [ ] ) a t ( u ) a t ( f s f . e L
as 1
=

(iii). ( ) ( ) 2 t 2 t cosh
1 s
1
. se L
1 s
se
L
2
s 2 1
2
s 2
1
= |
\
|
=
(
(

Comparing with ( ) ) s ( f . e L
as 1
, we have
Here a = 2, ( )
1 s
s
s f
2
= , ( ) ( ) t cosh ) s f ( L t f
1
= =

( ) ( ) [ ] ) a t ( u ) a t ( f s f . e L
as 1
=

(iv)
( ) a s s
1
e
2
cs
+
,
Comparing with ( ) ) s ( f . e L
as 1
, we have
Here a = c, ( )
( ) a s s
1
s f
2
= ,
Now ( ) ( )
( )(
(
+
= =

a s s
1
L ) s f ( L t f
2
1 1
. (i)
Consider
( )
a s
C
s
B
s
A
a s s
1
2 2
+
+ + =
+
. (*)
Multiply by ( ) a s s
2
+ both sides,
12
( ) ( )
2
Cs a s B a s As 1 + + + + = . (ii)
Put s = 0 in (ii),
a
1
B Ba 1 = = .
Put a s = in (ii),
2
2
a
1
c ca 1 = = .
Comparing the coefficient of s
2
in equation (ii), we get
2
a
1
A C A 0 = + = .
Hence from (*),
( )
a s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
a s s
1
2 2 2
+
+ + =
+
.
Therefore from (i), using (*), we get
(
+
+ +
=

a s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
s
1
.
a
1
L ) t ( f
2 2 2
1
|
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
=

a s
1
L
a
1
s
1
L
a
1
s
1
L
a
1
1
2 2
1 1
2

at
2 2
e
a
1
t
a
1
a
1

+ +
=
( )
( )
( )
( ) c t u e
a
1
c t
a
1
a
1
a s s
1
e L
c t a
2 2 2
cs 1
+ +
=
(
(
+

( ) ( ) [ ] ) a t ( u ) a t ( f s f . e L
as 1
=

Q.No.11.: In an electric circuit with e.m.f. E(t), resistance R and inductance L, the
current I builds up at the rate given by ) t ( E Ri
dt
di
L = + .
If the switch is connected at t = 0 and disconnected at t = a, find the current
i at any instant.
Sol.: Here i = 0 at t = 0 and
>
< <
=
a for t 0
a t 0 for E
) t ( E
Taking Laplace transform of both sides of the given equation, we have
[ ] ) t ( E e i R ) 0 ( i i s L
st
0
= +
( ) ( )
as
a
0
st
st
a
0
e 1
s
E
s
e
E Edt e i R Ls

=
(
(
= = +

13
( ) ( ) R Ls s
Ee
R Ls s
E
i
as
+
+
=

.
Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we have
( ) ( )
)
`
+
=

R Ls s
Ee
L
R Ls s
E
L i
as
1 1
. (i)
Now
( ) ( )
\
|
+
=
)
`
+
=
)
`
+

L
R
s R
E
Rs
E
L
R Ls R
LE
Rs
E
L
R Ls Rs
E
L
1 1 1

( )
L / Rt 1 1
e 1
R
E
L
R
s
1
L
s
1
L
R
E

=
(
(
(
(
+
|
\
|
= .
and
( )
( ) ( ) a t u e 1
R
E
R Ls s
Ee
L
L / ) a t ( R
as
1
=
.
From (i), we have
( )
( )
( ) ( ) a t u e 1
R
E
e 1
R
E
i
L / a t R L / Rt
=

.
Hence, for 0 < t <a, ( )
L / Rt
e 1
R
E
i

= ,
and for t > a, ( )
( )
( )
L / a t R L / Rt
e 1 e 1
R
E
i

= ( ) 1 e e
R
E
L / Ra L / Rt
=

.
Q.No.12.: Calculate the maximum deflection of an encastre beam 1 ft. long carrying a
uniformly distributed load b wl /ft. on its central half length.
Sol.: Taking the origin at the end A, we have
) x ) w
dx
y d
EI
4
4
= , where
(
\
|
|
\
|
=
4
3
x u
4
x u w ) x ( w
l l

Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0 y 0 y s 0 y s 0 y s y s EI
2 3 4

|
|
\
|
=

s
e
s
e
w
4 / s 3 4 / s l l
.
14
Using the conditions ( ) ( ) 0 0 y 0 y = = and taking ( )
1
c 0 y = and ( )
2
c 0 y = , we have
4
2
3
1
5
4 / s 3
5
4 / s
s
c
s
c
s
e
s
e
w y EI + +
=
l l
.
On inversion, we get
3
2
2
1
4 4 4
x c
6
1
x c
2
1
4
3
x u
4
3
x
4
x u
4
x
24
w
EIy + +
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
l l l l
. (i)
For
4
3
x
l
> ,
3
2
2
1
4 4
x c
6
1
x c
2
1
4
3
x
4
x
24
w
EIy + +
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
=
l l

and
2
2 1
3 3
x c
2
1
x c
4
3
x
4
x
6
w
y EI + +
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
=
l l
.
Using the conditions ( ) 0 y = l and ( ) 0 y = l , we get
3
2
2
1
4 4
c
6
1
c
2
1
4 4
3
24
w
0 l l
l l
+ +
\
|
|
\
|
=
and
2
2 1
3 3
c
2
1
c
4 4
3
6
w
0 l l
l l
+ +
\
|
|
\
|
= .
Hence
192
w 11
c
2
1
l
= ;
4
w
c
2
l
= .
Thus for
4
3
x
4
l l
< < , (i) gives
3 2
2
4
x
24
w
x
384
w 11
4
1
x
24
w
EIy
l l
+
|
\
|
+ = .
Hence the maximum deflection
EI 6144
w 13
2
y
4
l l
=
|
\
|
.

*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
15
Home Assignments
Q.No.1. Evaluate (i). ( ) { } 1 t u e L
1 t
(ii). ( ) { } ) 1 t ( u 1 t L
2

(iii). ( ) { } 3 t u t L
2
(iv). ( ) ( ) { } 1 t 1 t u t L
2
+ .
Sol.: (i).
( ) 1 s
e
s
(ii).
3
s
s
e 2

(iii).
( )
3
2 s 3
s
s 9 s 6 2 e + +
(iv).
( )
3
3 2 s
s
s s s 2 2 e + + +
.
Q.No.2. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
(i).
2 2
as
w s
se
, a > 0. (ii).
( )
3
s
1 s
e
+

Sol.: (i). ( ) ( ) a t u . a t w cosh (ii).
( )
( ) ( ) 1 t u 1 t e
2
1
2 1 t

.
Q.No.3.: Using t-shift, find the inverse Laplace transform of
( )
1 s s
e 1 s
2
s
+ +
+

.
Ans.:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
)
`
+

t u t
2
3
sin t
2
3
cos 3
3
e
t
2
1
.
( )
2
s 7 s 4
s
e e

.
Ans.:
>
< <
< <
7 t 3,
7 t 4 4, t
4 t 0 , 0
.
( )
2
5
s 3 4
4 s
e
+
.
Ans.:
( )
( )
( ) 3 t u
3
e 3 t 4
4 t 4 2 / 3

.
5 s 2 s
e
2
s 3
+
.
Ans.:
( )
( ) ( ) 3 t u . 3 t 2 sin e
2
1
3 t

16
( )
3
s
1 s
e
+
.
Ans.:
( )
( ) ( ) 1 t u . 1 t . e .
2
1
2 1 t

.
2 2
s
2
1
s
e se
+
+

.
Ans.: ( )
)
`
\
|
1 t u
2
1
t u t sin .
s 2
2
e
6 s 5 s
s

+
.
Ans.:
( ) ( )
{ } ( ) 2 t u e 3 e 2
2 t 3 2 t 2
+

.
2
s 3
2
s
s
e 4
s
e 4
s
3

+ .
Ans.: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 t u 3 t 4 1 t u 1 t 4 3 + .
Q.No.11.:
( )
3
s 3
1 s
e
+
, Evaluate f(2), f(5), f(7).

Ans.: f(2) = 0, ( )
2
e 2 5 f

= , ( )
4
e 8 7 f

= .
( )
2
s 3
4 s
e
.
Ans.: ( )
( )
( ) 3 t u e 3 t
3 t 4

.
9 s
se
2
s
+

.
Ans.: ( ) t u . t 3 cos .
s
e s
1
+
.
Ans.:
( )
( ) ( ) n t u n t
! n
1
n
n
0 n

=
.
Q.No.15. Sketch the graph of the following functions and express them in terms of unit
step function. Hence find their Laplace transforms:
(i). t 2 ) t ( f = for < < t 0 , f(t) = 1 for = t .
17
(ii).
2
t ) t ( f = for 2 t 0 < , f(t) = 0 for 2 t > .
(iii). ( ) + = wt cos ) t ( f for 0 < t < T, F(t) = 0 for t > T.
Sol.: (i). ( ) ) t ( tu 2 ) t ( u t 2 1 + ;
as
2 2
e
s
2
s
2 1
s
2

|
\
|

+ .
(ii). ( ) ( ) [ ] 2 t u t u t
2
;
( ) ( )
2
s 2
3
s 2
s
s 1 e 4
s
e I 2 +

(iii). { } ( ) + t cos T t ( u ) t ( u ;
( ) ( ) ( ) { } [ ] ( )
2 2 sT
s / T sin T cos s e sin cos s + + +

Q.No.16. Using Laplace transforms, solve ( ) ) t ( u ) t ( x t x = + , x(0) = 1, ( ) 0 0 x = ,
where
>

=
4 t 5, - 2t
4 t 0 , 3
) t ( u
Sol.: { } ( ) 4 t u ) 4 t sin( 4 t 2 t cos 2 3 x + = .

Now let find Laplace Transforms of Unit Impulse Functions:

Q.No.1.: Obtain the deflection of a weightless beam of length l and freely supported at
ends, when a concentrated load W acts at x = a. The differential equation for
deflection being ( ) a x W
dx
y d
EI
4
4
= .
Sol.: Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation, we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
as 2 3 4
e
EI
W
0 y 0 y s 0 y s 0 y s y s

= .
Using the conditions ( ) 0 0 y ) 0 ( y = = and taking ( )
1
c 0 y = , ( )
2
c 0 y = , we get
as
2
2
1
4
e .
EI
W
c s c y s

=
4
as
4
2
2
1
s
e
.
EI
W
s
c
s
c
y
+ + = .
Taking inverse transforms, we have
( )
( ) a x u
! 3
a x
.
EI
W
! 3
x
. c x c y
3 3
2 1

+ + = (i)
18
( ) ( ) a x u a x
EI 2
W
x c
2
1
c y
2 2
2 1
+ + =
( ) ( ) a x u a x
EI
W
x c y
2
+ = .
Using the conditions ( ) 0 y = l , ( ) 0 y = l , we get
6
b
.
EI
W
6
c c 0
3 3
2 1
+ + =
l
l b
EI
W
c 0
2
+ = l ( ) [ ] b a and a for x , 1 a x u = = l Q
l
b
.
EI
W
c
2
=
and
(
(
+ =
6
b
.
EI
W
6
c
1
c
3 3
2 1
l
l

(
(
+ =
6
b
.
EI
W
6
b
.
EI
W 1
3 2
l
l

( ) ( )( ) ( ) b
EI 6
Wab
b b
EI 6
Wb
b
EI 6
WB
2 2
+ = + = = l
l
l l
l
l
l
.
From (i) the solution is
( )
( )
( ) a x u
! 3
a x
.
EI
W
x
b
.
EI 6
W
x b
EI 6
Wab
y
3
3
+ + =
l
l
l

( )
( ) ( )
(
+
+
= a x u a x x
b
x
b ab
EI 6
W
3 3
l l
l
.
When 0 < x < a, 0 ) a x ( u =
( )
(

+
=
3
x
b
x
b ab
EI 6
W
y
l l
l
. (ii)
When l < < x a , ( ) 1 a x u =
( )
( )
(
+
+
=
3 3
a x x
b
x
b ab
EI 6
W
y
l l
l
. (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we have
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 2
ba b b a
EI 6
W
a y + = l
l

( ) [ ] ( )
l l
l
l
2 2
2 2
b a
.
EI
W
3
1
b 2 . b a
EI 6
W
a b b a
EI 6
W
= = + = .
Q.No.2.: A beam is simply supported at its end x = 0 and is clamped at the other end
l = x . It carries a load w at
4
x
l
= . Find the resulting deflection at any point.
19
Sol.: The differential equation for deflection is
|
\
|
=
4
x
EI
w
dx
y d
4
4
l
.
Taking the Laplace transform, we have
( ) ( ) ( )
4 / s 2 3 4
e
EI
w
0 y 0 y s 0 y s ) 0 ( y s y s
l
= .
Using the conditions y(0) = 0, ( ) 0 0 y = and taking ( )
1
c 0 y = , ( )
2
c 0 y = , we get
4
4 / s
4
2
2
1
s
e
EI
w
s
c
s
c
y
l
+ + = .
On inversion, it gives b
|
\
|

|
\
|

+ + =
4
x u
! 3
4
x
EI
w
! 3
x
c x c y
3
2 1
l
l

< < |
\
|
+ + =
< < + =
l
l l
l
x
4
,
4
x
EI 6
w
x c
6
1
x c y and
4
x 0 , x c
6
1
x c y . e . i
3
3
2 1
3
2 1
. (i)
Using the conditions ( ) 0 y = l , ( ) 0 y = l , we get
EI 128
w 9
c
6
1
c 0
3
2 1
l
l l + + = and
EI 32
w 9
2
1
c
2
2
1
l
l + +
whence
EI 256
w 9
c
2
1
l
= ,
EI 128
w 81
c
2
=
Substituting the values of c
1
and c
2
in(i), we get the deflection at any point.
Q.No.3.: An impulsive voltage ( ) t E is applied to a circuit consisting of L, R, C in series
with zero initial conditions. If i be the current at any subsequent time t, find the
limit of I as 0 t ?
Sol.: The equation of the circuit governing the current i is
( ) t E idt
C
1
Ri
dt
di
L
t
0
= + +
where i = 0, when t = 0.
Taking Laplace transform of both sides, we get
[ ] E i
s
1
C
1
i R ) 0 ( i i s L = + +
20
s
L
E
i
CL
1
s
L
R
s
2
= |
\
|
+ + ( ) s
L
E
i b a as 2 s
2 2 2
|
\
|
= + + +
where a 2
L
R
= and
2 2
b a
CL
1
+ =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
)
+ +
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a s
1
a
b a s
a s
L
E
b a s
a a s
L
E
i
On inversion, we get
)
`
=

bt sin e
b
a
bt cos e
L
E
i
at at

Taking limits as 0 t ,
L
E
i .
Although the current i = 0 initially, yet a large current will develop instantaneously ue to
impulsive voltage applied at t = 0. In fact, we have determined the limit of this current
which is
L
E
.
Q.No.4.: A light beam of length l has its ends x = 0 and l = x hinged. If concentrated
load w acts at the point
3
x
l
= . Show that the deflection is given by
( )
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ =
3
x
3
x
6
W
x 9 5 x
81
W
EIy
3
2 2
l l
l .
Sol.: We know that the differential equation for the deflection is
|
\
|
=
3
x
EI
W
dx
y d
4
4
l
, satisfying, (i)
y(0) 0, ( )
1
c 0 y =
( ) 0 0 y = , ( )
2
c 0 y =
and ( ) 0 y = l , ( ) 0 y = l
Taking Laplace transform both sides of (i),
( ) ( ) ( )
s
3
t
2 3 4
e
EI
W
0 y 0 y s 0 y s ) 0 ( y s y s
= ( ) [ ] [ ]
as
e a t L

=
s
3
t
2 1
2 4
e
EI
W
c c s y s
=
21
4
s
3
t
4
2
2
1
s
1
. e
EI
W
s
c
s
c
y
+ + =
Here ( )
4
s
1
s f = and ( ) ( )
6
x
.
! 3
x
s
1
L s f L ) x ( f
3 3
4
1 1
= = =

Also for
3
a
l
= , ( ) ) s ( f e L
as 1
|
\
|

|
\
|

=
3
x .
6
3
x
3
l
l

Taking Inverse Laplace transform,
|
\
|

|
\
|

+ + =
3
x
6
3
x
EI
W
6
x
c x c y
3
3
2 1
l
l
(A)
< <
|
\
|
+ +
< < +
l
l l
l
x
3
;
3
x
EI 6
W
6
x c
x c
x
x 0 ,
6
x c
x c
3
3
2
1
3
2
1

Now ( )
27
8
.
EI 6
W
6
c c y 0
3 3
2 1
l l
l l + + = = (ii)
And ( )
9
4
.
EI 2
W
c
2
1
c y 0
2
2
2 1
l
l l + + = = (iii)
Operating ) iii (
1
) ii (
l
, we get
0
3
14
EL 27
W
c
3
2
2
2
=
|
\
|
+ l
l
EI 27
W 14
c
2
= .
Again from (ii),
27
1
.
EI 6
W 8
6
.
EI 27
W 14
c
3 3
1
l l
l =
EL 27
W
c
2
1
l
= .
Hence from (A),
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ =
3
x
3
x
EI 6
W
6
x
.
EI 27
W 14
x
EI 27
W
y
3
3 2
l l l

( )
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ =
3
x
3
x
6
W
x 7 3 x
81
W
EIy
3
3 2
l l
l .
22

*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: The deflection of beam of length l , clamped horizontally at both ends
loaded at
4
x
l
= by a weight W is given by
|
\
|
=
4
x W
dx
y d
EI
4
4
l
.
Find the deflection curve, given 0
dx
dy
y = = , when x = 0 and l = x .
Ans.:
3 2 2
3
x W
64
9
WLx
128
9
4
x u
4
x
6
W
EIy +
|
\
|

|
\
|
=
l l
.
Q.No.2.: Abeam has its ends clamped at x = 0 and l = x . A concentrated load W acts
vertically downwards at the point
3
x
l
= . Find the resulting deflection.
Ans.: ( )
( )
( )
< < |
\
|
+
< <
=
l
l l l
l l
x
3
,
3
x
EI 6
W
EI 81
x 5 3 Wx 2
3
x 0 ,
EI 81
x 5 3 Wx 2
x y
3
2
2

Q.No.3.: A cantilever beam is clamped at the end x = 0 and is free at the end l = x . It
carries a uniform load w per unit length from x = 0 to
2
x
l
= . Calculate the
deflection y at any point.
Ans.:
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ =
2
x u
2
x
EI 24
w
x
EI 24
w
x
EI 12
w
x
EI 16
w
) x ( y
4
4 3 2
2
l l l l
.
Q.No.4.: An impulse I (kg-sec) is applied to a mass m attached to a spring having
constant k. The system is damped with damping constant . Derive expression
for displacement and velocity of the mass, assuming initial condition
( ) ( ) 0 0 x 0 x = = .
23
Ans.: nt sin e
mn
1
x
m 2 / t
= ;
)
`

=

nt sin
mn 2
nt cos e
m
I
dt
dx
m 2 / t
,
where
2
2
2
m 4
m
k
n

= .

*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
7 77 7
th th th th
Topic Topic Topic Topic
Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms
Periodic functions, Special functions
[Bessel functions, Error function]

****************************************
****************************************
****************************************

6 6 6 6 Topic Topic Topic Topic: Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms

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6 6 6 6 Topic Topic Topic Topic: Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms Laplace Transforms

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LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION OF SOME OTHER USEFUL

tends to be infinite at x = a and zero elsewhere, with the

Laplace Transforms: Laplace Transformation of some other useful functions:

as 0 is expressed as unit impulse function

+ = where + < < a c a

, Evaluate f(2), f(5), f(7).

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