Piping is about designing, fabricating and constructing lines for conveying fluids.

in industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another.

Types of Piping Joints

Weleded joints Threaded joints Flanged Joints Insulation Joints Expansion Joints

Valves
Gate valve Globe valve Plug valve Ball valve Butterfly valve Diaphragm valve Check valve Safety and relief valve

PIPE SUPPORTS
Variable Spring hanger Constant Load spring Hanger Rigid Hangers Dynamic support Snubbers

Constant load spring

Rigid hanger

Rigid support Variable spring hanger

Dynamic support snubber

Pipe material

metallic

Non -metallic

Non-ferrous

ferrous

iron Copper , nickel, aluminum based

steel

Wrought

Carbon steel

Cast iron

Alloy steel

INSULATION
Hot Insulation Personnel Protection Insulation. Cold Insulation Acoustic Insulation INSULATION MATERIAL Fibrous Material : which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool, Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor. Cellular Material : which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular Glass (Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc. Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.

Pipe stress analysis

Purpose Safety of piping and piping components Safety of connected equipment and supporting structure. Piping deflections are within the limits. Modes of failure Failure by general yielding Failure is due to excessive plastic deformation.
Yielding at sub elevated temp.:Body undergoes plastic deformation under slip action of grains. Yielding at elevated temp. : After slippage, material re-crystallizes and hence yielding continues without increasing load. This phenomenon is known as creep

failure by fracture Body fails without undergoing yielding Brittle : Occurs in brittle materials Fatigue : Due to cyclic loading initially a small crack is developed which grows after each cycle and results in sudden failure.

Stress categories Primary stresses : These are developed by the imposed loading and are necessary to satisfy the equilibrium between external and internal forces and moments of the piping system. Primary stresses are not self-limiting. Secondary stresses : These are developed by the constraint of displacements of a structure. These displacements can be caused either by thermal expansion or by outwardly imposed restraint and anchor point movements. Secondary stresses are self-limiting. Peak stresses : Unlike loading condition of secondary stress which cause distortion, peak stresses cause no significant distortion. Peak stresses are the highest stresses in the region under consideration and are responsible for causing fatigue failure.

Classification of loads Primary loads Sustained load : These loads are expected to be present through out the plant operation. e,g. pressure and weight. Occasional load : These loads are present at infrequent intervals during plant operation. e,g. earthquake, wind, etc

Expansion loads These are loads due to displacements of piping. e,g .thermal expansion, seismic anchor movements, and building settlement.

CRITICAL PIPING
In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure. These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant. These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING. Very special care are taken for design of these piping. First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature. As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout. Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to built in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion force is absorbed within the piping. Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routingso that high loads are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps.