ABSTRACT

Two applications of FEKO are reported. The first application is investigating how antennas propagate, reflect, and the difference in transmit and receive signals in various ground media. Results of the ground penetration simulations done in FEKO (MoM- Method of Moment) .

The second application is to model and fabricate an ultra wide-band antenna with implementation of the Fat Dipole Design. With the help of FEKO designing of antenna has been done.

Next we applied this design for fabricating antenna. The antenna is fabricated using glass epoxy PCB placed over polystyrene substrate whose relative permittivity is 1.08. the

whole set up is placed inside the aluminium case with dimensions of 280x140x62.5.

The parameters of fabricated antenna has been tested with the help of ANIRITSU MS 2036A VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER .Through which S11,VSWR,PHASE,SMITH CHART With respect to frequency has been plotted. For object detection through the antenna, interfacing with DSP KIT 6713K and receive signal is converted into FFT for visualisation analysis.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE LIST OF SYMBOLS NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background . . . 1.2 Ground Penetrating Radar 1.3 GPR Antenna Requirements 1.4 Project Objectives . . 1.5 Plan of Development 1 1 2 3 4 1

CHAPTER 2 Background Technology 2.1 Method of moment 2.2 Ground penetrating radar 2.3 GPR Antenna 2.4 Ultra Wide Band(UWB) 2.5 Reflection Coefficient . 2.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8

2.7 Radiation Pattern 2.8 Radiation Efficiency 2.9 Antenna Gain 2.10 Termination Resistor 2.11 Cross Coupling CHAPTER 3 Ground Penetration Transmitter-Receiver Simulations 3.1 Simulation Configuration

9 9 9 10 11 12 12 12

CHAPTER 4 4.1 Modelling of 400 - 800MHz Fat Dipole 4.2 Modelling of Cased Fat Dipole with Edge Terminating Resistors

14 14 20

CHAPTER 5 5 .1 Antenna Construction and Verification 5.2 5.3 Antenna Aperture and Casing Construction28 a) Return Loss Measurement b) Reflection coefficient versus frequency c) VSWR V/s Frequency d) Phase v/s frequency curve e) Smith Chart V/s frequency f) S11 V/s frequency 5.4 Object Detection 28 28 29 29 30 30 32 28

CHAPTER 6 6 6.1 6.2 Conclusions and Recommendations Ground penetration transmitter receiver simulations done in FEKO GPR fat dipole modelling

31 31 31 32 33

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 2.2 2.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 Fat dipole ultra wide-band antenna model (3D gain). UWB definition Illustration of cross-coupling and clutter of signals Fabrication of fat dipole antenna. Fat dipole model with wired feed segment structure Fat dipole model with edge feed structure 5 7 11 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 23 24 25 27 28 29 29 30 33

4.4 FEKO model of 400-800 MHz fat dipole 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Directivity versus frequency Fat dipole radiation pattern at 600MHz Front view of the simulated antenna model Side view of the simulated antenna model Top view of the simulated antenna model

4.10 Fat dipole antenna front, top and Back View 4.11 Edge termination resistor connections 4.12 3D radiation gain pattern indication the directivity of the cased fat dipole 4.13 Total Field Gain v/s Frequency 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Sand Box Object detection Reflection coefficient versus frequency VSWR v/s Frequency Phase v/s Frequency Smith chart v/s Frequency

5.8 Detection of Material Using DSO

LIST OF TABLES

3.1 4.1 4.2

Electrical properties of sand and clay used in computation. Dielectric Properties Cased fat dipole Antenna simulation dimension in mm

15 26 32

LIST OF SYMBOLS

r c r fb fc fL fH ZL Zo Gd Gp Pmax Pt Po S11

Electrical conductivity Relative dielectric permittivity Speed of light Relative dielectric permeability Operating bandwidth Centre frequency Bandwidth starting frequency Bandwidth ending frequency Voltage reflective coefficient Load Impedance Antenna Characteristic Impedance Radiation efficiency Directive Gain Power Gain Maximum power density Total power radiated Total power accepted Wavelength Return loss

NOMENCLATURE
MoM Method of Moment GPR- Ground penetrating radar UWB -Ultra wide-band NBNarrow band VSWR -Voltage standing wave ratio EM- Electromagnetic FFT-Fast Fourier Transform Tx- Transmitter Rx- Receiver