A. PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENT 1. Capacitors is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.

They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses. used in L/C circuits to set the resonance frequency, e.g. to tune a radio often used to initially calibrate equipment after manufacturing. used in equipment such as high powered broadcast tran smitters,Amateur radio RF Amplifiers and large Antenna tuners resistors work can also be applied to heating elements in irons, toasters, heaters, electric stoves and hair dryers, which dissipate voltage as heat used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example volume controls on audio equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so

1.1 Tuning capacitor

1.2 Trimmer capacitor

1.3 Vacuum variable capacitor

small variable capacitor usually for internal adjustments allows for a higher voltagerati ng or capacitance value using a smaller total volume Pass current in proportion to voltage (Ohm's law) and oppose current.

2. Resistor

2.1 Potentiometer

three-terminal variable resistor (variable voltage divider)

2.2 Rheostat

two-terminal variable resistor (often for high power)

2.3 Trimpot

2.4 Thermistor

Small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments temperaturevaried resistor

indirectly to control the brightness of lamps. rheostat is used to adjust generator characteristics, dim lights, and start or control the speed of motors. fine-tuning and other adjustments.

3.

Inductor

3.2 Variable inductor

a passive twoterminal electrica l component which resists changes in electric current passing through it an inductor or reactor whose inductance is continuously adjustable

PTC thermistors can be used as currentlimiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses. PTC thermistors were used as timers in the degaussing coil circuit of most CRT displays. Thermistors are often used in the hot ends of 3D printers; they monitor the heat produced and allow the printer's control circuitry to keep a constant temperature for melting the plastic filament. used extensively in analog circuits and signal processing

used in radio applications (usually less than 100 MHz)

3.3 Transformer

transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits

>used to increase voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. >essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

A. Active Components 1. Diodes

Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

1.1 Schottky diode

super fast diode with lower forward voltage drop

demodulation of amplitude modulated (AM) radio broadcasts. used to conduct damaging high voltages away from sensitive electronic devices used as rectifiers in switched-mode power supplies; the low forward voltage and fast recovery time leads to increased efficiency. used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. used in surge protectors to limit transient voltage spikes. where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning. Illumination where

1.2 Zener diode

Passes current in reverse direction to provide a constant voltage reference

1.3 Lightemitting diode (LED)

A diode that emits light

light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these objects. interacting with processes involving no human vision.[125] t sensors where LEDs operate in a reversebias mode and respond to incident light, instead of emitting light. used in similar applications to other photodetectors, such as photoconductors, charge-coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes used in consumer electronics devices such as compact disc players, smoke detectors, and the receivers for infrared remote control devices used to control equipment from televisions to air conditioners. use as current regulators/ limiters, biasing elements

1.4 Photodiode

Passes current in proportion to incident light

1.5 Constant current diode

consists of a JFET with the gate shorted to the source, and it functions like a two-terminal current limiter or current source (analog to voltage-limiting Zener diode)

2. Transistor

2.1 Bipolar transistor

2.2 field-effect transistor

3. Operational Amplifier

composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of ptype semiconductor sandwiched between two ntype semiconductors (an npn transistor), or a thin layer of ntype semiconductor sandwiched between two ptype semiconductors (a pnp transistor). uses either electrons (in nchannel FET) or holes (in pchannel FET) for conduction Infinite open-loop gain Infinite voltage range available at the output Infinite bandwidth

a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

is also the choice for demanding analog circuits, especially for very-high-frequency applications, such as radio-frequency circuits for wireless systems.

A common use of the FET is as an amplifier.

used in signal processing circuits, control circuits, and instrumentation.

with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate Infinite input impedanc e and so zero input current and zero input offset voltage Zero output impedanc e Zero noise Infinite Commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR) Infinite Power supply rejection ratio.

4. Integrated Circuits

is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.

Computer technology

REFERENCES:

http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/info/comp/comp.htm http://www.brighthubengineering.com/commercial-electrical-applications/71447-whereintegrated-circuits-are-used/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4688416&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplo re.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4688416 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component