CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

Hydrocarbon
1. Organic compounds that contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H. HYDROCARBONS SATURATED Hydrocarbon that contains only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Definition UNSATURATED Hydrocarbon that contains at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.

Example of structural formula Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Double covalent bond between carbon atoms Homologous Series Alkene

Alkane

ALKANE
Homolodous Series Hydrocarbon Functional Group General Formula Physical Properties Alkanes are molecular compounds which consirs of molecules. The atoms are bonded together by strong covalend bond. Thes molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces (Van der Waals force). i) Insoluble in water ii) Dissolve in organic solvents iii) Cannot conduct electricity Alkane Saturated Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms Carbon carbon single covalent bond C C or C H CnH2n+2

iv) Low melting/boiling point v) Less dense than water i) As the number of carbon atoms in a molecule of alkane increases, ii) The molecular size of alkane increases, iii) the Van der Waals forces between molecules increases, iv) more heat energy is needed to overcome this force, v) the melting and boiling points increase. The viscosity and density of alkane increase. The alkane becomes less flammable, harder to ignite. Chemical Properties Chemical reaction of alkanes

Combustion Alkane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide and Water CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C2H6 +
7 O 2 2

Substituiton reaction

Occurs when an alkane is mixed with a halogen in the presence of sunlight (ultraviolet light)
The sunlight or UV light is used to break covalent bond in halogen and alkane molecules to produce hydrogen and ie. chlorine atom.
BUANG 1 H, TAMBAH 1 CL

2CO2 + 3H2O

1) Balance C 2) Balance H 3) Balance O

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl