Activity no.

8
Theory of discussion
In modern physics, the laws of conservation of momentum, energy, and angular momentum are of more general validity than Newton's laws, since they apply to both light and matter, and to both classical and non-classical physics. This can be stated simply, "Momentum, energy and angular momentum cannot be created or destroyed." Because force is the time derivative of momentum, the concept of force is redundant and subordinate to the conservation of momentum, and is not used in fundamental theories (e.g., quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, general relativity, etc.). The standard model explains in detail how the three fundamental forces known as gauge forces originate out of exchange by virtual particles. Other forces such as gravity and fermionic degeneracy pressure also arise from the momentum conservation. Indeed, the conservation of 4momentum in inertial motion via curved space-time results in what we call gravitational force in general relativity theory. Application of space derivative (which is a momentum operator in quantum mechanics) to overlapping wave functions of pair of fermions (particles with half-integer spin) results in shifts of maxima of compound wavefunction away from each other, which is observable as "repulsion" of fermions. Newton stated the third law within a world-view that assumed instantaneous action at a distance between material particles. However, he was prepared for philosophical criticism of this action at a distance, and it was in this context that he stated the famous phrase "I feign no hypotheses". In modern physics, action at a distance has been completely eliminated, except for subtle effects involving quantum entanglement.[citation needed] However in modern engineering in all practical applications involving the motion of vehicles and satellites, the concept of action at a distance is used extensively. The discovery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that every physical quantity is not conserved over time, thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton's laws. Hence, a "steady-state" worldview based solely on Newton's laws and the conservation laws does not take entropy into account

Interpretation
Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealized as single point masses,[6] in the sense that the size and shape of the object's body are neglected in order to focus on its motion more easily. This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis, or the deformation and rotation of the body are of no importance. In this way, even a planet can be idealized as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star. In their original form, Newton's laws of motion are not adequate to characterize the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Leonard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalization of Newton's laws of motion for rigid bodies called the Euler's laws of motion, later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum. If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles, each governed by Newtons laws of motion, then Eulers laws can be derived from Newtons laws. Eulers laws can, however, be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies, independently of any particle structure.[7] Newton's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called Newtonian or inertial reference frames. Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is; from this point of view, the second law only holds when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame, and therefore the first law cannot be proved as a special case of the second. Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second.[8][9] The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton's death. In the given interpretation mass, acceleration, momentum, and (most importantly) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities

CONCLUSION Newtons law are applied to object which are idealized as single point masses, in sense that size and shape of the object body are neglected in order to focus on its motion more easily. This can be done when the object is small compared to the distance involved in its analysis or the deformation and the rotation of the body are no importance. In this way, even a planet can be idealized the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. In the given interpretation, mass acceleration momentum and most importantly forced are assumed to be extremely defined quantities. This is not common but not the only interpretation of the way one can considered the laws to be a definition of these quantities. An

object that is at rest will stay at rest unless an external force acts upon it. An object that is in motion will not change it velocity unless an external force act upon it

Activity 9

Theory of discussion

Discussion The force between surfaces in contact that resists their relative tangential motion (slipping). Types: static & kinetic Classical Approximations

independent of o surface area, o speed (except when v = 0), and o temperature depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact and is directly proportional to the normal force. o Interesting quote Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705) France It was Guillaume Amontons who first established that there existed a proportional relationship between friction force and the mutual pressure (or force)

between the bodies in contact. We recognize that relationship when we divide friction force by normal force - and identifying the quotient as the "coefficient of friction". Amontons' paper "De la rsistance cause dans les machines" was published in 1699 in Memoires de l'Acadmie des Sciences.
friction is not itself a fundamental force but arises from fundamental electromagnetic forces between the charged particles constituting the two contacting surfaces. The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles impossible and necessitates the use of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory.

Interpretation
In the reference frame of the interface between two surfaces, static friction does no work, because there is never displacement between the surfaces. In the same reference frame, kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion, and does negative work.[41] However, friction can do positive work in certain frames of reference. One can see this by placing a heavy box on a rug, then pulling on the rug quickly. In this case, the box slides backwards relative to the rug, but moves forward relative to the frame of reference in which the floor is stationary. Thus, the kinetic friction between the box and rug accelerates the box in the same direction that the box moves, doing positive work.[42] The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in polishing. The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding. Excessive erosion or wear of mating surfaces occur when work due frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels. Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces (fretting) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction, fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly

CONCLUSION Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction: n the reference frame of

the interface between two surfaces, static friction does no work, because there is never displacement between the surfaces. In the same reference frame, kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion, and does negative work.[41] However, friction can do positive work in certain frames of reference. One can see this by placing a heavy box on a rug, then pulling on the rug quickly. In this case, the box slides backwards relative to the rug, but moves forward relative to the frame of reference in which the floor is stationary. Thus, the kinetic friction between the box and rug accelerates the box in the same direction that the box moves, doing positive work.[42] The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in polishing. The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding. Excessive erosion or wear of mating surfaces occur when work due frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels. Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces (fretting) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction, fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly

ACTIVITY 10 Theory of discussion In physics, a force is said to do work when it acts on a body so that there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force. Thus a force does work when it results in movement. power is defined as the amount of energy consumed per unit time. In the MKS system, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt (in honor of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine). For example, the rate at which a light bulb converts electrical energy into heat and light is measured in wattsthe more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit time.[1][2] Energy transfer can be used to do work, so power is also the rate at which this work is performed. The same amount of work is done when carrying a load up a flight of stairs whether the person carrying it walks or runs, but more power is expended during the running because the work is done in a shorter amount of time. The output power of an electric motor is the product of the torque the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft. The power expended to move a vehicle is the product of the traction force of the wheels and the velocity of the vehicle. The integral of power over time defines the work done. Because this integral depends on the trajectory of the point of application of the force and torque, this calculation of work is said to be path dependent

INTERPRETATION
Power is the quantity work has to do with a force causing a displacement. Work has nothing to do with the amount of time that this force acts to cause the displacement. Sometimes, the work is done very quickly and other times the work is done rather slowly. For example, a rock climber takes an abnormally long time to elevate her body up a few meters along the side of a cliff. On the other hand, a trail hiker (who selects the easier path up the mountain) might elevate her body a few meters in a short amount of time. The two people might do the same amount of work, yet the hiker does the work in considerably less time than the rock climber. The quantity that has to do with the rate at which a certain amount of work is done is known as the power. The hiker has a greater power rating than the rock climbe. If a force acts at a point and moves the point in its direction, the product of the

force and the distance traveled in the direction of force (displacement) is the work done by the force.Note if the displacement is negative, then the work done is also negative. If there is no displacement, then no work is done.The change in MECHANICAL ENERGY is alone considered as work.

ACTIVITY 11 Theory of discussion While we are bouncing every ball towards a meterstick,the height that the ball can reached is depends upon on its weight. Coefficient restitution is defined as a number that serves as an index of elasticity for colliding bodies. Essentially it measures the rebound of the ball. A perfectly elastic ball will have a COR of 1 and a perfectly plastic ball will have a COR of 0. In gold, the COR comes to play when the head impacts the ball and has a direct effect on how far the ball will travel after impact and the transfer energy. Different brands of balls are made from different materials and had some balls have harder cores while other have some softer cores. The strength of the core directly relates to the coefficient of restitution with a harder core, the ball will deform less and travel farther because of a more efficient transfer of kinetic energy from club to ball with a softer core, too much energy will spent deforming the ball and it will not travel as far. Interpretation The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is a fractional value representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the impact. Pairs of objects with COR = 1 collide elastically, while objects with COR < 1 collideinelastically. For a COR = 0, the objects effectively "stop" at the collision, not bouncing at all. An object (singular) is often described as having a coefficient of restitution as if it were an intrinsic property without reference to a second object, in this case the definition is assumed to be with respect to collisions with a perfectly rigid and elastic object. The Coefficient of Restitution is equal to the Relative Speed After Collision divided by the Relative Speed Before Collision. For a collision

between two objects, the coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the relative speed after to the relative speed before the collision. The coefficient of restitution is a number between 0 (perfectly inelastic collision) and 1 (elastic collision) inclusive.