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  • Chapter 1 Optical Transmission System (PDH) : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

    Transféré par

    v_mangalore
    225 vues7 pages
    Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a transmission technology used in telecommunications networks. It uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit multiple digital signals over a single line. In PDH, each network element generates its own clock signal for synchronization, so the signals are "almost synchronous" but not fully. PDH employs a multi-level digital multiplexing hierarchy to transmit voice channels at 64 kbps over higher-rate lines. Standards vary between regions but include E1, E3, T1, and T3 signals. Limitations of PDH include inefficient use of bandwidth, lack of network management capabilities, incompatibility between vendor equipment, and no standardization above 140 Mbps

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    Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a transmission technology used in telecommunications networks. It uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit multiple digital signals over a single line. In PDH, each network element generates its own clock signal for synchronization, so the signals are "almost synchronous" but not fully. PDH employs a multi-level digital multiplexing hierarchy to transmit voice channels at 64 kbps over higher-rate lines. Standards vary between regions but include E1, E3, T1, and T3 signals. Limitations of PDH include inefficient use of bandwidth, lack of network management capabilities, incompatibility between vendor equipment, and no standardization above 140 Mbps

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    225 vues7 pages

    Chapter 1 Optical Transmission System (PDH) : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

    Transféré par

    v_mangalore
    Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a transmission technology used in telecommunications networks. It uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit multiple digital signals over a single line. In PDH, each network element generates its own clock signal for synchronization, so the signals are "almost synchronous" but not fully. PDH employs a multi-level digital multiplexing hierarchy to transmit voice channels at 64 kbps over higher-rate lines. Standards vary between regions but include E1, E3, T1, and T3 signals. Limitations of PDH include inefficient use of bandwidth, lack of network management capabilities, incompatibility between vendor equipment, and no standardization above 140 Mbps

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 7

    Chapter 1 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

    (PDH)
    Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

    Introduction
    • Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully
    synchronous.

    • In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for


    synchronization.

    Generation Of PCM Signal(Digital Signal)

    Digitization Process
    Telephony signals:

    • 4 Khz Voice signal is sampled at twice the frequency- 8000 Hz


    • Samples are Quantised- Benchmarked to nearest predefined levels
    • Quantised samples are encoded using 8 binary bits
    • Each Voice channel hence occupies
    8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
    DS0 Signal Derivation
    Analog Signal

    ft
    t
    PCM Line Sampling

    Sampling rate = 8,000 samples/second – how?

    Nyquist Theorem: sampling rate = 2 x highest audible


    frequency (4,000 Hz)

     2 x 4,000 = 8,000 samples/second

    Each sample is 8 bits wide: the resulting signal rate will be


    8 bits x 8,000 samples/second = 64,000 bits/second, hence

    1 DS0 = 64 Kb/s

    Multiplexing Hierarchy

    PDH (D1 Level )(PCM 30 Mux )


    32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s
    Capacity = 30 Base Channels

    PDH (D2 Level )


    4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps
    Capacity = 120 Base Channels

    PDH (D3 Level )


    4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368 Mbps
    Capacity = 480 Base Channels

    PDH (D4 Level )


    4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264 Mbps
    Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
    PDH Bit Rates

    Europe North America Japan

    PDH E1 Frame

    Frame Sync & Alarms Signaling

     CH1 of every even frame consists of FAS Cx0011011 & every odd frame consists
    of Cx1ASaSaSaSaSa.
     CH16 of every frame consists of Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)

    PDH Multi Frame


    PDH System

     TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
     REGENERATOR

    Line Terminating Equipment(LTE)

     Line Terminating Equipment is an equipment that terminates a link or a line

     It is the end equipment in any link or a line, which can either multiplex or de-
    multiplex optical signals but cannot perform both the operations

     In an LTE the Optical signal is converted to electrical domain and the operation of
    multiplexing or de-multiplexing is done in electrical domain

     The electrical signal is again converted back to the Optical signal and then
    transmitted

    MUX - HIGHER ORDER MUX


    TYPICAL OPTICAL LINK

    PDH

    Analog
    Exchange

    PDH Standards

    European Standard American Standard


    Notation Data Rate Notation Data Rate
    E0 64 Kbps T0/DS0 64 Kbps
    E1 2048 Kbps T1/DS1 1544 Kbps
    E2 8448 Kbps T2/DS2 6312 Kbps
    E3 34368 Kbps T3/DS3 44736 Kbps
    E4 139264 Kbps T4/DS4 139264 Kbps
    Used in South America, Used in USA, Canada
    Europe, India etc Japan, Korea, Hong Kong etc

    Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing

    • It is TDM
    • One bit will be taken from all Tributaries.

    Limitations Of PDH

     Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming


    565 140
    Mbit/ Mbit/s

    140-565
    140-565
    MUX &

    MUX &
    s

    LTE
    LTE
    34
    Mbit/s

    34-140

    34-140
    MUX

    MUX
    8 Mbit/s

    MUX
    8-34

    MUX
    8-34
    2
    Mbit/s
    MUX

    MUX
    2-8

    2-8
    Drop & Add

     There is insufficient provision for network management within the


    PDH frame format for them to be able to do this.

     No standard for synchronization

     Standard equipment from different vendors are not compatible

     Increase in number of equipments required.

     There's no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than


    140 Mbit/s

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