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Acknowledgements
Rens Baggen, Winfried Simon, Andreas Winkelmann (IMST) Dirk Manteuffel (U. Kiel) Jan Carlsson, Kristian Karlsson (SP) Cyril Luxey (U. Nice Sophia-Antipolis) Zhinong Ying (Sony-Ericsson) Jussi Rahola (Optenni) Jaume Anguera (Fractus S.A.) EURAAP SWG Small Small Antennas Antennas
mmv, IEEE AP-S DLP 2011 IMST GmbH - All rights reserved
Kamp-Lintfort
IMST
Dsseldorf Bonn
Target markets
Telecom and IT Automation Automotive A t ti Medical Device Security Space
EM modelling tools
Library for multilayered elements Integrated in Agilent ADSTM Full wave 3D FDTD simulation
For ADSTM
Scope of the talk Introduction & historical review Practical considerations & design flow State of the art
mmv, IEEE AP-S DLP 2011 IMST GmbH - All rights reserved
Scope of the talk Introduction & historical review Practical considerations & design flow State of the art
mmv, IEEE AP-S DLP 2011 IMST GmbH - All rights reserved
Mobile market
Dayly newspapers 480m
TV sets 1.5bn
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Mobile market
Number of mobiles for every 100 people
Source: i-strategy
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Market Evolution
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 2010 Q1 2011
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Requirements
U User / market k t Small dimensions Low weight Low SAR levels Low cost High efficiency Service S i providers id / networks: Multiband capability Broadband operation Robust to changes in the environment Optimised use of the available channel capacity
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Challenges Go wireless!!! but please provide: Small antennas Internal antennas Light weight Cheap Multi-band Multi band Multi-antenna systems
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Which means
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Handset evolution
Size Weight Price
Functionality Design
1990 2000 2010
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3.5 3.3
1.2
1 0.5 0 1990
1.4
15 1.5
1995
2000
2006
2008
2010
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3.
Hagenuk Global Handy (1996): The first GSM-phone with an integrated antenna!
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Motorola 8900 ( (1997) ) First dual band GSM phone 130 x 59 x 25 mm 248 g
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Handset evolution
GSM 900/1800 Battery type: NiMH 950 mAh Battery life: Standby time: 100-130 hours Talk time: 330-420 minutes Time of full re-charging: 90 minutes LCD display with the resolution of 9632 pixels, which can show up to 4 text lines, one line with icons Phonebook: 100 phone numbers + SIM-card memory. The list of the last 10 received/dialed calls 16 menu languages User's menu configuration Vibrating alert Speed dialing Autodial Fax SMS Dimensions: 130x59x34 mm3 Weight: 248 g.
Source: www.apple.com
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Scope of the talk Introduction & historical review Practical considerations & design flow State of the art
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CONCEPT
Marketing & sales Concept C t& preliminary design
INTEGRATION
PRODUCTION
Development
Qualification Ramp up
Mass production
Product upgrade
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Design flow
Antenna design process Antenna concept / Simulation Test hardware First Measurements Demonstrator (electrical properties)
Antenna development process Mechanical design of the antenna Technology & contacting Prototyping
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Customer requirements
Pre-defined mobile phone Antenna A t functionality f ti lit Available space / Shape Pre-defined position of feed contacts
Interaction necessary with other design departments (circuits, mechanics) Antenna design should start at the same time as handset development!!!
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Handheld terminals
Multiband antenna Integrated in casing Effect of battery battery, RF elements and plastic cover Mechanically robust Low cost High efficiency
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Bandwidth limitations
Chu-Harrington theoretical limits:
1.435 1.5
Qmin
1 + 3k 2 a 2 1 = 3 3 ( k , a) 2 Q2 k a (1 + k a )
1/Q(ka)
0.5
BWmax
1 = 3 6 6.267 267 10 Q
0 0.188
0.5
1 k a
1.5
2 1.508
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Handset antennas
a a a
Antenna only
External antenna
Internal antenna
Antenna not in free space: Finite ground plane Effect of handset components (battery) Users presence p
L + H 0 4
Z
in
Folded radiator (miniaturisation) Shape adapted to cover Sl Slots and induce d cuts to i d multimode
= f (S )
BW = f * ( H , W ) Bandwidth
/4 Handset length /4
/4
ASSYMETRICAL PROBLEM!
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GSM
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DCS
PCS
UMTS
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Antenna analysis
Courtesy of ST
M bil antennas Mobile t 3D structures, irregular shape Influence I fl of f different diff t elements l t
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Limitations of em tools
Reasons: Geometry of the problem
Size of the structure p y Complexity Simplified structures M d l li Model limits it System complexity Numerical stability Irregular grid (ghost reflections) Spatial truncation Source modelling (mismatching, cable effect) p of the materials Properties (lossless, isotropic)
Mathematics
User
Physics
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SAR = c
SAR =
dT dt
2 2 E = E eff 2
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Influence on the performance Losses in the tissues Changes Ch i in radiation di ti pattern tt Antenna mismatch
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= 36 measurements!!! (~ 18 hours!)
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Cheek position
Source: IMST Source: IMST
Tilted position
Standard IEEE P1528: will specify FDTD computational techniques for dosimetric investigations g with wireless handsets ( (IEEE SCC-34 WG-2)
Simulation model: grid= 0.5 mm 3 mm cells cells= 170 x 170 x 315 Simulation time: ~ 5 min (2 x Xeon 5350, , 2.66 GHz) ) (
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Dosimetric assessment
f = 900 MHz
Cochlea implant
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Scope of the talk Introduction & historical review Practical considerations & design flow State of the art
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9PROS
Aesthetical design g Lower cost Mechanical robustness
8CONS
Small available volume Interaction with other components Shadowing
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External antennas
Monopole Large size Mechanically fragile Relatively high SAR values Helix More robust than monopole Multiband operation (combined elements, variable pitch) p )
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Some examples:
Source: Sony-Ericsson
Dual-band, non-uniform helical antena Most popular dual band external antenna for mobile phones (over 100-200 M) Z.Ying (Ericsson, 1996) High Hi h efficiency, ffi i cheap, h easy t to manufacture. f t
Dual-band mono-helix Patent by Nokia, extensively used by Motorola Relatively expensive solution
Source: Sony-Ericsson
Branch meander multi-band antenna Z. Ying (Ericsson, 1997) Flexible and easy to manufacture Volume over 15 millions.
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Bluetooth WLAN
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Internal antennas
Small, compact terminals External design independent of antenna More robust handsets Easy to produce, cost effective
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Patch antennas
Very popular Good electrical properties High efficiency Mechanically robust robust, easy to manufacture Low cost Easily tuneable Multiband antennas operation possible Mechanical fixation necessary
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Source: LEAT-CNRS
Sony CMD CMD-C1 C1 Patch Antenna Air-filled Air filled Capacitive end to reduce size
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Nokia 3210: planar Antenna 3D-MID-Technology 3D MID T h l 3-D flexibility High Hi h tooling t li costs: t production d ti volume l must tb be hi high h
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Other examples
Source: Sony-Ericsson
Twin spiral and dual band PIFA First dual band internal twin spiral antenna Z. Ying (Ericsson, 1998), extended to dual band branch PIFA for cellular phone Similar patents filed from different companies Very popular in Nokia, Siemens, Ericsson products.
Branch PIFA First used in Nokia 8210 (1999) Different variants in the following years 2-/3-band solutions
Multiband folded monopole antenna Branch or non-uniform meander line for multi-band operation
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Source: Aalto U.
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References
Jaume Anguera, Ivn Sanz, Alfonso Sanz, Antonio Condes, David Gala, Carles Puente, and Jordi Soler, Enhancing the performance of handset antennas by means of groundplane design. IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials (iWAT 2006). ) New York, , USA, , March 2006. Jaume Anguera, Ivn Sanz, Alfonso Sanz, Antonio Condes, Carles Puente, and Jordi Soler, Multiband Pifa Handset Antenna by Means of Groundplane Design, IEEE Antennas and Propagation p g Society y International Symposium, y p , Albuquerque, q q , New Mexico, , USA, , July y 2006. Cristina Picher, Jaume Anguera, Arnau Cabedo, Carles Puente, Sungtek Kahng, Multiband handset antenna using slots on the ground plane: considerations to facilitate the integration of the feeding g transmission line, , Progress g In Electromagnetics g Research C, , Vol. 7, , 95-109, , 2009. (pdf) Arnau Cabedo, Jaume Anguera, Cristina Picher, Miquel Rib, Carles Puente, Multi-Band Handset Antenna Combining g a PIFA, , Slots, , and Ground Plane Modes, , IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.57, n9, Sep. 2009 , pp.2526-2533
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Coupling structures
Small-size + bandwidth difficult to meet simultaneously with selfresonant antennas 900 MHz: power radiated by surface currents on ground plane Small non-resonant, non-radiating structures: couple power into the characteristic h t i ti wavemodes d of f th the chassis Necessary resonances created by matching circuits.
DVB H DVB-H
Source: Aalto U.
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Coupling elements
Zuleitung Semi-rigid coax
0 -2 -4
Feed Speisepunkt
|S 11 | / dB
PCB PCB
-16 600
Antenna Antennen-Resonanz
800 1000
PCB-Resonanz PCB
1200 1400 1600
f / MHz
Optimised coupling to the PCB Optimised bandwidth High efficiency (whole device acts as antenna)
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12 13 10 9 11
LTE
GSM 850/900/1800/1900 DVB-H
[dB]
Plastic Casing
-40 -45
PCB of the Mobile
FM Radio
Total Antenna Efficiency of the Mobile Reconfigurable Matching Networks No Matching Network E ti t d Minimum Estimated Mi i Effi Efficiency i 1000
-50 100
f [MHz]
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example-network
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iPhone 4 antennas
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The future?
Nokia Morph concept device - Nokia Research Center (NRC), Cambridge Nanoscience Centre Nanoscale technologies, flexible and transparent materials,
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