UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION

Electronics: It is a study of motion of electrons in a semiconductor Electronic device: A device is made from semiconductor material which can pass a current Electronic circuit: A circuit with at least one electronic device In the 21st century we are enjoying with well developed electronics Every day we deal with the electronic devices Several times from toys of children to highly efficient digital systems electronics made life easier effortless

But there is some drawbacks of these products which comes under E waste how it wil be ?

BATHTUB CURVE: The cuve gives the relation between failure rate and time It consists of 3 periods

It can be shown in curve i.e figure 1.1

y
2

11

1.1 Figure :Bath tub curve X -axis indicates failure rate Y-axis indicates time 1.Early life time period or burn in period. 2.constant life period /useful period 3.wear out period But we need to concentrate on wear out period In this period the failure rate increases with time .fault causes failures in the system. After long time usage of electronic products the aging of components is increases and hence a fault is frequently to occur which causes a failure in the system .if the failure rate is increases then the reliability of the system will be decreases and hence the efficiency of the device to work will be decreases then we will discard our electronic products we will buy a new product ,then the discard products comes under the category of e waste . E-waste is a electronic waste or electrical and electronics waste ,which is explained in next unit

UNIT-2

EWASTE

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale, reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to a product that cannot be used for its intended purpose. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though these countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. All electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants suchas lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations

and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution . Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets andrefrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. Sources of E-Waste

IT & Telecom Equipment's Large Household Appliances Small Household Appliances Consumer & Lighting Equipment's Electrical & Electronic Tools Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment Medical Devices Monitoring & Control Instruments

Amount of Electronic waste world-wide:

According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.
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The United States is the world leader in producing

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electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year.

China already produces about 2.3

million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries

An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year The USA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled

 The rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators Indian E-WASTE : According to Indian e -waste report the following states producing most easte compared all states Maharashtra 20270.6 Tamil Nadu 13486.29(tn/yr) Andhra Pradesh 12780.3 West Bengal 10059.4 Uttar Pradesh 10381.1 Total in India is about 146180.7(tns/yr) Mercury: found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats) and flat screen monitors Sulphur: found in lead-acid batteries. BFRs: Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Cadmium: Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium.

 Lead: solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.

Beryllium oxide: filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used
on heatsinks for CPUs and powertransistors magnetrons,X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers.

HAZARDS OF E WASTE:

LEAD - Lead causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous

systems, blood

systems, kidney and reproductive system in humans. It was first banned from gasoline in the 1970s. Cadmium - The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. Cadmium is also associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children Mercury - Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal deficits in motor function, attention and verbal domains Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development.

 Barium- Barium is a soft silvery-white metal that is used in computers in the front panel of a CRT, to protect users from radiation. Studies have shown that short-term exposure to barium has caused brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver, and spleen. Sulphur- Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released into the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. Beryllium - Beryllium is a steel-grey metal that is extremely lightweight, hard, a good conductor of electricity and heat, and is non-magnetic. It produces skin disorders and lung disease. Toners - Is the plastic printer cartridge containing black and colour toners. It can cause cancer after prolonged exposure. Phosphor and additives - Phosphor is an inorganic chemical compound that is applied as a coat on the interior of the CRT faceplate. Highly toxic it cause skin disorders and eye problems

By seeing below figure we acan understood clearly how the human is effected to various diseases due to the hazard components used in the electronic manufacturing and then it comes under e waste after some time .

Why lead is used in electronic components..? Eventhough lead is causing various diseases to human beings and it will causes environment to be polluted, then also we are using in manufacturing . Why? Becauses of various properties i.e Natural Properties: Low Melting Point High Strength Ductility(easily moulded) Fatigue Resistance Malleability Long Life

FACTS of lead..! 90% of all Electronic goods and products are made up of LEAD. Semiconductors are the basis of all the electronic components and lead is the glue that binds all the semiconductor devices to make them work efficiently. Lead alloy solders help to transfer data from your computer. Earlier, lead was even used in paints, ceramic glazes and plumbing solders. But now its been discarded due to its poisoning effects. So at the end of this session it can be inferred that though Lead is an important element for the electronic industry, but its replacement is quite difficult for the researchers and engineers.