One-Way ANOVA 1

One-Way ANOVA
In this study, we are trying to assess the effects of teaching methods on reading achievement by comparing the average reading achievement score in different teaching method groups. In order to control extraneous variables and isolate the causal effect of teaching methods, an experimental design should be adopted to collect the data. Research question: Do teaching methods effect reading achievement differently?

1. Click on Variable View on the bottom left. Starting at the top of the far left column (under Name), type in the variable names (Reading, Method).
Name Reading Method Type Width Decimals Label Values Missing Columns Align Measure Numeric 8 2 None None 8 Right Scale Numeric 8 2 None None 8 Right Scale

2. Label the categorical variable (Method). 3. Click on the Values box for the categorical variable Method. Type 1 for Value and Traditional for the Value label. Click add. Type 2 for Value and Traditional/Progressive for the Value label. Click add. Type 3 for Value and Progressive for the Value label. Click add. Click OK. 4. Click on Data View on the bottom left. 5. Enter data into SPSS.
Reading 3.00 5.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 4.00 3.00 9.00 4.00 4.00 Method 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00

One-Way ANOVA 2 3.00 8.00 7.00 4.00 2.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 6.00 7.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

6. Click on Analyze. Compare Means. One-Way ANOVA. 7. Click on Reading in the box on the left. Click on the arrow next to Dependent List. 8. Click on Method in the box on the left. Click on the arrow next to Factor. 9. Click Options. Check Descriptive, Homogeneity of variance test. Click Continue. 10. Click Post Hoc. Check Scheffe + Tukey. Click Continue. Note: Scheffe and Tukey are not the only viable post hoc choices. 11. Click OK.

One-Way ANOVA 3

SPSS Output:
Descriptives Reading N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 2.6659 2.9567 6.5060 4.6779 Upper Bound 6.8341 6.2933 8.9940 6.7388 Minimum Maximum

Traditional Traditional/ Progressive Progressive Total

8 8 8 24

4.7500 4.6250 7.7500 5.7083

2.49285 1.99553 1.48805 2.44023

.88135 .70553 .52610 .49811

2.00 2.00 6.00 2.00

9.00 8.00 10.00 10.00

Test of Homogeneity of Variances Reading Levene Statistic .784 df1 2 df2 21 Sig. .469

ANOVA Reading Sum of Squares 50.083 86.875 136.958 df 2 21 23 Mean Square 25.042 4.137 F 6.053 Sig. .008

Between Groups Within Groups Total

p - value

F - observed

Depending on the actual level, if the observed p-value is smaller than the level, reject the null hypotheses that all means are the same for the different teaching methods in the population.

Conclusion of Results: For the current tutorial, the level is set at the .05 level. The result of the F-test lends support to the different treatment effects within the reading teaching methods in the target population. F(2,21) = 6.053, p < 0.05.

One-Way ANOVA 4

Post Hoc Tests: Although the results of the above F test support statistically significant differences among three groups as a whole, post hoc multiple comparison tests, such as Scheffe and Tukey, are needed to identify pairs of groups with statistically significant differences.
Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Reading Mean Difference (I-J)

(I) Method

(J) Method

Std. Error

Sig.

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound -2.4383 -5.5633 -2.6883 -5.6883 .4367 .5617 -2.5529 -5.6779 -2.8029 -5.8029 .3221 .4471 Upper Bound 2.6883 -.4367 2.4383 -.5617 5.5633 5.6883 2.8029 -.3221 2.5529 -.4471 5.6779 5.8029

Tukey

Traditional Traditional/Progressive Progressive

Traditional/Progressive Progressive Traditional Progressive Traditional Traditional/Progressive Traditional/Progressive Progressive Traditional Progressive Traditional Traditional/Progressive

.12500 -3.00000(*) -.12500 -3.12500(*) 3.00000(*) 3.12500(*) .12500 -3.00000(*) -.12500 -3.12500(*) 3.00000(*) 3.12500(*)

1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697 1.01697

.992 .020 .992 .015 .020 .015 .992 .026 .992 .020 .026 .020

Scheffe

Traditional Traditional/Progressive Progressive

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Note: Post Hoc comparisons allow the researcher to compare the mean differences between individual groups. In this case, both the Tukey and Scheffe display results indicating that the largest mean difference can be seen between the Traditional/Progressive group and the Progressive group [(4.625 7.75) = -3.125, p = .015]. Both, also, conclude that there are statistically significant differences between the Traditional group and the Progressive group [(4.75 7.75) = -3.000, p = .02]. However, neither report statistically significant differences between the Traditional group and the Traditional/Progressive group [(4.75 4.625) = -.125, p = .992].