Chapter 4

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
d0 d 1a. Stress/Strain P L0 L P
MEM
d d0 d0
MEM
P A0
L L0 L0
Bending Moments and Shear Forces in a Beam

A bar subjected to tension/ compression (Chapter 2) A shaft subjected to torsion (Chapter 3)
=
P PL ; = A EA
T TL ; = IP GI P
( )
1b. Constitutive relations (Linearly elastic)
E (G )
Chapter 4
( )
P
E=
G= =
G=
E 2(1 + )
Shear Force and Bending Moment

3. Torsion
2. Axially loaded members
P = = = E A L
PL = AE TL GI P
T = T IP
= = G
4. Shear force and bending moment diagrams 5. Bending and shear stresses in beams 7. Analysis of stresses; Mohrs circles 8. Applications of plane stress 9. Deflections of beams 10. Statically indeterminate beams 11. Columns Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
dV = q dx
dM =V dx
T P
M My = I
M V VQ = Ib
pr pr 1 = 2 = t 2t
A beam subjected M to bending & shear (Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) V

1 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
My VQ ; = I bI
w = L(AppendixG)
2 / 33
MEM
r F2
MEM
Examples of Beams Subjected to Lateral Loads
Internal Forces in Beams Due to lateral Loads

r F3 r F2
r (L) fi
ResultantForce r r Fi = fi( L )
r r r r
r F1
r F4
r F1
F = F1 + F2 + Fi = 0
Planar (2-D) Structures: All loads act in the same plane and all deflections occurs in the same plane (x-y plane)
Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 3 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Resultant Shear Force and Bending Moment

4 / 33
MEM
MEM
Types of Beams, Loads, and Supports

Concentrated Loads, Distributed Loads, Couples
Shear Forces and Bending Moments

Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment
1. Determine the reactions using the equilibrium conditions of the overall structure. 2. Cut the beam at the cross section at which shear force and bending moment are to be determined. Draw a free-body diagram. 3. Set up equilibrium equations of the F.B.D. to determine shear force and bending moment at the cross section. 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for as many cross sections as needed. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
P A B
a
RA
A x
L RB
Mx Vx
Simply-supported Beams Cantilever Beams Overhang Beams
RA
P A a RA
x
F = 0 M = 0
Mx Vx
6 / 33
Roller Supports
Hinged Supports
Fixed Supports
5 / 33
MEM
MEM
Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention

P A a RA
x
Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention

Mx
P Mx Vx
OR
A a RA
x
Vx
Positive!
Negative!
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 7 / 33
When drawing freebody diagrams for beams, always apply positive shear forces and bending moments
8 / 33
MEM Example 4.2

2L 3 q0 L 2
MEM
Example 4.1
L 2
L 2
Determine V and M at cross sections to the left and to the right of the midpoint Reactions
RB =
M0 = 0 M@A = RB (L) P 4 L
Determine V and M at cross section x

Reactions :RB =
MB
q0 L q L2 M B = 0 2 6
At L 2 ( )
3P M0 4 L P M0 F = RA P V = 0V = 4 L PL M0 L L + P + M = 0M = M = RA 8 2 2 4 RA =
P M0 + 4 L
RB q0 x L
(NOTE: Even though the reactions at B are not needed if the F.B.D. to the left of the cross section is used, They are nevertheless useful in checking the results.)
q0 x 2 2 L
F = RA P V = 0V = 4
At L 2 ( + )
+ P + M M0 = 0 M = RA 2 4 PL M0 + M = 8 2
M0 L
2x 3 M V RB
9 / 33
q0 x 2 q0 x x V = 0V = L 2 2L q0 x 2 x q0 x 3 M 0 M + = = M = 2 L 3 6L
F =
MB
Vmax = V (x = L) =
q0 L = RB 2
Mmax = M (x = L ) =
q0 L2 = MB 6
10 / 33
MEM
MEM
Example 4.3: Determine V and M at cross section D

Reactions
Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments

q( x )
M@A = RB (24 ) P(9) q(30)(30 2) = 0

RB = 9k ;RA = 11k
x
dx
Draw F.B.D. for Section AD
FV = 11 0.2(15) 14 V = 0V = 6k M = Vx (15) 14(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) + M = 0

M = 58.5ft k
Draw F.B.D. for Section DC
Assume constant q over the length dx
FV = V (V + dV ) qdx = 0 q = dx
dV
M = M + (M + dM ) (V + dV )dx q(dx )(dx 2) = 0 dM V = (higherordertermsneglected)

dx
FV = V + 9 0.2(30 15) = 0V = 6k M = M + 9(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) = 0M = 58.5ft k

q=
dV dx
V=
dM dx
12 / 33
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MEM
Example 4.2
Revisit
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

qx q= 0 L
q x2 V = 0 2L q x3 M= 0 6L
Recall Axial Loads
10N
P1 = 25N P2 = 10N P3 = 25N
q0 x 2 dM d q0 x 3 = = 2L = V dx dx 6L qx dV d q0 x 2 = = 0 = q dx dx 2 L L
15N
25N
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Recall Torsion
11k in 8k in 7k in
13 / 33
14 / 33
MEM
MEM

Reactions

RA = Pb L RB = Pa L
M@A = RB (L) P(a ) = 0

RB = Pb a Pa ;RA = 1 P = L L L
For0 x a
V= Pb L
Fora x L
For0 x a
FV = RA V = 0 V =
Fora x L
Pb L Pbx L Pa L
V-Dia
P
Pab L
V =
Pa L
M = RA x + M = 0 M = FV = RA P V = 0 V =
M max =
1 M = RA x P a + M = 0 M = Pa L
Pbx M= L
Pbx L
M-Dia
x Pa 1 L
x M = Pa 1 L
16 / 33
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MEM

Reactions
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Reactions :RA = RB =
Free-Body Diagram
M@A = RB (L) + M0 = 0
RA
M0 L
qL 2
RB
M0 M ;RA = 0 L L For0 x a RB =
M V
F = RA qx V = 0
L V = RA qx = q x 2
+ M = 0 M = RA x + qx 2 M = RA x qx 2 qx (L x ) = 2 2 dV = q dx x
M V
V dia
M0 a L
x RA
Fora x L
M dia
M0
M 0 (L a ) L
M V
M0 L M M = RA x = 0 x L M V = RA = 0 L M = R A x M0 V = RA =
Mmax =
qL2 8
dM L = q x = V ; dx 2
RA
x = M0 1 L
17 / 33
Maximum bending moment occurs at the location where shear force is zero
MEM
P1a1 + P2 a2 + P3 a3 L
MEM

RA = P1 (L a1 ) + P2 (L a2 ) + P3 (L a3 ) L RB =

Reactions :RA =
qb(b + 2c ) qb(b + 2a ) RB = 2L 2L
For0 x a1
M V x
Fora2 x a3
M
V = RA M = RA x
V = R A P1 P2 M = RA x P1 (x a1 ) P2 (x a2 )
For0 x a
M V
Fora x a + b
M
V = RA M = RA x
V = R A q(x a ) M = RA x q(x a )2 2
Fora1 x a2
M
Fora3 x L
V = RA P1 V M = RA x P1 (x a1 )
V = RA P1 P2 P3 M M = RA x P1 (x a1 ) V P2 (x a2 ) P3 (x a3 )
Fora + b x L
M V Lx
V = RB
M = RB ( L x ) = RA x
= R A q(x a ) q[x (a + b )] q(x a )2 q[x (a + b )]2 2 2

20 / 33
MEM
MEM
M B = P1 L + P2 b

Reactions :RA =
qb(b + 2a ) qb(b + 2c ) RB = 2L 2L

Reactions :RB = P1 + P2
For0 x a
M x V
Maximum bending moment occurs at the point where shear force is zero (a x a + b)
b(b + 2c ) V = R A q( x a ) = q x + a + 2L 2 q(x a ) q M = RA x = b(b + 2c )x L(x a )2 2 2L
V = P1 M = P1 x
Fora x L
]
x
M V
V = 0x1 = a +
Mmax = M (x = x1 ) =
b(b + 2c ) 2L
V = P1 P2 M = P1 x P2 (x a )
M V
qb (b + 2c )(4 aL + 2bc + b 2 ) 8 L2
Alternatively
V = RB Lx M = M B + RB ( L x )
22 / 33
MEM
qL 2
2
MEM
q= dV dx V= dM dx

Reactions :RB = qL M B =
UsingFreebodydiagram
2

M@C = (1.0)(4 )(18 )
RB (16 ) + 12.0 = 0
D
qx
x2
M x V
qx V = qx ,M = 2 Vmax = qL = RB
RB = 5.25k ,RC = 1.25k VA = 0 VA B = qdx = x

VB (x = 4 ) = 4.0 VB+ (x = 4 + ) = 1.25
V = qdx + C1 M = Vdx + C 2
M max
qL2 = = MB 2
q = 0 V = Constant
M D (x = 12 ) = 2.0
}
RB = 5.25
dV = qV = qdx = qx + C1 dx
V (x = 0 ) = q(0 ) + C1 = VA = 0
dM dV = qx = V , = q dx dx
MA = 0 M A B x2 = Vdx = 2
qx 2 dM = V = qxM = qxdx + C 2 = + C2 dx 2 q(0 )2 M (x = 0 ) = + C2 = M A = 0 2

23 / 33
M B (x = 4 ) = 8.0
}
M B D = 1.25(x 4 ) 8.0
M D + (x = 12 + ) = 10.0 MC (x = 20 ) = 0
M0 = 12.0
M DC = 1.25(x 12 ) 10.0
24 / 33
MEM
MEM

Method of Superposition
M0 a1 a2 a3 a4 P q0 slope = s

Concentrated Moment M0 a
x
Concentrated Force M a
V
Uniformly Distributed Load

M
Linearly Distributed Load slope = s M
q0 a x
M V
x V = P
This problem can be treated as the superposition of the following four cases q0 M0
V =0
V = q0 ( x a ) q0 (x a )2 2
V =
s(x a )2 2 s(x a )3 6
a1 P a2
a3
x slope = s a4 x
25 / 33
M = M0
M = P (x a )
M=
M=
dV = q dx
dM =V dx
26 / 33
MEM
MEM

M0 a1 a2 a3 a4 P q0 slope = s

Reactions :
Loading : q0 = 1.0k ft RB = 5.25k atx = 0 RC = 1.25k atx = 4ft q0 = 1.0k ft ,P = RB = 5.25k atx = 12ft M = 12.0k ft
x
0 M 0 M0 P(x a2 ) M= q0 (x a3 )2 M0 P(x a2 ) 2 2 3 M P(x a ) q0 (x a3 ) s(x a4 ) 0 2 2 6 0 x < a1 a1 x < a2 a2 x < a3 a3 x < a 4 x a4
0 0 P V = P q0 (x a3 ) s(x a4 )2 P q0 (x a3 ) 2
0 x < a1 a1 x < a2 a2 x < a3 a3 x < a 4 x a4
0x<4 q0 ( x 0 ) = x V = q0 (x 0 ) + RB + q0 ( x 4) = 1.25 4 x < 12 q (x 0 ) + R + q ( x 4) = 1.25 12 x 20 B 0 0 V (0 ) = 0 ,V (4 ) = 4 ,V (4 + ) = 1.25 ,V (12 ) = V (20 ) = 1.25

(x 0 )2 x2 = 0x<4 q0 2 2 (x 4 )2 (x 0 )2 M = q0 + R B ( x 4 ) + q0 = 1.25 x 13 4 x < 12 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) x 0 x 4 q + R B ( x 4 ) + q0 M0 = 1.25 x 25 12 x 20 0 2 2 M (0 ) = 0 ,M (4 ) = 8 ,M (12 ) = 2 ,M (12 + ) = 10 ,M (20 ) = 0
27 / 33
MEM
MEM

MA
Loading : atx = 0 P = 4.6kN,M0 = 6.24kN m

V = 5.1x M = 2.55 x 2
q0 = 5.1
RA
Reactions : R A = 4.6kN M A = 6.24kN m
4 .6 V Dia 1 .6 M Dia
2.56 1.28
atx = 0.8m P = 3.0kN atx = 1.6m q0 = 1.0kN m 0 x < 0 .8 P = 4 .6 V = 4.6 3.0 = 1.6 0.8 x < 1.6 1.6 (x 1.6 ) = x + 3.2 1.6 x 3.2 V (0 ) = 4.6 ,V (0.8 ) = 4.6 ,V (0.8 + ) = 1.6 ,V (1.6 ) = 1.6 ,V (3.2 ) = 0
M0 = 6.24 + 4.6 x M = 6.24 + 4.6 x 3(x 0.8 ) = 3.84 + 1.6 x 3.84 + 1.6 x 0.5(x 1.6 )2 = 5.12 + 3.2 x 0.5 x 2 0 x < 0.8 0.8 x < 1.6 1.6 x 3.2
V = 0.655 x 2
s = 1.31
RB = RC = 39.33kN
M = 0.218 x 3
V = 39.33 M = 39.33(x 4.2 ) V = 0.655(x 4.2 )2

M = 0.218(x 4.2 )3 V = 39.33 M = 39.33(x 5.4 ) V = 0.655(x 5.4 )2 M = 0.218(x 5.4 )
3
P = 39.33
s = 1.31
P = 39.33
s = 1.31
6.24
M (0 ) = 6.24 ,M (0.8 ) = 2.56 ,M (1.6 ) = 1.28 ,M (3.2 ) = 0

0.0
4.2 5.4
9.6
30 / 33
MEM
MEM

Compound Beams (Prob. 4.5-26)
Hinged Connection, internal moment = 0
4kN m

Compound Beams
4kN 4kN m
Free-Body Diagrams
4kN
Loading : x0 P = R A = 2.5kN x 2m P = 4kN ,M = 4kN m x 4m P = RC = 2.5kN x 7m P = 2kN
VD MD = 0 VD
R A = 2.5kN RC = 2.5kN RE = 1.0kN
RA
RC = 2.5kN R A = 2.5kN
Loading : atx = 0
RC
RE VD = RE = 1.0kN
Equivalent load
4kN 4kN m
R A = 2.5 R 4.0 = 1.5 A V= R A 4.0 + RC = 1.0 R A 4.0 + RC 2.0 = 1.0
0x<2 2x<4 4x<7 7x<8

0x<2 2x<4 4x<7 7x<8
P = R A = 2.5kN
atx = 2m P = 4kN ,M = 4kN m atx = 4m P = RC = 2.5kN RA RC RE atx = 7m P = 2kN

R A x = 2 .5 x 2.5 x 4.0(x 2 ) 4.0 = 1.5 x + 4 M= 1.5 x + 4 + RC (x 4 ) = x 6 x 6 2 .0 ( x 7 ) = x + 8
Verify the values of V and M at x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 m

32 / 33
MEM
MEM
Example: Compound Beams

P = 20kN MC = 30kN m q0 = 4kN m
P B A RB
1m 1m 2m
Example: Prob. 4.5-28

Given shear force diagram, determine loading and bending moment
q0 VF q0
G VF
2m
MC
C
hinge
D E RD
1m 1m
q0
F RG
2m
Free-Body Diagrams
B
P G A
Loading : q= dV dx
RA = 12kN
q=
6kN m
P = 12kN
MC
C
2m
D RD E F RG
RB
1m 1m
1m 1m
dV 12 dV dV RD = 12kN = =6 q= q= dx 2 dx dx =0 =0
B C D
V
20
+12
+8
+4 0 slope = 4 0 +2
VF = RG = 4 kN
ShearForce
M = Vdx + M A = ( 6 x + 12 )dx = 3x 2 + 12 x
0 20 38
14
M@B = (1)P + MC + (3)RD (4.5 )(1 q0 ) (5 )VF = 0

RD = 4 kN
V = 6 x + 12
V =0
V = 12
FV = P + RB + RD (1)(q0 ) + RG = 0
dM =V dx RB = 32 kN
33 / 33
12kN m
M = Vdx + MC = ( 12 )dx + 12 = 12 x + 12
dV = q dx
BendingMoment : M = Vdx + C
0 0
34 / 33

Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Bending Moments and Shear Forces in a Beam

Shear Force and Bending Moment

2. Axially loaded members

A beam subjected M to bending & shear (Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) V

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Examples of Beams Subjected to Lateral Loads

Internal Forces in Beams Due to lateral Loads

Resultant Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Types of Beams, Loads, and Supports

Shear Forces and Bending Moments

Simply-supported Beams Cantilever Beams Overhang Beams

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention

Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 7 / 33

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM Example 4.2

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Determine V and M at cross section x

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.3: Determine V and M at cross section D

Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments

M@A = RB (24 ) P(9) q(30)(30 2) = 0

Draw F.B.D. for Section AD

FV = 11 0.2(15) 14 V = 0V = 6k M = Vx (15) 14(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) + M = 0

Assume constant q over the length dx

M = M + (M + dM ) (V + dV )dx q(dx )(dx 2) = 0 dM V = (higherordertermsneglected)

FV = V + 9 0.2(30 15) = 0V = 6k M = M + 9(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) = 0M = 58.5ft k

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

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M@A = RB (L) P(a ) = 0

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= R A q(x a ) q[x (a + b )] q(x a )2 q[x (a + b )]2 2 2

Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials