Unit 1

Forces, Momentum, and Motion

Forces
A force is a push or a pull. Contact forces arise from physical contact Action-at-a-distance forces do not require physical contact and include gravity and electrical forces

Newtons First Law

The Law of Inertia: An object continues in a state of rest OR in a state of motion at a constant speed along a straight line, unless acted on by a nonzero net force. The net force is the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object

Newtons First Law

The net force on an object is the vector sum of all the forces acting on that object The SI unit for force is the Newton (N).
Individual Forces Net Force

4N

10 N

6N

Mass and Inertia

Mass is the measure of the amount of stuff that is contained in an object

Mass and Inertia

Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest in motion at a constant speed along a straight line The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)

Mass and Inertia

The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia and the more force it takes to change its state of motion.

Mass and Inertia

Objects in a state of rest tend to remain at rest and objects that are in motion tend to remain in motion. Only a force will change that state

Inertia

Newtons Second Law

When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is the SAME as the direction of the net force.

Newtons Second Law F=ma

F=force - measured in newtons (N) m=mass - measured in kilograms (kg) a=acceleration - measured in m/s2

Newtons Second Law

SI Unit for Force

The combination of units is called the newton (N)

Newtons Second Law

A free-body-diagram is a diagram that represents the object and the forces that act on it.

Newtons Second Law

The net force in this case is : 275N = 395N - 560N = +110N

Newtons Second Law

If the mass of the car is 1850 kg what would the acceleration be?

Newtons Third Law

Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the rst body.

Newtons Third Law

Suppose that the magnitude of force is 36 N. If the mass of the spacecraft is 11,000kg and the mass of the astronaut is 92 kg, what are the accelerations of each?

Newtons Third Law

Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every other particle. A particle is a piece of matter, small enough in size to be regarded as a mathematical point. The force that each exerts on the other is directed along the line joining the particles.

Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

For two particles that have masses m1 and m2 and are separated by a distance r, the force has a magnitude given by:

Denition of Weight
The weight of an object on or above the earth is the gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object. The weight always acts downwards, toward the center of the earth. SI Unit of Weight: newton (N)

Weight and Mass

Weight and mass are NOT the same thing but are related to one another.

Gravity on Earth

Gravitational Field
Any object with mass is surrounded by a gravitational eld in which another object experiences a force due to the interaction between its mass and the gravitational eld,g, at its location

Gravitational Field
The gravitational eld is equal to the universal gravitational constant times the objets mass, divided by the square of the distance from the objects center.

Normal Force
The normal force is one component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact namely, the component that is perpendicular to the surface. Normal Force

Weight

Normal Force
Apparent Weight
The apparent weight of an object is the reading of the scale.
It is equal to the normal force the man exerts on the scale.

Friction
When an object is in contact with a surface there is a force acting on that object. The component of this force that is parallel to the surface is called the frictional force.

Microscopic contact points

Friction
When the two surfaces are not sliding across one another the friction is called static friction.

Friction
The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value from zero up to a maximum value. fsfs MAX

fs MAX sFN

0 < s < 1

s is called the coefcient of static friction

Friction
Note that the magnitude of the frictional force does not depend on the contact area of the surfaces.

Friction
Static Friction opposes the impending relative motion between two objects Kinetic Friction opposes the relative sliding motion that actually occur.

fk kFN
0 < k < 1 k is called the coefcient of kinetic friction

Friction Example

The sled comes to a halt because the kinetic frictional force opposes its motion and causes the sled to slow down.Suppose the coefcient of kinetic friction is 0.05 and the total mass is 40kg. What is the kinetic frictional force?

Friction Example