Ions that tend to enter into and/or stay in O2--bearing solids

Outline solid for naturally occurring elements or ions; dashed for ones that rarely or never occur in nature. Atomic Number Symbol
(see scale at far right)

Ions least depleted from mantle in formation of crust Ions enriched in CAIs (Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites) relative to the composition of the solar system Ions that enter early-forming phases in igneous rocks Ions commonly concentrated in residual soils and residual sediments. Small symbol ( ) indicates less certainty. Ions concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater Ions that enter later phases in igneous rocks because of their large size (mostly "large-ion lithophiles") 8 most abundant solutes dissolved in seawater 9th to 16th most abundant 17th to 22nd most abundant Most abundant solute in average river water (HCO3) 2nd to 8th most abundant solutes in average river water Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the growth of bacteria Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the oceans Micronutrient solutes on land Macronutrient solutes on land Ions essential to the nutrition of at least some vertebrates ("essential minerals")

234

Ions that tend to only enter O2--bearing solids late, or not at all, and instead to enter or remain in aqueous solution.

Cations that coordinate with H2O (or CO32 or SO42) in solution

"Hard" or "Type A" Cations

(All electrons removed from outer shell) (Thus a noble-gas-like configuration of the outer shell)

Element Name Atomic Mass Naturally occurring EC, + isotopes

54 Ge Actinium
m=72.59 r=1.05

3+

(number of protons)

Ionic Radius (r) ()

(or elemental radius for elemental forms)

Cations that form simple fluoride minerals Cations that form simple oxide minerals Cations that form simple sulfide minerals Cations that form simple bromide or iodide minerals Cations that form oxysalt minerals (e.g., S6+ in sulfates, As5+ in arsenates) Anions that form minerals with K+ and Na+ Anions that form minerals with Mg2+ Anions that form minerals with Al3+, Ti4+, and Zr4+ Anions that form minerals with Si4+ Anions that form minerals with Cu+ Anions that form minerals with Ag+ Anions that form minerals with Au+

Elements that occur as native minerals, recognized in antiquity ( recognized from Middle Ages to 1862; recognized after 1963.) Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Fe Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Cu Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Os Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Pt Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Au 4 most abundant constituents in atmosphere 5th to 8th most abundant

Fe
Zr
Li
Lu

10 most abundant elements in Earth's crust 11th to 20th most abundant elements in Earth's crust 21st to 40th most abundant elements in Earth's crust 41st to 92nd most abundant elements in Earth's crust
Elements that are thought to make up most of the Earth's core (Fe>Ni>Co), along with possibly S or O

Most abundant (bold) Radioactive (italicized)

-

Noble Gases
(No ionization) He
Helium

H+
Noble Gases
(No ionization) He
Helium

Coordinate F>O>N=Cl>Br>I>S
Commonly coordinate with O of carboxyl groups of organic ligands
See also Insets 1 to 5 and 7.

(smaller print where very scarce) z = ionic charge r ionic radius = ionic potential or charge density

Anions with which hard cations preferentially coordinate

z = / 4 z r= /r 2

Cations that m=1.0079 coordinate r=10-5 with OH (or H2O) in 123 solution

z / r =

Hydrogen ion

Radioactive decay pathways

1
Gases

+ LiLithium 3 Be2+ ion

m=6.941 r=0.60 67

m=4.0026 r=1.2 34 Ne
Neon

Beryllium ion

m=9.012 r=0.31

4 B Boron 5 C 7 See also 6 N Nitrogen as borate (B(OH) Carbon, as CO ,

m=14.007 m=10.811 m=12.011 r=0.20 r=0.11 r=0. 15 10 11 14 15 12 13 14 4+ 3+ 14 5+
or B(OH)4
) 3

Cations that coordinate with OH or O2 in solution 4+ 3+

Cations that coordinate with O2 in solution (e.g., as NO3, PO43, SO 42, etc.) 5+
Inset 9.

H2
Molecular hydrogen

with incomplete outer electron shells

Anions

Anions
with full outer electron shells

Hydrogen as hydride

- ) as nitrate (NO ) bicarbonate (HCO3 3 2& carbonate (CO3 )

10

z = 32 = ionic charge r ionic radius

Chromate (CrO42) is a hard cation shown to left

Permanganate (MnO4) is a hard cation shown to left

as ferrate or perferrate (FeO42)

Fe 6+

26

Nonmetals

r=0.25

r=0.77
z/ = 16 r

Molecular 2 Diamond nitrogen Molecular & graphite oxygen

6 C

N2

7 8

8
as in atmospheric OH0, HO2, and H2O2

Anions that commonly coordinate with H+ (e.g., as CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O, etc.) 3 Also see 4 2

m=1.0079 r=2.08 123

Fluorine as fluoride

m=4.0026 r=1.2 34 Ne

Reduced carbon

N 7 6 Reduced nitrogen
Inset 9.
4 +

8F

10
Neon

m=12.011 m=14.007 m=15.999 r=1.71 r=2.60 r=1.40 (as NH )

Most natural occurrences of carbides and nitrides are in meteorites or mantle phases.

Oxygen as oxide

m=18.998 r=1.36

m=20.180 r=1.5

Metals

Also see Inset 9.

10
z /r = 1

Na+ 11 Mg2+12 Al 13 Si
Sodium ion Magnesium ion

16

m=22.990 r=0.95

Intermediate

m=20.180 r=1.5

20 21 22
Ar
Argon

18

Where Fe2+ and Fe3+ would fall if they were hard cations

23
Potassium ion

K+ 19 Ca
m=39.098 r=1.33

phosphate (PO43 sulfate (SO4 m=24.305 and HPO4 2) m =28.086 m=32.066 m =26.982 r=0.65 r=0.41 m=30.974 r=0.50 r=0.29 r= r=0.34 0.27 24 25 26 32 33 34 36 26 27 28 29 30 31 Fe 3+ Fe 2+ 5+ 6+ + 3+ 4+ 2+ 20 Mn7

Aluminum ion as as silicate (SiO4 4 ) or Si(OH)0 Al3+ or Al(OH)3n 4 n

16 15 S P Sulfur as Phosphorus as
2 )

6+

Cl

7+

Intermediate Cations
(Some electrons remain in outer shell)

as perchlornate (ClO 4 )

Sc

m=39.948 r=1.8 36 38 40 Kr

Ti2+22
Titanium ion

39 40 41
m=85.468 r=1.48

40 42 43

45
( 48)

m=50.942 r=0.74

as in arsenites

r=0.90
z /r =

64 66
67 68 70 Cd

(1+ r=1.13)

(2+ r=0.93)

44 46 48 ?

69 71
In
1,3+
Indium ion

36 Krypton

4+ 5+ 2+ Rb+ 37 Sr 38 Y3+ 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 6+ 42 Molybdenum Zirconium ion Rubidium ion Strontium ion Yttrium ion Niobium (or

m=83.80 r=1.9 78 80 82 83 84 86 Xe

m=87.62 r=1.13 84 86 87 88

m=88.906 m=91.224 r=0.80 r=0.93

Columbium) ion

as molybdate

85 87
Cs+

89
La3+& REEs

90 91
92 94 96 ? Hf

m=92.906 r=0.70

93 (96)
Ta

m=95.94 r=0.62 92 94 95 97 96 98 100

Tungsten (Wolfram) as tungstate

54 Xenon

m=131.29 r=2.1
124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

Radon

(222)
219 220 222

m=232.038 r=0.95
(+3 r=1.14)

Neptunium

Plutonium

(231)
(+4 r=0.98)

as uranyl (UO22+)

very rare (<30 g in crust)

223

223 224 226 228

ge s har diu ic c ra ion ionic z/ = 1 = r

227 228

227 228 230 231232 *234

231 234

m=238.029 r=0.7 234 235*238

Very limited Very limited natural natural occurrence occurrence on Earth on Earth

98 Californium 104: Rutherfordium 99: Einsteinium 105: Hahnium 100: Fermium

z /r=

"Soft" ("Type B") Cations

(Many electrons remain in outer shell)

z / r =

Rn

86

m=132.905 m=137.327 r=1.35 r=1.69 See below 130 132 134 135 136 170Yb 133 137 138 3+ Fr + 87 Ra2+ 88 Ac 89 Actinium ion Francium ion Radium ion m=227.03? (223) (226) r=1.18 r=1.40 r=1.76

as tantalate presumably m=178.49 as rheniate m=180.948 m=183.84 r=0.81 r=0.73 r=0.68 m=186.207 r=0.56 174 176 177 180 182 183 178 179 180 180 181 184 186 185 187

2+ 55 Ba 56 Barium ion Cesium ion

Tantalum

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

r=1.46 r=1.37 r=1.35 r=1.35 r=1.38 r=1.44 r=1.60 r=1.71 r=1.75 r=1.82
z /r = 1

m=208.980
The only bismuthide minerals are of Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, and Pb

z / r =

5771

72 Hafnium ion

4+

73 Tantalum ion

5+

6+

74

Re7+

75 Rhenium ion

Np

93 Pu

94

z /r = 2 z /r = 1

Th4+ 90 Pa5+ 91 U6+ 92 Thorium ion Protactinium ion Uranium

m=192.217 m=195.078 m=196.967 m=200.59 m=204.383 m=183.84 m=186.207 m=190.23 r=1.40 r=0.66 r =0.69 r=0.96 r=1.37 r =0.65 r=1.19 r=0.64 (3+ r=0.85) 196 198 199 210 211 212 184 186 190 192 193? 204 206 207 180 182 183 200 201 203 205 206 208 210 211 209 210 211 214 215 187 188 189 191 193 194 195 212 214 215 184 186 185 187 197 202 204 206 207 208 210 196 198 212 214 216 218 190 192 3+ 2+ 4+ 5+ 4+ Elements 95 and beyond do not occur naturally: Hg Tl 80 Thallic thallium 82 Bi 81 Pb 83 U 92 95: Americium 101: Mendelevium Mercuric ion Plumbic lead Bismuth ion Uranium ion 96: Curium 102: Nobelium r =1.10 r =0.84 r=0.95 r=0.74 r=0.97 97:Berkelium 103: Lawrencium
1
= z/r 4

Tungsten (Wolfram) ion

4+

74

Gold ion

Mercurous ion

m=207.2 m=208.980 r=1.20 r=1.20

Polonium

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Bismuth as bismuthide

Re

75 Rhenium ion

4+

Os

76 Osmium ion

4+

Iridium ion

Ir

4+

77

Pt

78 Platinum ion

2+

Au+

79

106 108 110 111 112 113 113 115 114 116 + + 81 Hg 80 Tl

m=112.411 m=114.818 m=118.710 m=121.760 m=127.60 m=126.904 3+ r=0.81 r=0.97 r=0.44 r=0.89 Iodine r=0.90 1+ r=1.32 r=1.12 is shown twice
112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124

48 Cadmium ion

2+

49

Sn

70 72 73 74 76 2+

m=74.922 r=0.69

75
Sb
as in antimonites

m=78.96 r=0.50 74 76 77 78 80 82
4+
Tellurium ion, as in tellurites

Chromium

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Zinc

Arsenic

Selenium

r=1.27
5+

r=1.26 r=1.25 r=1.24 r=1.28 r=1.39

r=1.48 r=1.6

m=74.922 r=2.22

50

Stannous tin

51 Antimony ion,

3+

75

Te

52

Iodine as iodate (IO3 )

53

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag
Silver

48
Cd
Cadmium

49
In
Indium

50
Sn
Tin

51
Sb

52
Te

Sb

51

m=78.96 r=1.98 74 76 77 78 80 82 Te 2 52

m=79.904 r=1.95
(7+ r=0.39)

Anions with which soft cations preferentially coordinate

m=40.078 m=44.956 r=0.81 r= 0.99

Calcium ion

Scandium ion

21

Ti 22 V
Titanic titanium

m=47.867 r=0.68 m=50.942 m=51.996 r=0.59 r=0.52 r= 46 47 48 0.46 50 52 53 54 50 51 49 50

Vanadium ion e.g., as vanadate

23 Cr

Chromium as as perchromate (CrO4 2 ) manganate (MnO4 )

24

22 Ti Titanium ion
r=0.75

3+

VVanadium ion
r=0.61
3+

4+

Coordination with S or O likely 3+ 24 Mn3,4+ 25 Fe3+ 26 Co3+ 27 Ni 3+ 28 Cu2+ 29 Cr Chromic Cobaltic cobalt Nickel ion 23 chromium Manganese ion Ferric iron Cupric copper
m=51.996 4+ r=0.53 r=0.69 3+ r= 0.64
2+

z
z /r = 4

S
/r = 8

Sulfur as sulfite (SO3 2 )

Cations that coordinate with O2 ( OH) in solution 4+ 16 5+ 6+

12 13 14
4
Silicon as silicide

14 15
Phosphorus as phosphide

16 17 18
Sulfur as sulfide

19

Chlorine as chloride

20 21 22
Ar

As

r=0.37

arsenate (AsO4 3 ) selenate (SeO4 2 )

33

Se

34

Elemental Forms
(uncharged)
Principal elements in iron meteorites (Fe>>Ni>>Co) and, with S or O, presumably dominant elements in Earth's core

13
Aluminum

14
Silicon

z r/ =

Sn4+

Stannic tin

50

r=0.47 Sb5+ As
3+
antimonate

23 VVanadous vanadium

28 Cu 29 27 Ni Nickel ion 50 52 53 54 Mn 25 26 Co Cobaltous cobalt Manganous Mn Ferrous iron m=58.693 Cuprous copper 2+ 24 m=54.938 m=63.546 Cr m=55.845 m=58.933 r=0.72 Chromous r=0.74 r=0.76 r=0.80 r=0.96 chromium 58 60 50 51 55 61 62 64 r=0.90 59 63 65 54 56 57 58 2+ 2+ 3 , 4+ 41 Mo2+ 42 Tc 43 Ru 45 Pd 46 Ag + 47 44 Rh Technetium 4+ Ruthenium ion 4+ Rhodium ion Silver ion 42 Very limited m=101.07 m=102.906 Palladium ion m=107.868 Nb Mo Molybdenum ion m =106.42 natural 3+ r=0.69 r=0.86 =95.94 occurrence r=1.26 r=0.86 4+ r=0.67 41 m on Earth r=0.68 96 98 99 3+ 102 104 105 99 94 95 96 100 101 Nb 92 ( 100 ) 106 108 110 107 109 103 97 98 100 102 104

Fe

r=0.64 2+

r=0.63
2+

r=0.73
2+

r=0.69
+

Zn

2+

Zinc ion

31 30 Ga Gallium ion
m=69.723 r=0.62

3+

Germanium ion

r=0.71 Ge4+ 32 m=72.61 r=0.53

51

r=0.42 Te6+ 52
tellurate

other than noble gases

Al Si

16 S
Sulfur

Si 14 P3 15 S 2 16 Cl 17
m=28.086 m=30.974 m=32.066 m=35.453 r=2.71 r=1.81 r=1.84 r=2.12
Most known natural occurrences of phosphides and silicides are in metorites and cosmic dust.

18
Argon

r=1.43 r=1.34

m=39.948 r=1.8 36 38 40 Kr

r=0.62

r=0.56
as selenite(SeO32)

32 33 34 36
Se
2
Selenium as selenide

35 36 37
Br

m=65.39 r=0.74

33 Arsenic,

4+ 34 Se Selenium

24
Cr

Fe

26

Co

27

28
Ni

Cu

29

Zn

30

33
(Atomic masses and isotopic information are omitted to conserve space)

34
Se

As

As3

Copper

Arsenic as arsenide

33

34

35

36
Krypton

Bromine as bromide

m=83.80 r=1.9 78 80 82 83 84 86 Xe
Xenon

79 81 (82)
Iodine as iodide

Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium

Antimony Tellurium

121 123

Thallous thallium

3+ Bi 83 Po 82 Pb Bismuth ion Plumbous lead 2+

120 122 123 124 125 126 128 130

as a solute in seawater because it speciates both as I (to right) (here). and IO3

r=1.34 r=1.34 r=1.37 r=1.44 r=1.56 r=1.66 r=1.58 r=1.61 r=1.7

m=126.904 m=127.60 r=2.16 m=121.760 r=2.21 (7+ r=0.50) r=2.45 120 122 123 (124) 127 129 124 125 126 121 123 ( 128 ) (130) 128 130 Bi
2,3

Antimony as antimonide

Tellurium as telluride

53

54

m=131.29 r=2.1
124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

84
z/r= 8

73

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

83

At

85
Astatine

Rn

Radon

86

(222)
215 218 219 218 219 220 222

237
z = /r 8

239

Coordinate I>Br>S>Cl=N>O>F
Commonly coordinate with C of organic ligands, as in methylmercury Rare earth elements (REEs) (effectively "Hard" or "Type A" cations in their 3+ state)

An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions

Version 4.8e 2012 L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2501 U.S.A. (rlsbk@gly.uga.edu). For updates and more information, see http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/PT.html.
Version 4.6 of this table was published as Figure 1 of the following paper: Railsback, L.B., 2003, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions: Geology v. 31, no. 9. p. 737-740. Publication of Version 4.6 in Geology was supported by National Science Foundation Grant DUE 02-03115. Version 4.7 was published in 2004 in the Geological Society of America's Map and Chart Series as item MCH092. Version 4.8 is available from the website listed above, as are translations of this table into Spanish and Chinese.

*For the sake of simplicity, the 235U-207Pb and 232Th-208Pb series are omitted.

Inset 1: Bulk modulus (Ks in GPa) of oxide minerals of hard cations

Mineral of one cation: 38 Quartz Mineral of two cations: 210 Perovskite Nonmineral: 71

z /r =
z/r = 2

Ce
3+

4+

58 59 Nd3+ 60 Praseodymium ion Neodymium ion

Pr 3+
Pm

Cerium ion

Eu

Li Na

Be 2+ Mg

Bromellite

251

B 3+ Al

C 4+
3

Chrysoberyl 240 2+ Spinel 3+ 198 254 Corundum

57 3+ Tm 69 Lu 71 Ho 67 58 Holmium ion m =150.36 Thulium ion m =173.04 Lutetium ion No natural Lantha- Lanthanum ion Ce m =140.908 151 153 m =144.24 Cerium ion m=157.25 m=158.925 m=162.50 m=167.26 m=164.930 r=0.96 r=1.04 nides: m=138.906 m=140.116 r=1.09 m=168.934 r=0.94 occurrence m=174.967 r=1.08 r=1.02 2+ r =0.99 (2+ r = 1.13) r=0.97 r=0.93 r=1.15 (4+ r=0.92) r=0.95 63 152 154 155 r=1.00 r=1.11 156 158 142 143 144 on Earth 144 147 148 Eu 168 170 171 162 164 166 176Hf ? 176 175 149 150 156 157 160 161 162 146 145 172 173 136 138 140 Europium ion 169 165 167 168 170 ? 138Ba 159 141 138 139 (150) 158 160 148 150 ? 142 152 154 163 164 174 176 r=1.12
La Dy Er
z/r = 2
Substitutes for Ca2+

r=1.01

3+ 3+ 61 Sm 62 m=151.964 Gd 3+ 64 Samarium ion Tb Promethium r=1.03 Gadolinium ion

63 Europium ion

3+

66 65 Dysprosium ion Terbium ion

3+

3+

68 Erbium ion

3+

3+

Yb

70 Ytterbium ion

3+

3+

Inset Inset 9: 9: The The many many valence valence states states of of nitrogen nitrogen and and carbon carbon
calculated calculated assuming assuming H H is is 1+ 1+ and and O O is is 2-. 2-. Valence Example state Example

Inset 2: Hardness of oxide minerals of hard cations

Inset 3: Melting T(K) of oxides of hard cations

Inset 4: Solubility of oxide minerals of hard cations

Li Na

Bromellite

2+ Be9

B 3+ Al

C 4+ Si 4+
H= 6

N 5+ P 5+ S 6+

1700

Li

Be 2+
2681

B 3+
723

C 4+
216

N 5+
500

Li4.4
6+

Bromellite

2+ 3+ Be7.4 B 2.77 2+
2.4

C 4+

N 5+
5+ P 1.37

Si

4+

Periclase 160

38 Quartz

P
50

5+ Inset 5: Typical simple oxysalt minerals (__MO n minerals without OH or H2O)

NaNO3 cations of very low 2+ MgAlBO4 Me CO3 (Natratine) ionic potential (e.g., (Sinhalite) KNO3 (e.g., K+, Na+, Ba2+) Calcite) (Niter)

Lime 115

Ca2+

Perovskite 210 Tausonite 175

Ti216
200

4+

V 5+

Inset 6: Melting and decomposition (d) temperatures (K) of oxides of intermediate and soft cations
0 160

Cassiterite 4+

As

5+

Inset 7: Conceptual model of the behavior of oxides of hard (and intermediate) cations
Li Cations N 1
+

Inset 8: Solubility of halides of hard and soft cations

Anion:

Rutile

3+

4+

5+

Minerals with

Rb

4+ 5+ Sr 2+ Y 3+ 15 Zr 152* Nb 87 0
*Baddeleyite has Ks = 95 GPa but is not the most stable ZrO2 phase at ambient conditions; value shown is for the latter.

40 0

Cs

Ba

2+

71

La

3+

Hf

4+
145

"K-S-A" indicates kyanite, andalusite, & sillimanite.

120 0 80 0

KAl2Si3O8 (Kspar) Na3PO4 CaSO4 (Olympite) (Anhydrite) Al2 SiO5 (K-S-A) Na2SO4 AlPO4 ZrSiO4 (Zircon) (Berlinite) (Thenardite)

Si

4+

5+

6+

Tenorite 1903 3+ Hematite 2+ 3+ 00 2000 3+ Mn Cu 12 Co Paramont- Eskolaite 1353(d) Fe Argutite Arsenolite Zincite 1719 1838 1168 (d) 3+ 3+ roseite 4+ 4+ 3+ 2+ Ga As Cr Bunsenite Ge V 2+ 2+ Zn 2+ 2+ Cuprite 547 2079 1388 + 2240 2603 Fe Mn Co Cu Ni 2242 2400 2054 1652 2078 2228 1509 Romarchite Valentinite Monteponite Manga- Wstite 2+ 4+ nosite 1600 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2000 Mo Ag+ Sn Rh Pd

Sn

588

Mineral Nonmineral

Sellaite
(MgF2 )

Villiaumite
(NaF)

AgF Halite

Cl Br I

Chlorargyrite
(AgCl)

HgCl2 MgCl2 HgBr2 MgBr2 MgI2 10-2 1

(NaCl)

Cd

In

1373(d) Tugarinovite

1373(d) 1023(d) ~473(d) >1773

2185

1353(d)

Sb

928

Minerals with cations of low (e.g., K+) to moderate (e.g., Al3+) ionic potential

Minerals with cations of low ionic potential

Au3+
2+ 423(d) +

Hg +
373(d) 2+

W
See also Inset 3.

4+

Re

4+

Ir

4+

Tl +
852

Pt

Massicot Bismite 2+ 3+

~1773(d) 1173(d)

1273 (d) 598(d)

3+ 1170 Hg Au Tl no stable 773(d) oxide Montroydite1107 Avicennite

Pb

Bi

1098

High z/r Strong O Rb bonds, but Intermediate cation-cation Low z/r repulsion z/r Weak cation- Strong cationoxygen bonds oxygen bonds
2

Bromargyrite
(AgBr)

NaBr NaI 100

Iodargyrite
(AgI)

HgI2 10-6 10-4

5+ NO3 (nitrate) 4+ CO (carbon dioxide) 4+ 2NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide) 3+ HOOCCOOH (oxalic acid) 3+ NO2 (nitrite) 2+ CO (carbon monoxide) 2+ NO (nitric oxide) acetic carbohydrates, 1+ Nacid, (nitrous oxide) 2Odiamond 0 graphite, 0 N2 (nitrogen) 2 CH3OH (methanol) 3 NH3 (ammonia) Other alkanes 3 C2H6 (ethane) yield non(methane) 4CO CH integer values 4+ (carbon dioxide) 24 from 4 to 2. 3+ HO O C C O OH (oxalic acid) 5+ NO3 (nitrate) 2+ CO (carbon monoxide) 4+ NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) acetic acid, carbohydrates, 03+ NO2 (nitrite) graphite, diamond 2+ NO (nitric oxide) 2 CH3OH (methanol) 1+ N2 O (nitrous oxide) 3 C2 H6 (ethane) Other alkanes 0 N (nitrogen) yield noninteger values 4 CH2 4 (methane) 3 NH from 4 to 2. 3 (ammonia)
Shown above in the main table. N2 is the most abundant constituent of the atmosphere; NO2 , NO, N2 O, and NH3 are minor constituents.

Chrysoberyl 8.5 2+ + 3+ Spinel Periclase 7.5-8 9 5.5-6 Corundum

Mg

7 Quartz

Na

1193

Mg

2+

Al 3+
2345

Si

4+

3125

1996

5+

855

290

+ Na9.9 Mg
Periclase

4+ Al3+ Si 3.9 8.1

Corundum Quartz

S 6+

H= 8
Perovskite 5.5

Lime

2+ Ca3.5

Ti 4+ >9
6.5

(Ru=6-6.5) Srilankite

3-3.5 Shcherbinaite

V 5+

Cr 6+

Ca2+ Sc 3+
3200

Ti 4+
2103

943

V 5+

Cr 6+

K14.0 Ca2+
Lime 1.4

Sc3+

Ti 4+
9.7 Rutile

5+ V 7.6 Cr 6+
Shcherbinaite

H=

4
Mineral of 2+ one cation: 7 Quartz Hardness

Sr

Y 3+

4+ Zr 6.5 Nb5+ Mo6+

Baddeleyite 3-4 Molybdite

Rb
673

Sr 2+ Y 3+
2938

Zr 4+ Nb
3123

10 00 5+

H= 4

1785

Mo6+
1074

Rb

28.9

2+ Sr4.3

Y 3+

Zr 4+ Nb5+ Mo6+
Baddeleyite Molybdite

Mineral of two cations 5.5 Perovskite

(Mohs scale)

La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+
H=6
7 Tantite

Cs

Ba2+ La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+
2286 2580 3173 2058 1745 Mineral 9.7

2+ La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ W 6+ Ba6.7
Tantite

0 10

1500

2000

1500

2500

200

2500 0 300

10-8

Na+( )-,

Solubility of Ag+( )-, Hg2+( )-, and Mg2+( )-bearing halides (mol/L)

*A non-rutile synthetic TiO2 is the hardest known oxide

Thorianite 6

Th 4+

Th 4+
3493

See also Inset 6.

Log of activity of cation species in distilled water at 25 C

Th 4+ Thorianite
v. 4.8e 02 22 October 2012

3000