What is Cyber Crime? Crimes committed with the use of computers or relating to computers, especially through the Internet.

. Universally, Cyber Crime is understood as "an unlawful act where in the computer is either a tool or a target or both". Cyber Crimes are different from conventional crimes as in cyber crimes; the crime is committed in an electronic medium and here mens rea is not a requirement but is rather a general rule under the penal provisions of the Information Technology Act. The element of mens rea in Internet crimes is that the offender must have been aware at the time of causing the computer to perform the function that the access thus intended to be secured was unauthorized.

What are the classification of Cyber Crime? Tampering with computer source documents: Hacking: Publishing of information, which is obscene in electronic form Accessing protected system Breach of confidentiality and privacy.

What is the use of charAt(n) function? CharAt(n) function returns the character at n+1 location in the string on which this method is applied. For example,Let Name is a string variable that contains value saad,then Name.CharAt(3) will return character d

Tell me about Split ( delimiter ) string's property? Splint function returns an array of strings, created by splitting string into substrings, at delimiter boundaries.

What is the word "Plug-in" means? In the early '90s, the Internet really started to take off in popularity, and the number of Web sites skyrocketed. There was suddenly a wide variety of people producing Web pages, and they had all sorts of multimedia content they wanted to be able to include. Rather than trying to change browsers to recognize and display these many different forms of content, Web innovators launched the idea of browser plug-ins. Plug-ins are programs that work with your browser to read and play a certain type of file. They are relatively small pieces of software, so it doesn't take users forever to download them off

the Internet. They are specifically designed to work with a particular type of file, so they can accomplish a lot of things that a basic browser can't.

Can you tell me when a function calls itself what is this called? It is called "recursive call of a function".When function is called within itself, it is called recursion or recursive call. The ability of a routine to call itself is called recursion. Recursion enables certain algorithms to be implemented with small, simple routines, but it does not guarantee speed or efficiency. Erroneous use of recursion can cause a program to run out of stack space during execution, causing the program, and sometimes the entire system, to crash. Decribe the ways of calling function? There are two ways to call a function.

1) A function call appearing as a complete statement. It happens where function doesn't return a value. 2) A function call appearing as part of a statement. Definitions of such functions include a return statement. It happens where function returns a value.

Tell me about OnFocus and OnBlur. 1) onBlur - form element loses focus or when a window or frame loses focus. 2) onFocus - window, frame, frameset or form element receives focus. In first case, event will occur when element will loose the focus. In second case, event will occur when element will receive focus.

What is the use of MsAcess? MS Access is a Data Base Management System(DBMS) by Microsoft.A DBMS is a software package by which you can develop a database.You can insert,delete and update data into that database.You can develop reports and forms too.

I have confusion in concepts of 3-D and 2-D. 2D Graphics means showing graphics in two axis. Most of the graphics you see are 2D Graphics.

3D Graphics means showing Graphics in 3 axis.

How does RuleBased system work ? Rule based Systems are based on the principles of the logical reasoning and ability of human. Components of an RBS: Rulebase Working memory Rule interpreter Robotics

What are Robotics? Automatic machines that perform various tasks that were previously done by humans. Example: Pilot-less combat airplanes Land-mine hunters Autonomous vacuumcleaners.

How can I add sound effects in my presentation? You select the object on which you want to have a sound effect and then right click and you will see an option "Action Settings" ,click on it and then select a sound from list given. Tell me about PowerPoint(PP),which is the part of Multimedia.Would you compare it with other Multimedia like flash? PowerPoint (PP) is intended to produce desktop presentations (e.g., driving a slide Projector) or to produce actual film slides (using a film recorder); it is Not a tool for Web presentations. If you have a lot of presentations already In PP, you may be forced to try its HTML export features, may have problems with the resulting HTML (large file sizes, lots of garbage tags, poor image quality). If you're fortunate enough to be starting from scratch, you're better to stick with a tool designed and optimized specifically for the Web. Flash is used to prepare presentations, games, animations so it is much powerful tool than Microsoft PowerPoint.

I have confusion about open source and firmware. Open Source Softwares are available with their source code. Many are available on internet, for example, very famous Operating System LINUX is open source i.e. its source is available. Firmware is software embedded in the chips, for example, Programs in BIOS etc. Tell me about interface? Interface is the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a printer or human operator.

What is "Kernel"? Give me some suitable example. The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. A synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than in IBM mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems. Typically, a kernel (or any comparable center of an operating system) includes an interrupt handler that handles all requests or completed I/O operations that compete for the kernel's services, a scheduler that determines which programs share the kernel's processing time in what order, and a supervisor that actually gives use of the computer to each process when it is scheduled. A kernel may also include a manager of the operating system's address spaces in memory or storage, sharing these among all components and other users of the kernel's services.

Tell me about Processor Management and some simple example. The heart of managing the processor comes down to two related issues:

1) Ensuring that each process and application receives enough of the processor's time to function properly. 2) Using as many processor cycles for real work as is possible. What are MVS & VMS? MVS is an operating system for mainframe computers. Both VMS and MVS are multiuser operating systems.

What is the meaning of GUI-based? GUI (Graphical User Interface) based system facilitates the user to interact with computer graphically like use of windows.

Tell me about the bit-mapped or raster images. A bitmapped image file contains a rectangular map of the image's pixels (bits) where each pixel is located, and what color it is. A bitmapped image can contain a specific maximum number of colors, depending on how much file space is allocated for the color data: 256 colors for an 8-bit image, 65+ thousand for a 16-bit image, and 16+ million colors for a 24-bit image. Not surprisingly, the larger the number of colors, the larger the

file size. A raster image file is generally defined to be a rectangular array of regularly sampled values, known as pixels. Each pixel (picture element) has one or more numbers associated with it, generally specifying a color which the pixel should be displayed in. What is word processing and desktop top publishing? The art and science of converting written information into a form that looks pleasing when printed is called Word Processing. A combination of word processing and graphic design is called Desktop Publishing. Used to develop elegant documents

Examples: Adobe PageMaker Quark Press Corel Ventura MS Publisher What is the difference between java & java script? Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-oriented programming model. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page. JavaScript is an interpreted programming or script language from Netscape. In general, script languages are easier and faster to code in than the more structured and compiled languages such as C and C++. Script languages generally take longer to process than compiled languages, but are very useful for shorter programs. JavaScript is used in Web site development to do such things as: 1) Automatically change a formatted date on a Web page 2) Cause a linked-to page to appear in a popup window 3) Cause text or a graphic image to change during a mouse rollover.

What is the difference between "Object based Language" and "Object Oriented Language"? Object oriented language supports inheritance, polymorphism etc, while object based don't. Object based languages use objects having their attributes / properties which can be modified according to our requirements.

What is the difference b/w "Programming" & "Scripting"? Computer programming is a term to develop programs using some programming language. Computer Programming which makes the site work called script/programs which for example: call data from databases; make mailing systems work and control the content of the site.

I could not understand the execution of code in languages. A program or software is developed by writing the code using some programming language, when completed then executed (to perform what is required) to test / implement that program or software. What is the meaning of integration testing? Integration testing is a logical extension of unit testing. In its simplest form, two units that have already been tested are combined into a component and the interface between them is tested. A component, in this sense, refers to an integrated aggregate of more than one unit. In a realistic scenario, many units are combined into components, which are in turn aggregated into even larger parts of the program. The idea is to test combinations of pieces and eventually expand the process to test your modules with those of other groups.

Why JavaScript variables are dynamically typed? Dynamically typed variables can hold any type of data and it could contain data of different type midway of program. It is simple to develop for short programs. As your question is concerned, I would like to say that each programming language has its own features depending on the requirements of the tasks for which that particular language is developed.

Explain Band Width. Bandwidth has a general meaning of how much information can be carried in a given tim period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless communications link. In digital systems, bandwidth is expressed as bits (of data) per second (bps).

What are protocols? Define these with some examples. A set of rules or standards designed to enable computers to connect with one another and to exchange information with as little error as possible.

Please tell me what is Arguments of function? When a function is called by a caller then sometimes it is required to pass some values to function so that function receive these and process those to perform its function. When a function is called, the arguments in the call are mapped to the arguments specified in the function definition on a one-to-one basis.

I have some confusion in the server definition. 1) In general, a server is a computer program that provides services to other computer programs in the same or other computers. 2) The computer that a server program runs in is also frequently referred to as a server (though it may contain a number of server and client programs). 3) In the client/server programming model, a server is a program that awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the same or other computers. A given application in a computer may function as a client with requests for services from other programs and also as a server of requests from other programs. What are utilities, device drivers and what are their functions? Utilities are small softwares which are used in daily routine of computers for example Picture viewer, Hard Disk Formatter, Wallpaper Changer etc. Device Drivers are softwares which are necessary for a device to function properly, for example, Sound Card drivers etc. What are CGI and ASP scripts? (Common Gateway Interface) -- A set of rules that describe how a Web Server communicates with another piece of software on the same machine, and how the other piece of software (the 'CGI program') talks to the web server. Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query. CGI "scripts" are just scripts which use CGI. ASP is also scripting language to develop scripts. What is an "Interpreted" language? An interpreted program, sometimes called a script, is a program whose instructions are actually a logically sequenced series of operating system commands, handled one at a time by a command interpreter. An interpreted language supports interpreted programming. What is the use of SDLC? System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of developing information systems through a multi step process from investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. There are many different models and methodologies, but each generally consists of a series of defined steps or stages. Explain FTP & SMTP? FTP, a client-server protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to and from another computer over a TCP/IP network. Also the client program the user executes to transfer files. One of the most useful services of the Internet is FTP. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) delivers mail. The Distinct SMTP combined with the MIME

component allows you to automate the encoding and sending of e-mail attachments. The SMTP component provides an interface to the mail delivery service, including the option of connecting via a firewall proxy server. An application may use SMTP to send notification, such as a report detailing logins to a secure system or information about hits on the company's web site, to a user via e-mail. What is VPN? A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost. A VPN works by using the shared public infrastructure while maintaining privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). In effect, the protocols, by encrypting data at the sending end and decrypting it at the receiving end, send the data through a "tunnel" that cannot be "entered" by data that is not properly encrypted. An additional level of security involves encrypting not only the data, but also the originating and receiving network addresses. What is point 2 point topology? The P2P acronym technically stands for "peer-to-peer" computer networking. Webopedia defines P2P as "A type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving the others. " What are bitmap graphics and vector graphics and difference between them? In Vector Graphics, a shape maintains its identity i.e. it doesn't mix in other shapes. Shapes of Vector Graphics are independent of Resolution. Size of Vector Graphics files is very small. In bitmap Graphics A shape does not maintain its identity i.e. it is mixed in other shapes. Shapes of Vector Graphics are not independent of Resolution i.e. they lose quality on different resolution. Size of Vector Graphics files is not much small. What is WYSIWYG and WIMP interface? A WYSIWYG (pronounced "wiz-ee-wig") editor or program is one that allows a developer to see what the end result will look like while the interface or document is being created. WYSIWYG is an acronym for "what you see is what you get". A WYSIWYG editor can be contrasted with more traditional editors that require the developer to enter descriptive codes (or markup) and do not permit an immediate way to see the results of the markup. The first true WYSIWYG editor was a word processing program called Bravo. Invented by Charles Simonyi at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, it became the basis for Simonyi's work at Microsoft and evolved into

two other WYSIWYG applications called Word and Excel. The acronym WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device. What is the difference between "Compiler" and "Interpreter"? A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language (source code) and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Compiler converts the source code into object code only once. It doesnt need every time this conversion while execution. Interpreter does the same thing but it converts the code line by line each time while executing the program.

What is the purpose of switch statement as we have IF conditional statement. If and switch statements are used to perform particular tasks against one or more conditions. We use switch statement, If the action to be taken of the value of a single variable (or a single expression). In this case, we normally know the expected values of variable or expression. We use the if...else structure, when the action depends on the values of multiple variables (or expressions).

What is simple meaning of loop? What is the concept behind the "while" and "for" loop structures? Loop is a sequence of instructions that repeats either a specified number of times or until a particular condition prevails. We use for loop to repeat a task to some specified numbers, on the other hand we use while loop, for some condition.

What is the meaning of "thumb rule"? Meaning According to a rough and ready rule. Description A rule of thumb is an easy-toremember guideline that isn't necessarily a hard-and-fast rule or scientific formula but it's more than just a dumb guess. For centuries rule of thumb has been used as an estimated measurement by many craftsmen including carpenters, brewers, and tailors.

Tell me about heuristics is it experience or general judgment which is gotten after long period of working am I right? Heuristics is the application of experience-derived knowledge to a problem.

What is difference between Design and Architecture? The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them. By "externally visible" properties, we are referring to those assumptions other components can make of a component, such as its provided services, performance characteristics, fault handling, shared resource

usage, and so on. The intent of this definition is that a software architecture must abstract away some information from the system (otherwise there is no point looking at the architecture, we are simply viewing the entire system) and yet provide enough information to be a basis for analysis, decision making, and hence risk reduction. First, architecture defines components. The architecture embodies information about how the components interact with each other. This means that architecture specifically omits content information about components that does not pertain to their interaction. What is the function of array and also describe the compound statement. Array is an indexed list of element and used to store multiple values. Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of other statements in some way.

What is the function of HUB if more than one computer tries to communicate simultaneously? Such situation in a network is called collision. .Different protocols avoid collision in different ways. For example, in token ring protocol, which computer has a token only that can send message to others, so only one computer can send data at one time.

What is the difference between the application & system softwares? System software is program that generally performs the background tasks in a computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the Hardware e.g. Operating system software, Device drivers while Application software are programs that generally interact with the user to perform work that is useful to the user. These programs generally talk to the hardware through the assistance of system software e.g., scientific, business application.

What are the main utilities of forms? Forms are used to get / post user data. This data could be either required by the website (e.g. order taking form) or user request (e.g. use of search engine). These help in passing the variables to the other page.

How I can introduce button for browsing? You can bring the browse button by setting the Type property of the Input tag to "File" like this Input type=File.

What is batch mode? In batch mode, computers take data and keep on processing it and require no interaction by the user. Daily life example of this is Printing press machine that takes a plate and then keep on printing the papers.

What is batch file? A batch file is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a computer operating system. It's called a batch file because it batches (bundles or packages) into a single file a set of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the system interactively from a keyboard one at a time. A batch file is usually created for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need. Commonly needed batch files are often delivered as part of an operating system. You initiate the sequence of commands in the batch file by simply entering the name of the batch file on a command line.

Why we use algorithm and what is its practical use? Once we find an algorithm for solving a problem, we do not need to re-discover it the next time we are faced with that problem Once an algorithm is known, the task of solving the problem reduces to following (almost blindly and without thinking) the instructions precisely All the knowledge required for solving the problem is present in the algorithm.

What is the Spaghetti Design Methodology ? Spaghetti Design Methodology is unstructured programming technique. It doesnt have any sense, structure, design and discipline. Its very hard to maintain as well as enhance them. Its so popular the reason behind it is that it doesnt need any extra effort, programming knowledge and skills. So thats why its so common.

Tell me about Prompt and Instance of an object. Instance is an object, in object-oriented programming, in relation to the class to which it belongs. For example, an object myList that belongs to a class List is an instance of the class List. In command-driven systems, one or more symbols that indicate where users are to enter commands. For instance, in MS-DOS, the prompt is generally a drive letter followed by a greater than symbol (C>).

How can we differentiate between DIMM and SIMM? DIMM (dual in-line memory module), a small circuit board that holds memory chips. A single in-line memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory chips whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path.

What is the difference between SDRAM and RDRAM and where it used? SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase the number of instructions that the

processor can perform in a given time. The speed of SDRAM is rated in MHz rather than in nanoseconds (ns). This makes it easier to compare the bus speed and the RAM chip speed. You can convert the RAM clock speed to nanoseconds by dividing the chip speed into 1 billion ns (which is one second). For example, an 83 MHz RAM would be equivalent to 12 ns. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a memory subsystem that promises to transfer up to 1.6 billion bytes per second. The subsystem consists of the random access memory (RAM), the RAM controller, and the bus (path) connecting RAM to the microprocessor and devices in the computer that use it. Direct Rambus (DRDRAM), a technology developed and licensed by the Rambus Corporation, is the latest version and is expected to help accelerate the growth of visually intensive interfaces such as 3-D, interactive games, and streaming multimedia. Rambus is intended to replace the current main memory technology of dynamic random access memory (DRAM). I want to ask you what is the difference between HTTP and FTP? File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is a protocol used to upload files from a workstation to a FTP server or download files from a FTP server to a workstation. It is the way that files get transferred from one device to another in order for the files to be available on the Internet. When ftp appears in a URL it means that the user is connecting to a file server and not a Web server and that some form of file transfer is going to take place. Most FTP servers require the user to log on to the server in order to transfer files. In contrast, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is a protocol used to transfer files from a Web server onto a browser in order to view a Web page that is on the Internet. Unlike FTP, where entire files are transferred from one device to another and copied into memory, HTTP only transfers the contents of a web page into a browser for viewing. FTP is a two-way system as files are transferred back and forth between server and workstation. HTTP is a one-way system as files are transported only from the server onto the workstation's browser. When http appears in a URL it means that the user is connecting to a Web server and not a file server. The files are transferred but not downloaded, therefore not copied into the memory of the receiving device.

What is the diffrence b/w cache memory and main memory? Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory. Cache memory is sometimes described in levels of closeness and accessibility to the microprocessor. An L1 cache is on the same chip as the microprocessor. (For example, the PowerPC 601 processor has a 32 kilobyte level-1

cache built into its chip.) L2 is usually a separate static RAM (SRAM) chip. The main RAM is usually a dynamic RAM (DRAM) chip.

Differentiate among HTML, DHTML, and JavaScript. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page. The markup tells the Web browser how to display a Web page's words and images for the user. Each individual markup code is referred to as an element (but many people also refer to it as a tag). Some elements come in pairs that indicate when some display effect is to begin and when it is to end. Dynamic HTML is a collective term for a combination of new Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags and options that will let you create Web pages more animated and more responsive to user interaction than previous versions of HTML. Much of dynamic HTML is specified in HTML 4.0. Simple examples of dynamic HTML pages would include

(1) having the color of a text heading change when a user passes a mouse over it or (2) allowing a user to "drag and drop" an image to another place on a Web page. Dynamic HTML can allow Web documents to look and act like desktop applications or multimedia productions. JavaScript is an interpreted programming or script language from Netscape.

JavaScript is used in Web site development to do such things as: 1) Automatically change a formatted date on a Web page 2) Cause a linked-to page to appear in a popup window 3) Cause text or a graphic image to change during a mouse rollover.

What does FPU mean? A floating point unit (FPU), also known as a numeric coprocessor, is a microprocessor or special circuitry in a more general microprocessor that manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic microprocessor your computer uses. It does so by having a special set of instructions that focus entirely on large mathematical operations. A floating point unit is often built into today's personal computers, but it is needed only for special applications such as graphic image processing or display. Personal computers that don't

have floating point units can sometimes handle software that requires them by installing a floating point emulator. Is Micro-controller resembles with ROM? ROM means that the instructions inside that chip is only readable, it cannot be modified. So in this sense these microcontrollers are ROM. Otherwise Microcontrollers are just as Microprocessors.

How does heat sink works? Heat Sink takes the heat from Microprocessor and spreads it in the environment so heat is not gathered over Processor.

What is USB port? USB (Universal Serial Bus) Universal Serial Bus is a relatively new connector that was meant to replace Serial and Parallel ports. Its a flat, keyed connector with four contacts that was designed for mid-speed peripherals such as scanners, keyboards, mice, joysticks, printers, modems and some CD-ROMs. USB is unique in that it is completely hotswappable. In other words, you can plug it in or unplug it while the computer is on. Your computer should recognize it as soon as its plugged in, and you should have use of the device immediately. USB allows you to daisy-chain up to 127 devices. This means that you could have a joystick plugged in, with a printer plugged into that, and a scanner plugged into the printer, etc...

Who was first programmer of the computer,and what progamme does he desigened? World's first programmer was Ada Byron who write a program for Analytical engine of Babbage.

Tell me about "ARPANET-1969" how he connected all the networks. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was formed with an emphasis towards research, and thus was not oriented only to a military product. The formation of this agency was part of the U.S. reaction to the then Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in 1957. (ARPA draft, III-6). ARPA was assigned to research how to utilize their investment in computers via Command and Control Research (CCR). Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head this effort. Developed for the US DOD Advanced Research Projects Agency 60,000

computers connected for communication among research organizations and universities by Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang What is the concept of semantic web? What is meant by the following statement "the human can understand but computer cannot yet"? The Semantic Web is an idea of World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee that the Web as a whole can be made more intelligent and perhaps even intuitive about how to serve a user's needs. Berners-Lee observes that although search engines index much of the Web's content, they have little ability to select the pages that a user really wants or needs. He foresees a number of ways in which developers and authors, singly or in collaborations, can use self-descriptions and other techniques so that contextunderstanding programs can selectively find what users want.

What is search engine? A search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A spider (also called a "crawler") that goes to every page or representative pages on every Web site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page to discover and read a site's other pages A program that creates a huge index (sometimes called a "catalog") from the pages that have been read. A program that receives your search request, compares it to the entries in the index, and returns results to you Search engine is a computer program which try to find new web pages on the web and if it found any term and key word which is new, it just store this key word or term into its index list and the address of the corresponding web site. www.google.com is an example of search engine.

What is the working of HTTP in our world wide web? Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol (rules to follow during communication) used by the World Wide Web (WWW), and allows communications between linked computers all over the world. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions a web server and browser should take in response to various commands.

Tell me about the fault tolerant feature of a computer? Some computers are designed in such a way that if any one of their component is disable the working of entire system don't affect like in mainframe and in servers. This property of computer is called fault tolerance feature.

What is plotter?

The device used to draw charts, diagrams, and other line-based graphics. Plotters use either pens or electrostatic charges and toner (Powdered pigment that is used in office copiers and in laser, LED, and LCD printers. Pen plotters draw on paper or transparencies with one or more colored pens. Electrostatic plotters "draw" a pattern on electro statically charged dots on the paper and then apply toner and fuse it in place. Plotters use three basic types of paper handling: flatbed, drum, and pinch roller. Flatbed plotters hold the paper still and move the pen along both x and y axes. Drum plotters roll the paper over a cylinder. The pen moves along one axis while the drum, with the paper attached, moves along the other. Pinch-roller plotters are a hybrid of the two, in which the pen moves only along one axis while the paper is moved back and forth by small rollers.

What is the difference between the Mainframe computer and the Super computer? A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. A supercomputer is typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both). At any given time, there are usually a few well-publicized supercomputers that operate at the very latest and always incredible speeds. Mainframe computer is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.

Let me know about BUS & Modem. Modem is output as well as input device at the same time. It receives the data (analog signal) coming through telephone line, converts them to digital signals and sends them to computer to which it is attached. It also receives the data from computer and changes it to analog signals. In general, the term is used in two somewhat different contexts: (1) A bus is a network topology or circuit arrangement in which all devices are attached to a line directly and all signals pass through each of the devices. Each device has a unique identity and can recognize those signals intended for it. (2) In a computer, a bus is the data path on the computer's motherboard that interconnects the microprocessor with attachments to the motherboard in expansion slots (such as hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and graphics adapters).

What is the main difference between VCD and DVD?

DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc technology that is expected to rapidly replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the audio compact disc) over the next few years. The digital versatile disc (DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of information on one of its two sides, or enough for a 133-minute movie. VCD (also called video CD, video compact disc or "disc") is a compact disk format based on CD-ROM XA that is specifically designed to hold MPEG-1 video data. VCD resolution is far short of the resolution of DVD. Each VCD disk holds 72-74 minutes of video and has a data transfer rate of 1.44 Mbps.

What are Embeded Computers? Do they have all the parts of hardware that normal PCs have? Embedded Computers are infact small chips which are programmed to do some specific task like Microprocessor of a PC. Examples include SIMs of Mobile sets,chips in machines of daily life usage etc.These dont contain all those parts that a simple PC has.

what is the purpose of transistor? The transistor, invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.

What is the true definition of Computer? Is computer a device or an electronic machine? A lot of definitions are there for computers. Here are some simple definitions. 1)A device that accepts data, processes the data in accordance with a stored program, generates results, and usually consists of input, output, storage, arithmetic, logic, and control units. 2) A functional unit that can perform substantial computation, including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations, without human intervention during a run. Please explain the Turning Machine in a bit detail. How did it play part in evolution of computer. It was introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do. A Turing machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbols on a tape, or moving along the tape to the left or right. The tape is marked off into squares, each of which can be filled with at most one symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing machine can only read or write on one of these squares, the square located directly below its "read/write" head.

What is the difference b/w network and internet? Two or more computers connected to communicate with each other form a network. The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission,

get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). Describe the Domain, Domain name & Protocol. 1) In general, a domain is an area of control or a sphere of knowledge. 2) On the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is organized in levels. The top level identifies geographic or purpose commonality (for example, the nation that the domain covers or a category such as "commercial"). The second level identifies a unique place within the top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent to a unique address on the Internet (an IP address). Lower levels of domain may also be used. 3) Protocols are the set of rules followed by the computers during communication. What is the different between HYPERLINK and HYPER MEDIA? Essentially, hypermedia is the modern extension of hypertext, the hyperlinked, text based documents of the original Internet. Hypermedia attempts to offer a working and learning environment that parallels human thinkingthat is, one in which the user can make associations between topics, rather than move sequentially from one to the next, as in an alphabetic list. An image or portion of text on a Web page that is linked to another Web page, either on the same site or in another Web site is called Hyperlink. via email means through email.

What is URL? When a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in a browser, he/she is sending an HTTP command to the web server directing it to retrieve and transmit the requested document. A URL is the global address of a web site. The first part of the address (i.e., http://) indicates which protocol is to be used. The second part specifies the IP address (i.e., http://www.ectag.org), which identifies the unique server assigned to the domain name (URL). The final part tells the server where the document or resource is located on the server.

What is working of Firewire in computing? With more than 30 times the bandwidth of the popular USB 1.1 peripheral standard, FireWire 400 has been the gold standard for high-speed data transfer. Apple was the first computer manufacturer to include Fire Wire across its entire product line. And now Apple has upped the ante yet again, effectively doubling data throughput with its implementation of the IEEE 1394b standard, FireWire 800, available on the 17-inch

PowerBook G4 and the Power Mac G4. FireWire is a way to connect different pieces of equipment so they can easily and quickly share information. FireWire is very similar to Universal Serial Bus (USB). The designers of FireWire, which actually precedes the development of USB, had several particular goals in mind when they created the standard: Fast transfer of data (up to 400 Mbps) Lots of devices on the bus Ease of use Hot pluggable Provide power through the cable Plug-and-play Low cabling cost Low implementation cost. How much the storage capacity of a punch card has? The punch cards used for the storage of data of different type and there storage capacity is different with respect to the kind of data store in them the normally store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results.

What is Quantum Mechanics? Factoring a number with 400 digits--a numerical feat needed to break some security codes--would take even the fastest supercomputer in existence billions of years. But a newly conceived type of computer, one that exploits quantum-mechanical interactions, might complete the task in a year or so, thereby defeating many of the most sophisticated encryption schemes in use. Sensitive data are safe for the time being, because no one has been able to build a practical quantum computer. But researchers have now demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Such a computer would look nothing like the machine that sits on your desk; surprisingly, it might resemble the cup of coffee at its side. Several research groups believe quantum computers based on the molecules in a liquid might one day overcome many of the limits facing conventional computers. Roadblocks to improving conventional computers will ultimately arise from the fundamental physical bounds to miniaturization (for example, because transistors and electrical wiring cannot be made slimmer than the width of an atom). Or they may come about for practical reasons--most likely because the facilities for fabricating still more powerful microchips will become prohibitively expensive. Yet the magic of quantum mechanics might solve both these problems.

What is the difference between "Internet & Intranet"? An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network. The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences. The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers)

What is the use of Java applets in World Wide Web? Java Applets are objects which are developed in Java and then embedded in HTML page and they are downloaded on Client machine. Applets can be used to some animation or some other processing to avoid congestion in network traffic.

What about machine cycle? Machine cycle is a set of four basic operations repeated by the control unit 1. fetching an instruction 2. decoding the instruction 3. executing the instruction and if necessary 4. storing the result. The time it takes to fetch is called instruction time, or f-time, and the time it take to decode and execute is called execution time or E-time. Adding together ftime and E-time gives the total time required for a machine cycle. The machine cycle is also called the instruction cycle.

What is Reduced Instruction Set Computing(RISC)? Acronym for reduced instruction set computers. A microprocessor design that focuses on rapid and efficient processing of a relatively small set of simple instructions that comprises most of the instructions a computer decodes and executes. RISC architecture optimizes each of these instructions so that it can be carried out very rapidlyusually within a single clock cycle. RISC chips thus execute simple instructions more quickly than general-purpose CISC (complex instruction set computers) microprocessors, which are designed to handle a much wider array of instructions. They are, however, slower than CISC chips at executing complex instructions, which must be broken down into many machine instructions that RISC microprocessors can perform.

Diffirence Between Fragmentation and Defragmentatoin? In fragmentation parts of a file that have become fragmented through rewriting and updating. A defragger physically restores the file to contiguous sectors on a hard disk to speed up access as much as 75 percent. This is also called process of defragmentation or "defragging;"

What is the distinguish between Parallel Tracks and Diagnol Tracks ? A tape storage scheme that places data on more than one separate parallel tracks on 1/2inch reel-to-reel magnetic tape. This is an old recording format used with computers that transfer data six bits at a time. Data is recorded as 6 data bits and 1 parity bit (An extra bit used in checking for errors in groups of data bits transferred within or between computer

systems.). Some personal computers now use the 9-track tape storage scheme. Diagonal is one of numerous circular data storage areas on a floppy disk or a hard drive, comparable to a groove on a record but not spiral. Tracks, composed of sectors, are recorded on a disk by an operating system during a disk format operation. Explain the Diffirence between Transactional Processing and Real Time Processing. Real time processing that process information at the same rate as they receive data, enabling them to direct or control a process. Transaction processing is a processing method in which transactions are executed immediately after they are received by the system. Transanction processing and real time processing is almost the same thing.

what is the difference between World wide web and the internet? Internet is a type of network and it is a net of networks that connects computers around the world. OR. A set of computer networks that may be dissimilar and are joined together by means of gateways that handle data transfer and conversion of messages from the sending networks' protocols to those of the receiving network. WWW (world wide web) is a technology and is defined as the total set of interlinked hypertext documents residing on HTTP servers all around the world. Documents on the World Wide Web, called pages or Web pages, are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), by identified by URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that specify the particular machine and pathname by which a file can be accessed, and transmitted from node to node to the end user under HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Codes, called tags, embedded in an HTML document associate particular words and images in the document with URLs so that a user can access another file, which may be halfway around the world, at the press of a key or the click of a mouse. These files may contain text (in a variety of fonts and styles), graphics images, movie files, sounds, and Java applets, or other small embedded software programs that execute when a Web page is accessed or when the user activates them by clicking on a link. A user visiting a Web page also may be able to download files from an FTP site and send messages to other users via e-mail by using links on the Web page. The World Wide Web was developed by Timothy Berners-Lee in 1989 for the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN).

What is event handling in web page? To understand the event handling first we have to know what is event. Clicking the button, then, is an event. In fact, it is an event named "Click"! A whole category of events was defined based on actions that the user might take; for instance, the Change event will trigger when the user selects an item in a drop down menu (a select object) or the Submit event triggers when the user submits a form. Each event applies to certain elements on the page and some events could apply to multiple elements: the Change event only applies to a drop down menu but the Click event applies to a button and a hyperlink. Now

for each event the java script take some action to handle the event, The basic syntax of these event handlers is: name_of_handler="JavaScript code here" For example: onClick="alert('hello!')" For more information read your book or visit the web site http://www.tstc.edu/~rpursley/javaprog/mice.html http://wdvl.internet.com/Authoring/JavaScript/Events/ http://www.javascriptkit.com/javatutors/event1.shtml. what is Micro-Controller? A microcontroller is a complete computer on a chip but it does not contain large amounts of memory. They have their own processor and low memory. Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and automobiles.

What is Main Memory Bottleneck and Bus? Modern super-fast microprocessors can process a huge amount of data in a short duration so they require quick access to data to maximize their performance, If they dont receive the data that they require, they literally stop and wait this results in reduced performance and wasted power and this is called main memory bottle neck and this bottle neck can be solved by putting the small amount of memory within the processor which is called cache memory which store data from the main memory which is being used in near future to avoid the main memory bottle neck. Buses are the set of hardware lines (conductors) used for data transfer among the components of a computer system. A bus is essentially a shared highway that connects different parts of the systemincluding the microprocessor, disk-drive controller, memory, and input/output portsand enables them to transfer information. The bus consists of specialized groups of lines that carry different types of information. One group of lines carries data; another carries memory addresses (locations) where data items are to be found; yet another carries control signals. Buses are characterized by the number of bits they can transfer at a single time, equivalent to the number of wires within the bus. A computer with a 32-bit address bus and a 16-bit data bus, for example, can transfer 16 bits of data at a time from any of 232 memory locations. Most microcomputers contain one or more expansion slots into which additional boards can be plugged to connect them to the bus.

What is the purpose of attribute "Action" in "Form" Tag ? The Action attribute specify the file that takes action against the form submission. Infact the value of "Action" attribute in "Form" tag is always a URL(Uniform Resource Locator). This URL represents path of that file which has to take some action when u submit your form. For example, When u fill ur form for email address on free email services ( like Yahoo or Hotmail ) , and press "submit" button,u r given error if u have

missed any field and congratulated if u have done well, that all validation is done by that file whose URL is given in that form's Action attribute. What is difference b/w JavaScript,JScript and HTML ? JavaScript is a platform-independent, event-driven, interpreted programming language developed by Netscape Communications Corp. and Sun Microsystems.JavaScript is useful for adding interactivity to the World Wide Web because scripts can be embedded in HTML files (i.e., web pages) simply by enclosing code in a tag pair. All modern browsers can interpret JavaScript -- albeit with some irritating caveats. (More about them below.).In practice, JavaScript is a fairly universal extension to HTML that can enhance the user experience through event handling and client-side execution, while extending a web developer's control over the client's browser. JScript is approx. same except it is from Microsoft Corporation. HTML stands for the HyperText Markup Language. HTML is the major language of the Internet's World Wide Web. Web sites and web pages are written in HTML. With HTML and the world wide web, you have the ability to bring together text, pictures, sounds, and links... all in one place! HTML files are plain text files, so they can be composed and edited on any type of computer... Windows, Mac, UNIX, whatever.

What are Literals ? Literals are simply literally-written things, like a number or a string of characters. Numbers are, in turn, treated as either integers (1,2,3, ....) or real (12.3, 5.21e23, ....) depending on how they are written. Strings, or String literals are surrounded by quotation marks (either single quotes or double quotes). For example Example:: In example, x=12345 12345 is literal (integer) In eg, x=12.43 12.43 is literal (real) In eg, Var x = y*5.21e4 5.21e4 is literal (real) In eg , var string ='that' "that" is literal String In eg, var answer = true; true is literal Boolean For string literals, you need special sequences to type to enter things like carriage returns, tabs, etc. These are listed in a separate document.

What is a good online resource for the early learners of JavaScript? Beginners can benefit from the following web-site for Learning JavaScript: http://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp.

Why we use micro-controller instead of microprocessor? The Micro-controllers are designed to perform some specific tasks. Unlike microprocessors they cannot operate independently because they do not have RAM of

their own. Micro-controllers are embedded as part of various devices/equipment e.g. Micro Wave Ovens, Televisions, Air conditioners, security systems etc. Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that has three major portions: 1) Arithmetic Unit 2) Control Unit 3) Data Bus/Registers and is capable of performing tasks independently. What is a word processor? A program used to create, format, modify, save for later use and print documents. The key advantage of word processor is its ability to make changes easily, such as correcting spelling, changing margins, or adding, deleting, and relocating entire blocks of text. Once created, the document can be printed quickly and accurately and saved for later modifications.

Why Internet Explorer & Netscape Navigator are available for free? Initially Netscape Navigator was not free but ever since the Internet Explorer was launched by Microsoft, it is provided free with different products like Windows , MSOffice etc. forcing manufacturers of Netscape to distribute it free of cost. This was also a strategic move to break the market of Netscape Navigator. While Netscape was maturer in technology as well as stable in performance but due to free availability, the Internet Explorer gained a lot of popularity.

Why Multiple processors are used in Super Computers? One very powerful processor is a lot more expensive than thousands of small processors. Multiple processors running in parallel can perform tasks as efficiently as the single most powerful chip available, but at a lot less cost. Hence it is very economical to use multiple smaller processors working in parallel than a single powerful processor in supercomputers.

What is the Capacity of Cache memory? There are two types of cache. Internal & external. The capacity of internal as well as external cache varies from processor to processor i.e. Intel P-III 1 GHz has cache memory of size 512 KB and Intel Celeron 1GHz processor has cache memory varying from 128 to 256 KB.

Classify the different types of memory. 1. Main memory (usually RAM: Random Access Memory)

2. ROM (Read Only Memory used to hold BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 3. Cache Memory (on both board & processor) 4. Virtual memory(RAM on disk) (Note: Keep the difference between memory and storage in mind.) What is Virtual memory? A part of disk storage can be made to behave like RAM. This is known as Virtual Memory. When a file or program is too big for the computer to work with in its memory, part of the data is stored on disk. This virtual storage is divided into segments called pages; each page is correlated with a location in physical memory, or RAM. When a page, which is not currently in the main memory, is referenced, it is swapped into memory and is sent back to disk when other pages must be called and loaded into main memory in place of the old one. The program runs as if all the data is in memory.

What is Bus? A set of conductors, which connect the functional units in a computer. It is called a bus because it travels to all destinations (Actually it is like a network of connected roads used by data to travel from one part to another). There are local buses that connect elements within the CPU and buses which connect the computer to external memory and peripherals. The bus width determines the speed of data transmission. Most personal computers use 32-bit buses both internally and externally. Internal buses are configured in parallel; there are also serial busses between computers in networks (usually).

What is Batch Processing Computer System? A system that takes a set (a "batch") of commands or jobs, executes them and returns the results, all without human intervention. This contrasts with an interactive system where the user's commands and the computer's responses are interleaved during a single run.