Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24

BIOLOGY
10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader

A View of Life

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Defining Life
Living things:
Comprised of the same chemical elements e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Obey the same physical and chemical laws Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular).
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus Cells are produced from preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
2

Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic: Bacteria Paramecium Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular): Snow goose Humans
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bacteria

Paramecium

Morel

Sunflower

Snow goose

(Bacteria): Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): Royalty-Free Corbis; (Sunflower): Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): Charles Bush Photography

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Defining Life
Each level of organization has Emergent Properties Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere) Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it
Emergent properties:
Interactions between the parts making up the whole All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

Levels of Biological Organization

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biosphere Regions of the Earths crust, w aters, and atmosphere inhabited by liv ing things

Ecosystem A community plus the physical env ironment

Community Interacting populations in a particular area

Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Organism An indiv idual; complex indiv iduals contain organ systems

Organ System Composed of sev eral organs w orking together

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

Tissue A group of cells w ith a common structure and function

Cell The structural and functional unit of all liv ing things

Molecule Union of tw o or more atoms of the same or different elements

Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes

The sun:
Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules) Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism. Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain
boundaries
6

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Acquiring Nutrients
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

food

a.

d.

e.

b.

a: Niebrugge Images; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: Charles Bush Photography; d: Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

c.

f.

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population In most multicellular organisms reproduction:
Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization) Followed by cell division and differentiation Developmental instructions encoded in genes
Composed of DNA Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

10

Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation
Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life Organisms become modified over long period time
Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor Descent with modification - Evolution Caused by natural selection
11

Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology

Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics
Composed of cells organized in a similar manner Their genes are composed of DNA Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy

This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

12

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Classification
Taxonomy:
Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it (e.g. kingdom)

13

Levels of Classification

14

Domains
Bacteria
Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea
Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes Extreme aquatic environments

Eukarya
Eukaryotes Familiar organisms
15

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Evolutionary Tree of Life

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

Protists

Photosynthetic protist Plants cell with nucleus

EUKARYA Fungi

Heterotrophic Protist common ancestor

Animals

Past Time

Present

16

Domains: The Archaea

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to extreme environments Absorb or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon

Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

1.6

17

Domains: The Bacteria

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to all environments Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium

A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

1.5

18

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Kingdoms
Archaea Kingdoms still being worked out Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out Eukarya
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
19

Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Protists
Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food

KINGDOM: Plants
Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells Photosynthesize food

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

KINGDOM: Fungi
Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells Absorb food1

KINGDOM: Animals
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells Ingest food

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

Vulpes, a red fox

(Protist): Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): Rob Planck/Tom Stack; (Animal): Royalty-Free/Corbis

20

Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo Sapience Universal Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. Sapience Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli
21

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Organization of the Biosphere

Population - Members of a species within an area Community - A local collection of interacting populations Ecosystem A community plus its physical environment
How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators
22

Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
heat

solar energy

heat heat

heat heat

heat

WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION

Chemical cycling Energy flow

23

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Healthy coral reef

1975 Minimal coral death b.

1985 Some coral death with no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with limited chance of recovery

2004 Coral is black from sedimentation; bleaching still evident

a: Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): Dr. Phillip Dustan

24

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

A View of Life

Human Populations
Humans modify ecosystems
Humans negative impact on ecosystems:
Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc. Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.

However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for

Food Medicines Raw materials Other ecosystem processes
25

Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist
Abundance of species estimated about 15 million. The variability of their genes, and The ecosystems in which they live

Extinction is:
The death of the last member of a species Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide
26

The Scientific Method

Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with observation
Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms Take advantage of prior studies

Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general
27

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

10

A View of Life

The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.

Conclusion The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

28

The Scientific Method: Experimentation

Experimentation
Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid
If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged If not, hypothesis is unsupportable
29

The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results Findings must be reported in scientific journals Peers review the findings and the conclusions Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings
30

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

11

A View of Life

The Scientific Method: Results

Results or Data
Observable, objective results from an experiment Strength of the data expressed in probabilities The probability that random variation could have caused the results
Low probability (less than 5%) is good Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random chance as the sole cause of the results
31

Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory:
Joins together two or more related hypotheses Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data

Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories No serious challenges to validity
32

Controlled Experiments
Experimental (Independent) variable
Applied one way to experimental group Applied a different way to control group

Response (dependent) variable

Variable that is measured to generate data Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group
33

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

12

A View of Life

Controlled Experiments
Observations:
Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage soils by altering its properties When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds natural nitrogen

Hypothesis:
Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much as nitrates Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils
34

Root Nodules
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nodules

Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.

35

Controlled Experiments
Experimental Design
Control Group
Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer

Experimental Groups
1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate 2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate 3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a crop of pigeon peas

All groups treated identically except for above

36

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

13

A View of Life

Crop Rotation Study

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control pots

Test pots

Test pots

no fertilization treatment

90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

20
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)

15

Control Pots = no fertilization treatment Test Pots = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

a. Control pots and test pots of three types

Test pots 45 kg of nitrogen/ha

10

0 b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

year 1

year 2

year 3

37

Controlled Experiments
Experimental Prediction:
Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer

Results
45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls 90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as controls Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the controls
38

Controlled Experiments
Conclusion
Research hypothesis was not supported by results However, research hypothesis was not proven false by negative results

Revised experiment
Grow wheat in same pots for several generations Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved production in pigeon pea pots

39

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Chapter 01

14

A View of Life

Controlled Experiments
Results
After second year:
Production following nitrates declined Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all

After third year

Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls

Revised conclusions
Research hypothesis supported Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over nitrates

40