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A Strategy for Real Power Control in a Direct-Drive PMSG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System
Omid Alizadeh, Student Member, IEEE, and Amirnaser Yazdani, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractAs the penetration of wind energy into the power system continues to grow, wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are increasingly expected to be able to control their output real power, while retaining their maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) capability. This paper proposes a simple real power control strategy, which augments the MPPT feature of modern WECSs, and is based on rapid torque control as opposed to the traditional pitch-angle control. This paper presents the implementation of the proposed control strategy for a direct-drive WECS that employs the permanent-magnet synchronous generator, even though the proposed method can also be extended to other classes of electronically interfaced WECSs. The paper also presents a parameter-tuning procedure for the proposed control strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated through mathematical analysis and time-domain simulation studies. Index TermsControl, damping, direct drive, eigenvalue analysis, permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), wind energy.

I. INTRODUCTION

control, rather than the (slow) pitch-angle control presented in [4][6]. Thus, the pitch-angle control is not exercised for output real power control, but it is employed, exclusively and, as per the common practice, for limiting the mechanical power if the turbine overspeeds. Rapid torque control, however, can excite drive-train torsional modes, especially since the drive-train stiffness is, in general, inversely proportional to the number of generator poles [7] and is therefore low in a WECS with a high-pole PMSG. Moreover, a high-pole PMSG possesses no inherent damping [8]. Drive-train oscillations, if not damped, impact the operation and may even lead to instabilities. Thus, a supplementary active damping scheme is designed for the proposed power-control strategy, based on a detailed mathematical model and eigenvalue analysis of the WECS. The proposed control strategy and its supplementary active damping scheme enable the control of the WECS output real power, from a low value up to the maximum power corresponding to the prevailing wind speed. The active damping strategy, however, is not unique and may be achieved through other reported techniques [9][11]. II. STRUCTURE OF THE DIRECT-DRIVE WECS Fig. 1 illustrates a simplied schematic diagram of a directdrive PMSG-based WECS. The WECS is composed of a wind turbine, a high-pole PMSG, and a power-electronic ac-dc-ac converter, which interfaces the PMSG to the host utility grid. The ac-dc-ac converter, in turn, consists of two back-to-back voltage-sourced converters, VSC1 and VSC2. The converter VSC1 controls the PMSG torque and, thus, the power that the PMSG extracts from the wind turbine, whereas VSC2 regulates the dc-link voltage by controlling the real power that it exchanges with the grid. The converter VSC2 can also exchange reactive power with the grid, to support the grid or enhance voltage stability [12]. In Fig. 1, the composition of the wind turbine, PMSG, VSC1, and the scheme that controls VSC1 is labeled as the energy capture subsystem, whereas the composition of the dc-link capacitor, VSC2, the tie reactor , and the control scheme for the regulation of the dc-link voltage and reactive power is identied as the controlled dc-voltage power port [13]. This paper exclusively studies the dynamics of the energy capture subsystem; this is possible since the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 effectively decouples the dynamics of the utility grid from those of the wind turbine, drive-train, and PMSG. III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND CONTROL SCHEMES This section presents a mathematical model for the energy capture subsystem of the WECS of Fig. 1. For the sake of compactness, hereafter, the same notation will be adopted for a vari-

HE anticipated large-scale integration of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) into the electric power system indicates that system operators should be able to control the output real and reactive powers of the WECSs, to more effectively take part in the control of the power system and to ride through faults and other contingencies [1]. While the reactive-power controllability of electronically interfaced WECSs is widely recognized, their real power controllability has received insignicant attention and, thus far, been merely utilized for maximum power-point tracking (MPPT). This paper proposes a strategy for controlling the output real power of a direct-drive WECS that employs a high-pole permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) [2]. The choice is based on the expectation that PMSG-based WECSs will be widely deployed in the future, due to their low-loss generators, low maintenance requirements, and quiet drive-trains [3]. The proposed real power control strategy is based on rapid torque

Manuscript received June 29, 2011; revised November 04, 2012; accepted April 04, 2013. Date of publication May 03, 2013; date of current version June 20, 2013. This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, and in part by the Faculty of Engineering, the University of Western Ontario. Paper no. TPWRD-00558-2011. O. Alizadeh is with the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 5B9 Canada (e-mail: oalizade@uwo.ca). A. Yazdani is with Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada (e-mail: yazdani@ryerson.ca). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2258177

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Fig. 1. Simplied schematic diagram of the direct-drive WECS. Fig. 2. Block diagram of the PMSG power control scheme.

able and its Laplace transform. In addition, the superscript signies the reference value (setpoint) for a variable. A. Mechanical Torque and Drive-Train The mechanical torque of a wind turbine is given by: (1) where is the turbine torque (in Nm), is the turbine power (in watts), is the turbine angular speed (in radians per second), is the turbine radius (in meters), is the air mass density (in ), is the wind speed (in meters per second), is the turbine tip-speed ratio (unitless), is the pitch angle (in degrees), and (unitless) is the so-called turbine power efciency [14]. Drive-train dynamics may be represented by models of different levels of complexity. However, as discussed in references [15] and [16], a two-mass model is adequate for capturing the dynamics that affect stability; higher-order models are commonly employed for studying the mechanical fatigue of the turbine drive-train. Thus, ignoring the mechanical losses, the drive-train is represented by the following two-mass model: (2) (3) (4) is the PMSG rotor speed (in rad/s); and rewhere spectively signify the turbine and PMSG moments of inertia (in ); is the drive-train stiffness (in Nm/rad); the variable represents the torsional displacement of the drive-train (in rad); and denotes the PMSG torque (in Nm). Equations (1) through (4) constitute a state-space drive-train model for the energy capture subsystem. B. Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) The PMSG torque control is performed in a rotating frame whose direct axis is aligned with the PMSG rotor ux vector, as discussed in [13]. The control can be tuned such that responds to its setpoint based on the following rst-order transfer function: (5) for which the time constant is a design parameter [13].

If the PMSG torque is controlled, the PMSG power can be regulated. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of a control scheme whose main objective is to force the PMSG power to track the power setpoint . The setpoint is determined based on the mode of operation, as will be explained in the next section. Fig. 2 also illustrates the pitch-angle control process whose function is to ensure that the turbine and PMSG speeds do not exceed the maximum permissible value, . Thus, if exceeds , a PI compensator increases to decrease the turbine power and regulate at ; if is smaller than , the compensator output is saturated at its lower limit, , to maximize the turbine power. Fig. 2 further shows that the PI compensator output passes through a rate limiter which represents the limited speed at which the pitch angle can be changed in practice. IV. PROPOSED CONTROL AND MODES OF OPERATION The objective of the proposed control is to enable the WECS to exercise power-ow control in addition to the MPPT. Thus, two modes of operation are dened for the WECS of Fig. 1: (1) the MPPT mode, and (2) the controlled-power (CP) mode. The operating mode is determined by the way that the setpoint is stipulated, as explained next. A. MPPT Mode of Operation In the MPPT mode, the objective is to maximize the power that the turbine extracts. This can be achieved if is maximized. To maximize , must be kept constant at its optimum value , regardless of the wind speed. The objective is fullled if the PMSG power setpoint is determined based on the following law [17]: (6) in which the constant is (7) It then follows from assuming a fast control that Thus, (6) can be rewritten as . (8) Fig. 3 illustrates the characteristic curve of a wind turbine (heavy solid line), for a wind speed. The gure also plots the

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Fig. 4. Block diagram illustrating the generation of the power setpoint

than ; otherwise, is equal to and the energy capture subsystem operates in the MPPT mode. Therefore, to permanently leave the system in the MPPT mode, it is sufcient to assign an adequately large value (e.g., larger than the value of that corresponds to the rated wind speed). V. EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS
Fig. 3. Characteristic curves of a wind turbine for a wind speed and two dif(heavy solid line) and (light ferent values of pitch angle, that is, solid line).

PMSG power versus rotor speed, based on (8) (dashed line). It is observed that if the WECS is in the MPPT mode, the operating point settles at point A (intersection of the two curves) which corresponds to the maximum turbine power at the given wind speed. B. Controlled-Power (CP) Mode of Operation In the CP mode, the objective is to regulate the WECS output power at the command value , regardless of the wind speed. Thus, is given the value of . Let us assume that, initially, the WECS is in the MPPT mode, , , and ; then the value of (and therefore ) is rapidly changed from to (i.e., subsequent to a switching from the MPPT mode to the CP mode). As Fig. 3 indicates, this causes the PMSG power to drop below the turbine power and results in an increase in towards a new value, . Depending on the wind speed, can be larger than the maximum permissible rotor speed, , as for the example illustrated in Fig. 3. The situation is circumvented by the pitch-angle control mechanism; thus, once exceeds , the pitch-angle control scheme increases and consequently alters the power-speed characteristic of the wind turbine, to the one shown by light solid line in Fig. 3, such that drops to and the rotor speed settles at (corresponding to point C in Fig. 3). To ensure that the PMSG and turbine power-speed curves have at least one crossing point [see Fig. 3], in the CP mode is limited to the value . Therefore, if is so large that cannot overtake it at the given wind speed, then will be limited to and, effectively, the system continues to operate in the MPPT mode until either there will be a rise in the wind speed (thus increasing the corresponding ) or the system operator steps down the command . Fig. 4 illustrates a mechanism for selecting between the MPPT and CP modes of operation. As Fig. 4 shows, the setpoint is obtained from the output of a hard limiter whose input and upper saturation limit are and , respectively (the lower saturation limit is zero). Thus, is equal to and the CP mode is exercised, as long as is smaller

An eigenvalue analysis is performed to reveal the dynamic properties of the energy capture subsystem and to tune the parameters of the proposed power control strategy. To that end, a linearized model is developed and analyzed. The numerical examples presented hereafter are based on an example WECS whose parameters are reported in Appendix A. The same example WECS has also been simulated in time domain for producing the results reported in Section VII. As Fig. 2 indicates, the compensator of the power control scheme can be described by (9) Replacing with time domain, one nds in (9) and expressing the resultant in

(10) As Fig. 2 indicates, if saturation is ignored, to the compensator output and one nds in (5) is equal (11) Eliminating stituting for deduces between (10) and (3), and then subfrom (11) in the resulting equation, one

(12) Equations (2) through (4), (11), and (12), along with the algebraic (1), constitute the following nonlinear state-space model for the energy capture subsystem: (13) is the vector of state for which variables (superscript T denotes matrix transposition), and are the (inter-related) control inputs, and is the disturbance input. is a vector of nonlinear functions of the state variables and inputs. It should be noted that (13)

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TABLE I EIGENVALUES
OF THE ENERGY CAPTURE FOR THE CP MODE

SUBSYSTEM;

Fig. 6. Block diagram illustrating the implementation of the active damping control. Fig. 5. Absolute value of the real part of the dominant eigenvalue of and . function of as a

assumes a constant pitch angle (i.e., it ignores the dynamics of the pitch-angle control mechanism) to keep the mathematical model tractable. The approximation is plausible since the pitch-angle is normally settled at its minimum value, and varies only if the turbine speed exceeds its maximum value. Moreover, the ignored dynamics are, by design and by nature, remarkably slower than those of the state variables in . However, the simulation model used for the assessment of the proposed control strategy includes the pitch-angle control loop (Section VII). In the MPPT mode, is determined based on (6). Taking derivatives with respect to time from both sides of (6), and eliminating between the resulting equation and (3), one nds (14) Substituting in (13) for and , respectively, from (6) and (14), and linearizing the resulting set of equations, one deduces (15) and are matrices whose elements are functions of where the steady-state operating point of the system, and ~ denotes the small-signal perturbation of a variable; the matrices are introduced in Appendix B. For the example WECS, Fig. 5 plots the absolute value of , that is, the real part of the dominant eigenvalue of , as a function of and ; the dominant eigenvalue is dened as the eigenvalue with the smallest real part (in absolute value), and has been calculated for the operating point that corresponds to 9.0 m/s. As Fig. 5 illustrates, is maximized if 1.0 and 2.4; these values are adopted for subsequent analyses. In the CP mode, and, thus, the linearized version of (13) takes the form (16)

Fig. 7. Control block diagram of the active damping scheme.

where and are matrices whose elements are functions of the system steady-state operating point; the matrices are introduced in Appendix B. Table I reports the eigenvalues of and . It is observed that in the MPPT mode, the system has two pairs of complexconjugate eigenvalues that correspond to two stable but poorly damped eigenmodes. The situation is even worse for the CP mode; in the CP mode, the energy capture subsystem has an unstable oscillatory mode. Thus, both modes of operation call for an active damping mechanism, which will be described in the next section. VI. ACTIVE DAMPING STRATEGY A. Structure The active damping scheme designed hereafter augments the PMSG torque setpoint with a high-pass ltered measure of the rotor speed, through the scheme illustrated in Fig. 6. As Fig. 6 shows, rst the ac component of the rotor speed is extracted by passing through a high-pass lter, . Then, a compensator processes the error between zero and the lter output , and determines the supplementary component for the PMSG torque setpoint . As illustrated in Fig. 7, the active damping scheme of Fig. 6 results in a control loop whose objective is to (rapidly) force the ac component of to zero. Let be a second-order high-pass lter of the form (17) for which and are the corner frequency and quality factor, respectively. For the example WECS, Fig. 8 shows a family of curves that plot the imaginary part (frequency) of the unstable complex-conjugate eigenvalues in the CP mode (see Table I), for a corresponding set of wind speeds, as a function of the ratio

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Differentiating (3) with respect to time, eliminating between the result and (4), and expressing the result in the smallsignal form, one deduces (21) Substituting for from (19) in (21), one nds

(22) Eliminating between (22) and the expression of (17) in the small-signal time-domain form, one concludes that

Fig. 8. Variation of the damped natural frequency as a function of the normalized power command in the CP mode.

. As the gure indicates, the frequency of the unstable mode varies over a fairly narrow range about 4.05 rad/s. Considering this frequency band, the choices of and rad/s result in a small difference between and , in terms of magnitude and phase angle. As will be discussed in the next subsection, the choice of a pure gain for results in stable operation. B. Eigenvalue Analysis To assess the effectiveness of the presented active damping scheme, and to nd the optimum value for the gain , the state-space model of Section V is modied. If , as Fig. 6 indicates, the supplementary component of the PMSG torque setpoint is (18) It then follows from replacing by in (5) [see Fig. 6], expressing the result in the small-signal time-domain form, and substituting for from (18) in the nal form that (19) Eliminating between (10) and (3), linearizing the refrom (19) in the nal form, one sult, and substituting for deduces

(23) Equations (19), (20), (23), and the small-signal versions of (2)(4) constitute a state-space model for the energy capture subsystems augmented with the presented active damping scheme. Replacing and in the state-space model with their expressions corresponding to each mode of operation, the following linear state-space models are obtained: for the MPPT mode for the CP mode (24) (25)

(20)

where ; the matrices , , , and are introduced in Appendix B. For the example WECS, Fig. 9 plots the migration of the (initially) unstable complex-conjugate eigenvalues in the CP mode, when the active damping mechanism is enabled and is varied from zero to . The migration plot is sketched for the operating point that corresponds to 9.0 m/s and 1.5 MW. It is observed that the eigenvalues, which are unstable for , migrate toward the left-half plane as is increased, but move back toward the imaginary axis once surpasses a certain value. This behavior indicates the existence of an optimum value for . The optimum value is computed such that the complex-conjugate eigenvalues possesses the maximum damping ratio. This, for the example WECS, corresponds to the choice of , which results in the smallest angle between the real axis and the tangent to the migration plot. Table II reports the eigenvalues of the energy capture subsystem under the MPPT and CP modes of operation. A comparison of the results reported in Table I conrms the improved

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Fig. 9. Migration plot of the (initially) unstable eigenvalues in the CP mode for different values of .

TABLE II EIGENVALUES OF THE ENERGY CAPTURE SUBSYSTEM WITH ACTIVE DAMPING CONTROL; 9 m/s, , FOR THE CP MODE 1.5 MW

Fig. 11. Response to the operation mode change from MPPT to CP.

shows, for , the response is oscillatory and unstable, while results in sustained oscillations. However, as expected, results in a damped response. Fig. 11 further indicates that the frequency of oscillations closely match those predicted by the eigenvalue analysis. For example, Fig. 11(b) indicates that the period of oscillations for is about 1.56 ( 4.69/3) s, which corresponds to an angular frequency of about 4.03 rad/s. This frequency is very close to that indicated by Fig. 9 for .
Fig. 10. Migration plot of the dominant eigenvalues for the wind speed varies from 6 to 12 m/s. (a) . , when and (b)

VII. SIMULATION RESULTS To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power control strategy, the detailed switched model of the example WECS has been subjected to various operating conditions. In the graphs to follow, the angular velocities are expressed in rad/s, the torques are expressed in MNm, the powers are expressed in MW, the dc-link voltage is expressed in kV, the wind speed is expressed in m/s, and the pitch angle is expressed in degrees. Figs. 12 and 13 illustrate the WECS response to changes in the operating mode and wind speed. Before s, MW and the wind speed is assumed to be 9.0 m/s. In this case, the WECS is operating in the MPPT mode and the turbine yields the maximum power. The example WECS then experiences the following sequence of events: (1) at s, is stepped from 6.0 MW down to 1.5 MW and, since the maximum power corresponding to m/s is about 2.1 MW, the operation mode is changed from the MPPT mode to the CP mode; (2) at s, the wind speed assumes a step change from 9.0 to 12 m/s and thus the WECS remains in the CP mode; (3) at s, is stepped further down to 0.5 MW and thus the WECS

damping of the complex-conjugate eigenvalues with higher undamped natural frequency, under the presented active damping scheme. More important, the active damping scheme has stabilized the system in the CP mode, as all of the eigenvalues lie in the left-half plane. For the example WECS, Fig. 10 plots the migration of the dominant eigenvalues for a constant and two different values of the ratio , when the wind speed varies from 6 to 12 m/s. It is observed that some eigenvalues approach the imaginary axis as the wind speed increases. Nonetheless, the system remains stable over the entire wind speed range, and the eigenmodes are well damped. To verify the accuracy of the developed mathematical model, the response of to an abrupt switching from the MPPT mode to the CP mode is depicted in Fig. 11. The response is obtained from a detailed switched model of the example WECS, developed in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment [18], for the gains , , and . As Fig. 11

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Fig. 13. Response to changes in the operation mode and wind speed (cont.).

TABLE III WIND TURBINE PARAMETERS

TABLE IV PMSG PARAMETERS

Fig. 12. Response to changes in the operation mode and wind speed.

continues to operate in the CP mode; (4) at s, the wind speed changes stepwise from 12 to 9.0 m/s. However, since the maximum power corresponding to m/s is larger than MW, the WECS retains its CP operating mode; (5) at s, is stepped up to 3.5 MW. This command is larger than the maximum power for m/s, that is, 2.1 MW. Therefore, the WECS experiences a change from the CP mode to the MPPT mode and, as such, its output power settles at 2.1 MW; and (6) at s, the wind speed again rises stepwise from 9.0 to 12 m/s and, since the maximum power corresponding to m/s (about 5.0 MW) is larger than 3.5 MW, the operating mode reverts back to the CP mode and the output power settles at 3.5 MW. Fig. 12 shows that the output power rapidly tracks during the periods when the WECS operates in the CP mode, that is, from to 150 s, and from s onwards. The gure also indicates that the rises in the wind speed, at s and 110 s, when the system is in the CP mode, result in transient excursions in the output power, but have no effects on the steady-state command following. It is interesting to note that at s when is changed from 0.5 to 3.5 MW,

TABLE V COMPENSATORS AND OTHER PARAMETERS

the output power transiently overshoots, but reverts to its steady state value of 2.1 MW (that is, the maximum power for the wind speed of 9.0 m/s). The reason for the overshoot is the stored mechanical energy of the drive-train inertia, which is momentarily released. Fig. 13 shows the waveform of the supplementary component of the PMSG torque setpoint [Fig. 13(a)], and the pitch angle waveform [Fig. 13(b)]. It is observed that transiently responds to each disturbance, but settles down at zero. By contrast, the pitch angle only responds to those disturbances that cause the drive-train speed to exceed (and to be in need of regulation at) the maximum permissible value of 1.35 rad/s [see Fig. 12(a) and (b).

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(26)

(27)

VIII. CONCLUSION This paper presented a simple real power control strategy based on rapid control of the generator torque. The implementation of the proposed control was demonstrated for a direct-drive WECS that employs a PMSG. It was shown that the proposed strategy enables rapid control of the WECS output power, from small values up to the maximum power that corresponds to the prevailing wind conditions, but results in the instability of the drive-train torsional modes. Therefore, the paper also presented a supplementary active damping scheme and a procedure for parameter tuning. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was demonstrated by mathematical analyses and time-domain simulation studies. APPENDIX A PARAMETERS OF THE EXAMPLE WECS The parameters of the example WECS are reported in Table III and Table IV. The other parameters are introduced in Table V. The saturation limits on the PMSG torque setpoint (see Figs. 2 and 6) are set to 4.8 MNm. APPENDIX B ANALYTICAL FORMS OF MATRICES The analytical forms of the matrices , , , , , and are presented in (26) through (31). Matrices and can be obtained by eliminating 6th and 7th rows and columns from matrices and , respectively. The entries of these matrices are functions of the steady-state values of the variables (denoted by the overline). See (27) at the top of the page. (28) (29)

(30) (31)

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[1] W. Qiao and R. G. Harley, Grid connection requirements and solutions for dg wind turbines, in Proc. IEEE Energy 2030 Conf., Atlanta, GA, USA, Feb. 2009, pp. 18. [2] Y. Chen, P. Pillary, and A. Khan, PM wind generator topologies, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 16191626, Nov./Dec. 2005. [3] L. Soderlund and J. T. Eriksson, A permanent-magnet generator for wind power applications, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 23892392, Jul. 1996. [4] E. Muljadi and C. P. Buttereld, Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 240246, Jan./Feb. 2001. [5] P. K. Keung, P. Li, H. Banakar, and B. T. Ooi, Kinetic energy of wind turbine generators for system frequency support, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 279287, Feb. 2009. [6] F. A. Bhuiyan and A. Yazdani, Multimode control of a dg based wind power unit for remote applications, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 20792089, Oct. 2009. [7] C. Jauch, Transient and dynamic control of a variable speed wind turbine with synchronous generator, Wind Energy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 247269, Feb. 2007. [8] G. Michalke, A. Hansen, and T. Hartkopf, Control strategy of a variable speed wind turbine with multipole permanent magnet synchronous generator, presented at the Eur. Wind Energy Conf. Exhibit., Milan, Italy, May 2007. [9] A. Hansen and G. Michalke, Modeling and control of variable speed multi pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine, Wind Energy, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 537554, 2008. [10] J. M. Mauricio, A. E. Leon, A. Gomez-Exposito, and J. A. Solsona, An electrical approach to mechanical effort reduction in wind energy conversion systems, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 11081110, Dec. 2008. [11] H. Geng, D. Xu, B. Wu, and G. Yang, Active damping for PMSGbased WECS with DC-link current estimation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 11101119, Apr. 2011. [12] H. W. Kim, S. S. Kim, and H. S. Ku, Modeling and control of PMSGbased variable-speed wind turbine, Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 4652, Jan. 2010.

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[13] A. Yazdani and R. Iravani, Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE/Wiley, 2010. [14] S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1998. [15] S. M. Muyeen, M. H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and J. Takahashi, Comparative study on transient stability analysis of wind turbine generator system using different drive train models, IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131141, Jun. 2007. [16] G. Ramtharan, N. Jenkins, O. Anaya-Lara, and E. Bossanyi, Inuence of rotor structural dynamics representations on the electrical transient performance of FSIG and DFIG wind turbines, Wind Energy, vol. 10, pp. 293301, Jul./Aug. 2007. [17] S. Morimoto, H. Nakayama, M. Sanada, and Y. Takeda, Sensorless output maximization control for variable-speed wind generation system using IPMSG, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 6067, Jan./Feb. 2005. [18] PSCAD/EMTDC v. 4.2, Manitoba. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: HVDC Research Centre. Omid Alizadeh (S12) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Khajeh-Nasir Toosi University, Tehran, Iran, in 2005, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, in 2008, and is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, ON, Canada. His research interests include design, modeling, and control of wind energy conversion systems.

Amirnaser Yazdani (M05SM09) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 2005. He was with the University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, ON, Canada. Currently, he is an Associate Professor with Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada. He is a co-author of the book Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems (IEEE/Wiley, 2010). His research interests include modeling and control of electronic power converters, renewable electric power systems, distributed generation and storage, and microgrids.